L Paris, 26 March 1938: WSC at the Quai d'Orsay

I HE INTERNATIONAL CHURCHILL SOCIETY • AUSTRALIA • CANADA • NEW ZEALAND • UK • USA

THE RT. HON. SIR WINSTON SPENCER CHURCHILL SOCIETY • BRITISH COLUMBIA • CALGARY

NUMBER 54 • WINTER 1986-1987 ISSN 0882-3715

Published quarterly for the Members of The International Churchill Society & The Rt. Hon. Sir Winston Spencer Churchill Society

THE INTERNATIONAL CHURCHILL SOCIETY

A non-profit association of scholars, historians, philatelists, collectors andbibliophiles, the Society was founded in 1968 to promote interest in andknowledge of the life and thought of Sir Winston Churchill, and to preservehis memory. ICS is certified as a tax-free charity under Section 501(c) (3) ofthe US Internal Revenue Code, is Affiliate #49 of the American PhilatelicSociety, and is a study unit of the American Topical Association. Finest Hoursubscriptions are included in a membership fee, which offer several levels ofsupport in four different currencies. Membership applications and changes ofaddress welcomed at the business office listed on page 3. Editorial cor-respondence: PO Box 385, Contoocook, NH 03229 USA. Permission to mailat non-profit rates granted by the United States Postal Service. Produced byDragonwyck Publishing Inc. Copyright © 1986. All rights reserved.

THE RT. HON. SIR WINSTON SPENCER CHURCHILL SOCIETY

Founded in 1964 by seven citizens of Edmonton, Alberta, the Society worksto ensure that Sir Winston's ideals and achievements are never forgotten bysucceeding generations. Uniquely, permission to form the Society was grantedby Sir Winston himself. Branches were later formed in Calgary and BritishColumbia; members of the latter are automatic ICS members, while ICSmembership is optional in Edmonton. Society activities include formal ban-quets addressed by outstanding people connected with some aspects of SirWinston's career; public speaking and debating competitions for High Schoolstudents, the Sir Winston Spencer Churchill Scholarship in Honours History,and other charitable endeavours commemorating the Great Man.

PATRON

The Lady Soames, DBE

ICS HONORARY MEMBERS

The Marquess of BathWinston S. Churchill, MPSir John Colville, CB, CVOMartin Gilbert, MAGrace Hamblin, OBEMary Coyne Jackman, BA, D.Litt. S.Yousuf Karsh, OCThe Duke of Marlborough, DL, JPSir John Martin, KCMG, CB, CVOAnthony Montague Browne, CBE, DFCThe Rt Hon The Lord Soames, GCMG, GCVO, CH, CBEThe Hon Caspar W. Weinberger

In Memoriam:Randolph S. Churchill, 1911-1968The Baroness Clementine Spencer-Churchill of Chartwell, 1885-1977The Earl Mountbatten of Burma, 1900-1979Dalton Newfield, 1918-1982Oscar Nemon, 1906-1985Governor the Hon. W. Averell Harriman, 1891-1986The Earl of Stockton, 1894-1986

ICS BOARD OF DIRECTORS

Australia: Peter M. JenkinsCanada: Arthur Cload, Ronald W. Downey, John Plumpton,

W.J. Sterling Sunley, George E. TempleNew Zealand: R. Barry CollinsUnited Kingdom: Peter Coombs, Geoffrey J. WheelerUnited States: W. Glen Browne, Derek Brownleader, Sue M. Hefner,

Richard M. Langworth, George A. Lewis, David Marcus

Produced by Dragonwyck Publishing Inc.

FINEST HOUR

Editor: Richard M. LangworthPost Office Box 385, Contoocook, New Hampshire 03229 USA

Senior Editor: John G. Plumpton130 Collingsbrook Blvd, Agincourt, Ontario, Canada M1W 1M7

Bibliographic Editor (Works by Churchill): Ronald I. Cohen433 Elm Avenue, Westmount, Quebec, Canada H3Y 3H9

Bibliographic Editor (Works about Churchill): H. Ashley Redburn7 Auriol Drive, Bedhampton, Havant, Hants. PO9 3LR, England

Cuttings Editor: John Frost8 Monks Ave, New Barnet, Herts., EN5 1D8, England

Contributors:George Richard, 7 Channel Hwy, Taroona, Tasmania, Australia 7006Stanley E. Smith, 155 Monument St., Concord, Mass. 01742 USASidney Altneu, 2851 NE 183rd St., N. Miami Beach, Fla. 33160 USA

Composition by C&R Composition, Pittsfield, New HampshirePrinting by Hazen Printing Co., Penacook, New HampshireA Canadian Edition is in the process of being developed.

FEATURES

Churchill Society International AGM1987 5Plan Now for Dallas, October 31/November 1stby David A. Sampson

Elections 1987 6Please use ballot enclosed with this issue

O Canada: The Vancouver ICS Convention gRecord Attendance for William Manchester & James Humesby Michael Richards

Five Days in December ioChurchill and the Abdicationby John G. Plumpton

The Making of "Young Churchill" 12Mark Grimsich in the Exacting & Exciting Roleby the Author of the Play

Churchill Collector's Handbook ctrSection 3b, Part 2: Locals and LabelsEdited by Peter Buchanan

Out of the Woods 14The Real Story of the "Malakand Field Force"by Ronald I. Cohen

Churchill and the Baltic, Part II 161931-1950: "There Was No Doubt Where The Right Lay"by Richard M. Langworth

DEPARTMENTS

Thoughts and Adventures/3 International Datelines/4 NewMembers/5 Despatch Box/11 Classified/11 Bibliography/14 ActionThis Day/21 Inside the Journals/22 Coming Events/23 Events Past/23Video Cassettes/23 Immortal Words/24

^Note to Readers: "Churchill in Stamps" will continue next issue.

Copyright © 1987 Finest Hour

ICS BUSINESS OFFICESAustralia: Peter M. Jenkins

8 Regnans Ave., Endeavour Hills, Victoria 3802

Canada: George E. Temple20 Burbank Dr., Willowdale, Ontario M2K 1M8

New Zealand: R. Barry Collins9 Millstream Place, Warkworth

United Kingdom: Geoffrey J. Wheeler88A Franklin, Tadley, Hampshire RG26 6EU

United States; Derek Brownleader1847 Stonewood Dr., Baton Rouge, La. 70816

Chairman of the Board: Richard M. LangworthPutney House, Contoocook, NH 03229 USA

THE CHURCHILL SOCIETIESEdmonton: Lt. Col. W.H. Ross

9603-142 St., Edmonton, Alberta T5N 2M8

Calgary: W.H. Tye, Esq.Bow Valley Industries, Box 6610, Sta. " D "

1800-321 6 Ave. SW, Calgary, Alta. T2P 3R2

British Columbia: Mark R. Stevens, Esq.1900-1055 W. Georgia St., Vancouver, BC V6E 4J2

CHAPTERS OF ICSCanada/New Brunswick: Celwyn P. Ball

1079 Coverdale Rd. RR2, Moncton NB E1C 8J6

Canada/Other Club of Toronto:Mrs. Pat Cassels

11 Woodmere Court, Islington, Ont. M9A 3J1

UK/London Area: Colin A. SpencerHomestead Rd., Ramsden Heath, Essex CM11 1RP

USA/Chicago: William C. Ives8300 Sears Tower, Chicago, 111. 60606

USA/New England: Jon R. Richardson47 Old Farm Road, Bedford, N.H. 03102

USA/NY Metro: Paul Biba23 Crestview Dr., Bernardsville, N.J. 07924

USA/North Texas: David A. Sampson5603 Honey Locust Trail, Arlington, Tex. 76017

USA/Tennessee: Dennis Johnson4817 Shadecrest Drive, Nashville, Tenn. 37211

USA/Washington: Kirby A. Wilbur13411 78th Place N.E., Kirkland, Wash. 98034

SPECIAL OFFICERSGeneral Treasurer: George A. Lewis

268 Canterbury Road, Westfield, N.J. 07790 USA

ICS Stores: Sue M. Hefner134 N. Woodlawn, Lima, Ohio 45805 USA

Legal Advisor: Wallace H. Johnson9905 Devonshire Dr., Omaha, Neb. 68114 USA

Commemorative Covers: David Marcus221 Pewter Lane, Silver Spring, Md. 20904 USA

Biblographic Affairs: Ronald I. Cohen433 Elm Ave., Westmount, P.Q., Canada H3Y 3H9

LORD STOCKTONWe are saddened to report the death at 92 of the Rt. Hon. The Lord

Stockton, an ICS Honorary Member and, as Harold Macmillan, a giftedstatesman and Prime Minister. A veteran of 63 years in Parliament —as many as WSC — Lord Stockton remained vigorous almost to theend: as a leading critic of the present Government in the House ofLords, he recalled the independent party role Churchill had longdisplayed. It is appropriate here to recall Sir Winston's words at thedeath of David Lloyd George 41 years ago:

"Much of his work abides, and some of it will grow greatly in thefuture, and those who come after us will find the pillars of his life'stoil upstanding, massive and indestructible; and we ourselves,gathered here today, may indeed be thankful that he voyaged with usthrough storm and tumult with so much help and guidance tobestow.''

IRAN AND ALL THATThe United States seems poised on the threshold of another of those

periods of self-flagellation which have preoccupied it to its detriment atleast since Viet Nam, and possibly as far back as Yalta. The rights andwrongs of the Iran affair to one side. President Reagan's failing has beennot his handling of the scandal, but his inability to communicate thestrategic imperatives which convinced him to deal with a despicableregime. After all, we talk to the Soviets every day. Had the Third Reichsurvived, the same people who clamor for detente would call for our ac-commodation of the needs and problems of Hitler's successors.

I try to refrain from imagining how Sir Winston would handlemodern problems, but of one thing we may be sure: he wouldn't handlethis one this way. His remarks on Iran ("Persia" to him) on our backcover seem chilling in their relevance and immediacy.

THE PEOPLE'S RADIOCommonwealth members may find it curious to know that the USA

has a quasi-nationalized broadcasting system, National Public Radio,which spends much of its time asking for donations, to supplement its(inadequate) funding from the public till. One reason it has to ask sooften, I think, is that it presents as biased a view of the news as RollingStone. What NPR needs is a lesson in straight newscasting by theBBC. (You thought the Beeb was slanted?)

On 26 December "The People's Radio" dredged up Professor HenrySteele Commager to recall Churchill's speech to Congress 45 years ago.After some inaccurate quotes from same, Commager sighed that ofcourse, part of Churchill's message was to disarml WSC called WW2"the unnecessary war" because Germany did not disarm. Alas "we aretoday leaders in rearmament, not disarmament." Which caused me todo something I've vowed never to do: write a letter:

"Can the Professor be serious? Churchill's message was thediametric opposite: that the German treaty-breaking which caused thewar could only have been prevented by vigilant and fully armedWestern democracies. We are not the "leaders in rearmament," sincethe USSR has outspent and outarmed the West for 20 years.

"I will not presume to put more words in Churchill's mouth, but I willquote him: 'From what I have seen of our Russian friends and alliesduring the war, I am convinced that there is nothing they admire somuch as strength, and nothing for which they have less respect thanweakness, especially military weakness. For that reason the old doc-trine of a balance of power is unsound.' (1946)

"It might also be worth observing that the Churchill memoirs fromwhich professor Commager inaccurately quotes take as their finaltheme: 'How the Great Democracies triumphed, and so were able toresume the follies which had so nearly cost them their life'."

One might as well protest to Pravda, but I feel better. RML

ERRATA & ADDENDA: FH 53Page 4: Several members have tried

and failed to obtain "Firth of Forth"prints. It appears that the "America'sCup Gallery" is out of business.

Page 5: WSC's remark about thehorse being replaced by "the infernalcombustion engine" came at Harvardon 6 September 1943, not the MITspeech in 1949.

Page 6: The WSC-Truman photowas not at the White House,Washington, but the so-called "WhiteHouse" at Babelsberg, Potsdam,where Truman was staying.

Handbook: My apologies for listingJack Darrah of Carrickfergus Nor-thern Ireland, as a resident of Eire;and for omitting Peter Coombs en-tirely! Peter is now spending muchof his time in Canada. He may bereached at 1568 Fair Avenue, Peter-borough, Ont. K9K 1H2. Apologies toofor omitting P.F. Kinna, MBE,Brighton, Sussex, UK, former PPS toSir Winston, who accompanied WSCon many wartime journeys.

Our regrets also to any othermembers whom we failed to list orlisted inaccurately, in which caseplease let us know. —Editor

NEW BOOKS GALOREBibliophiles will welcome the

avalanche of new books on or aboutChurchill, which we will offer at dis-count prices through the ChurchillBook Club. Full details next issue.

• Menzies and Churchill at War byDavid Day (Australia, Angus &Robertson, $20/£ 12.95) is a 272-pageaccount of the sometimes stormyMenzies-WSC relationship, with theastonishing claim that Menzies was aserious alternative to WSC as PrimeMinister. "Sir, if you believe that," theold Duke said, "you will believeanything . . . "• Diary of Disaster: British Aid toGreece 1940-41 by Robin Higham(Univ. of Kentucky Press, $27) ap-pears another of those marvelousanalyses showing how easy it is tocomprehend WSC's mistakes 40 yearsafter the fact. One supposes aid toGreece seemed more compellingwhen Greece was one of the few alliesBritain had.• Winston Churchill, Enoch Powell& The Nation by Howard Pedraza(London, 186pp softbound $8/£4.95)compares the careers of both andargues that ignoring Powell now willbring about catastrophe comparable

to ignoring Churchill then. You willnot be neutral on this one.• Churchill Facts by E.N. Rodway(Edenbridge, Kent, $3) is a 30-pagesoftbound booklet by a longtimeChartwell guide, posing and answer-ing numerous questions about WSCincluding one FH has oft been asked:his height and weight. This one looksto be indispensible.

A N D C O M I N G U P . . .Edmund Murray's / Was Chur-

chill's Bodyguard is autobiographic,Edmund tells us, but heaviest on theauthor's years as WSC's detective(1950-65). Intimate views of SirWinston in the final years are scarce,so this one is welcome. It will bepublished by W.H. Allen, London, inFebruary, $20/£ 12,95.

Ronald A. Smith's Churchill: Im-ages of Greatness is a world survey ofChurchill statues and memorialswhich should prove to be as useful asMr. Rodway's work above. This title iscoming from Kevin Francis Ltd, Lon-don, in June.

UK ACTIVITIESLondon, 6 September — Two dozenmembers from England and NorthAmerica attended the UK BranchAnnual General Meeting at theHospitality Inn, Bayswater, which wasfollowed by a showing of historic filmsprovided by Geoffrey Wheeler. ICSchairman Richard Langworth de-livered the first report of a successfulUSA fund drive and plans for the newChurchill Literary Foundation. UKmembers chose a Society tie over alapel pin by a large margin; its designis now being pondered by ICS direc-tors and Edmund Murray has submit-ted several motifs for consideration.

Bladon, 30 November — In what hasbecome an annual event, the Societyheld a wreath-laying at Sir Winston'sgravesite, Peter Coombs officiating.Minor weather damage to the grave-stone has now been repaired and all isin good order.

CANADIAN HONORARY MEMBERSToronto, November 1st — The ICSBoard of Directors has named its firstCanadian honorary members: MaryCoyne Jackman of Toronto andYousuf Karsh of Ottawa.

Mary Coyne Jackman, D.Litt.S.,daughter of a late Chief Justice of On-tario, was named in honor of the

singular efforts of her late husband,Henry R. Jackman, to memorialize SirWinston. An Ontario businessmanwho met WSC during World War II,Mr. Jackman was an ardent admirerof Churchill's oratory. After he hadestablished the Jackman Foundationin 1964 and had met Oscar Nemon,Mr. Jackman organized a TorontoCommittee to erect a Nemon Chur-chill sculpture at City Hall. He laterhelped sponsor the Churchill statue inHalifax, Nova Scotia; and a secondToronto statue commemorating Cana-dian Airmen. The latter was dedicatedby Her Majesty The Queen in 1984,five years after Jackman's death.

Mrs. Jackman, the mother of four,was a prominent volunteer worker forthe Red Cross, the YWCA, the ArtGallery of Ontario and the White CrossGuild. As a Regent of Victoria College,University of Toronto, she directed thefurnishing of "Wymilwood," theWomen's Student Union. Mrs. Jack-man was made a Grand Dame in theMilitary and Hospitalier Order of St.Lazarus of Jerusalem in 1984, andreceived the John G. DiefenbakerMemorial Foundation's "CanadianAward" in 1985.

Yousuf Karsh was invited to becomean Honorary Member by David Samp-son of Dallas, who recalled the suffer-ing of Karsh's fellow Armeniansrelated to David by Armenians in hiscongregation.

One of the great photographers ofall time, Karsh was a young manwhen, in December 1941, he made themost legendary photo ever taken ofWinston Churchill. This occurredafter WSC had delivered his famous"some chicken — some neck" speechto the Canadian Parliament.

"I set up in the speaker'schambers," Karsh recalled. "I hadperhaps four minutes with Churchill.He was scowling. Thinking to improvethe portrait I said, 'Excuse me, sir,'reached out and popped the cigarfrom his mouth. He scowled more.That was perfect! Afterwards hesmiled and said, 'You can make a roar-ing lion stand still to be photo-graphed.' "

Many Churchillophiles hold Karsh'sfollow-up photo of this "smiling Chur-chill" even better than the "angrylion." (It may be found in the fron-tispiece of the 1954 Illustrated Lon-don News 80th Birthday Tribute.)

We are honored by the inclusion ofMrs. Jackman and Mr. Karsh on ourrolls.

continued

Churchill Society International Convention:Plan Now for Dallas, October 3 I/November 1st BY DAVID A.

SAMPSON

We urge you to set aside 31 Octoberand 1 November for the 1987 AGM -a week-end of elegance, art andmusical tribute to Sir Winston, withfond remembrances on a very per-sonal level by Grace Hambin, OBE,and an appreciation of his work asFirst Lord of the Admiralty by UnitedStates Secretary of the Navy JohnLehman.

Our headquarters is the Adolphus,the grande dame of great hotels, builtin 1912 by beer baron AdolphusBusch, recently restored at the cost of$45 million. The pervasive continen-tal character of this world class hotelwill be sensed the moment you enter:exquisite objets d'art are everywhere,accompanied by service in the grandmanner. And there is a major plus:ICS members may experience thiselegance for only $95 per night perroom — half the ordinary rate forthese deluxe rooms. The same ratewill apply for two days prior to andfollowing the meeting.

One of many highlights of ourmeeting will be several hours in theSouth of France — at a recreation of

"La Pausa," the Mediterranean villa ofWendy and Emory Reves, where SirWinston often stayed in the 1950s and1960s. Reves, a journalist andpublisher, handled foreign languagerights for Churchill's books.

The Dallas Museum of Art recreatedLa Pausa to house the Reves Collec-tion — a remarkable display of artdonated by Wendy Reves. Here wewill enjoy many of Sir Winston'spaintings and letters. Also displayedare painting materials and personalitems which he kept at La Pausa.

The 1987 AGM will further includea unique musical tribute during theFriday evening banquet. Here, amusical ensemble of the Dallas Sym-phony will perform the Finale of N.H.Rutherlyn's "Churchill: A Legend inMusic," which was written for thecentenary of Sir Winston's birth. (SeeFH52, page 5.) This will be the firstperformance of any part of this workin the United States.

As the Saturday evening banquet,the Arlington Choral Society willsalute the five great English-speakingdemocracies by performing the

American, Australian, British, Cana-dian and New Zealand national an-thems; and two of Sir Winston'sfavorites, "The Battle Hymn of theRepublic" and "Jerusalem."

Our speakers bring two unique ap-preciations of Sir Winston from vastlydifferent angles. Grace Hamblin,longtime personal secretary to theChurchills and first administrator ofChartwell, will recall an associationlasting 47 years from her arrival atChartwell in 1932 to the death of LadyChurchill in 1979. Secretary Lehmanwill recall Churchill's work as FirstLord in two world wars, and the im-plications of Churchill's thought forthe role of the modern Navy.

Surely, this is the most ambitiousand impressive Annual GeneralMeeting we have ever undertaken. At-tendance, swollen by Dallas membersof the English-Speaking Union, will beat least double any previous AGM. Wetrust you will make a special effort tojoin us on this memorable occasion.Further details and pre-registrationmaterials will be sent with the nexttwo issues of Finest Hour.

CANADAOntario: Mary Coyne Jackman, B.A.,

D.Litt.S. (Hon-Toronto), Yousuf Karsh, OC(Hon-Ottawa)

Br. Columbia: His Honour The Lt.Governor (Victoria)

NEW ZEALANDThe Rt. Hon. Sir John Marshall (Well-

ington)UNITED KINGDOM

Lanes.: Terry Owen (Blackburn)Leics.: Mrs. Marian Spicer, MBE (Nar-

borough)London: R.A.C. Du Vivier, CBEMidlsx.: Peter H. Pond-Jones (Uxbridge)Oxon.: Graham R. Cooper (Hinksey Hill),

K.&P. Churchill (Boars Hill-renewal)Suffolk: Brenda M. Lakey (Ispwich)Tune & Wear: Jim Harris (S. Shields)

UNITED STATESAlaska: John L. Martin (Anchorage)California: Schuyler H. Bassett (LA),

James E. Ryan (Walnut Creek), Thomas L.Steding (Palo Alto), Virginia E. Vogel (Ben

etch

Lomond), William D. Young (Saratoga)Florida: Michael Perse (Miami)Illinois: David M. Frisse (Paris), Andrew

M. Rosenfield (Chicago)Maryland: Frederick Himes (Balto), Max

Lechter (Silvr Spg), Brenan R. Nierman(Cumberland), Joseph R. Wenderoth(Balto)

Massachusetts: Alan Fraker (Deerfield)Michigan: Douglas Marsh (Okemos),

Suzanne A. Sittig (Rochester)Missouri: Ruth W. Hill (St. Louis)New Jersey: Harry Adey (Cherry Hill),

Raymond J. Arden (River Vale)New York: Stephen A. Becker (Cana-

joharie), Donald J. Catapano (NYC), Pat S.Conti (Bklyn), Alice B. Dunnington (NYC),Doreen Goddard (Jackson Hts), David

MacGregor (Webster), Arnold D. Mansdorf(Bklyn), Dr. James G. McMurtry (Tar-rytown), Edith M. Menegus (Patchogue),S.L. Ross (Bklyn), Edward F. Verprovsky(Thomwd), Glen R. Weeks (W.Falls)

N. Carolina: Robert L. Roszell (ChapelHill)

Oklahoma: Barbara Kinzer (Morris)Pennsylvania: James J. Dougherty

(Havertown), R. Pettibone Gilbert (Wynne-wood), Frederick Stollsteimer (St. College)

Puerto Rico: James B. McCandless(Mayaguez)

S. Carolina: John Samuel (Hilton HeadIsland)

Tennessee: Richard H. Knight(Nashville)

Texas: Elias F. Crim (Henderson),Charles T. Frazier Jr. (Dallas), Robert C.Jeffrey Jr. (Beaumont), Robert E. Jelley(Dallas), Elmer E. Smalling III (Dallas)

W. Virginia: Paula Corcoran (Welch)SOUTH AFRICA

W.E. Symes (Capetown)

LORD SOAMES RECOVERINGLONDON, 2 JANUARY - HonoraryMember The Lord Soames was mak-ing "very satisfactory progress" todayafter an abdominal operation torelieve a non-malignant obstruction.Lord Soames, 66, is expected toresume his normal duties "in duecourse." Members desiring to sendgood wishes may address same to 7St. Albans Mansion, Kensington CourtPlace, London W.8, England.

B.C. BRANCH AGMVANCOUVER, NOVEMBER - TheEighth Annual General Meeting of theBritish Columbia Branch, Sir WinstonS. Churchill Society, held at the HotelVancouver, was attended by 66 newand existing members. A particularlyfine address was delivered by Dr. Mar-tin Kitchen, who spoke about the rela-tionship between Great Britain andRussia during World War II. Dr. Kit-chen, a professor of history at Simon

Fraser University, has publishedmany notable works concerning rela-tions between Allied and Axis powersduring the Second World War.Members may be familiar with Dr. Kit-chen's detailed and studied introduc-tion to the excellent Thames Televi-sion series, "World at War," narratedby Sir Lawrence Olivier.

— Mark StevenPresident

Elections 1987Please use ballot

enclosed with this issuePlease read and consider the following nominations for

the ICS Board of Directors, 1987-1991. Then use the ballotenclosed separately with this issue to send your vote to yournational business office. Voting deadline: 10 March 87.

Each nominee has been asked four questions:A. What are the most important goals for ICS now?B. Ditto for the Churchill Literary Foundation?C. Would you favor a higher membership rate to produce

more specialised publications in addition to FH?D. What can be done to increase ICS membership?

r

AUSTRALIA (Vote for 1)

WILLIAM R. GALVINRes: Sydney, NSWAge: 39Occ: Deputy Head, College ofCatering Studies/Hotel Adm.Educ: BA Education/Bus. Ad-min.Exp: Fed.Director/President,Catering Inst. of Australia.

A: Enhance /improve the image, (2) Increase membershipespecially at all levels, (3) continue to work together.

B: Equal: Republish MALAKAND FIELD FORCE; helppublish 1940-65 Companion Volumes, Offcl. Biography.

C: Yes.D: Australian experience is that a continuing personal

mail-out will increase membership on regular basis.

CANADA (Vote for 4)

CELWYN P. BALLRes: Moncton, NBAge: 64Occ: Retired EngineerEduc: Rutherford, WimbledonColleges, London UniversityExp: 1940-45 RAC British Ar-my (Intelligence)

A: Increase membership (2) Try to get all related organiza-tions into one Society (3) Further ICS aims.

B: The 1940-65 Companion Volumes. C: YesD: An each-member-bring-one-new-member campaign,

and advertisement in local newspapers.

RONALD W. DOWNEYRes: W. Vancouver, BCAge: 54Occ: Realtor-PresidentExp: Churchill Society of Van-couver, ICS Director 1982-86

A: Increase membership (2) develop Churchill Concor-dance (3) Strengthen internal organization.

B: Computerize Churchill Concordance. C: Yes.D: Direct personal contact by present members.

\

M U R R A Y W . M I L N E ' • * * * * " •Res: Willowdale, Ont.Age: 48Occ: Asst. Sec. Bd. of Eductn.Educ: ACISExp: Toronto Chapter director

A: Develop speakers roster, (2) promotion, (3) educationprograms in local schools.

B: Computerized Churchill Concordance C: YesD: Scholarship and bursary program

MARK R. STEVENRes: W. Vancouver, BCAge: 36Occ: Law PartnerEduc: BA Univ. BC, LLB(Hons.), Corpus Christi Col.CambridgeExp: Boards of severalcharitable organisations & St.Georges School for Boys, Van-couver; Pres., Vancouver Chur-chill Society.

A: Increase membership (2) Increase the scope, frequencyand status of debating worldwide (3) Preserve the Memory.

B: Computerize Churchill Concordance. C: Yes.D: Blitz advertising at local levels, especially in schools,

colleges and universities.

W. J. STERLING SUNLEYRes: Edmonton, AlbertaAge: 24Occ: Financial PlannerEduc: BA Political Science,University of AlbertaExp: ICS Director 1984-84

A: Establish paid staff position to maintain present stan-dards and meet our objectives (2) Further improvements inFH (3) Hard work on Literary Foundation.

B: Companion Volumes 1940-65 C. No.D: A letter to each member with pre-paid envelope re-

questing referrals of prospective new members.

GEORGE E. TEMPLERes: Willowdale. Ont.Age: 77Occ: RetiredEduc: ChemistExp: ICS Vice-Chmn & CanadaOffice 1982-86; internationalindustrial experience 5 nations

A: Increase membership among young people.B: The 1940-65 Companion Volumes C: AbstainD: Distribute periodic information to university depts of

history, politics and like faculties.

GREAT BRITAIN (Vote for 2)

RICHARD G.G.HASLAM-HOPWOOD

Res: Penhale, CornwallAge: 45Occ: Company DirectorEduc: HarrowExp: Justice of the Peace continued

A: To establish a more marketable identity which wouldwiden our appeal and membership. I believe an internationalEnglish-speaking fellowship could be a way.

B: Computerized Churchill Concordance C: AbstainD: Please refer to (A) above.

A: Maintain our serious and professional image, (2) Morechapters worldwide, (3) Sharply focused research intoobscure aspects of WSC's life and times.

B: Computerized Churchill Concordance. C: YesD: Annually sponsored lectures in major cities by promi-

nent Churchill scholars or authorities.

COLIN ALFRED SPENCERRes: Ramsden Heath, EssexExp: London Chapter. Nomina-tion response not received atpress timeNom by: Peter Coombs

GEOFFREY J. WHEELERRes: Tadley, HampshireExp: UK Director 1983-86Nomination responsenot received at press timeNom by: Peter Coombs

UNITED STATES (Vote for 7)

DEREK BROWNLEADERRes: Baton Rouge, LAAge: 49Occ: Retail Sales Mgr.Educ: MA RetailingExp: ICS USA Office 1983-86

A: Obtain more members by any means capable of increas-ing awareness of the Society and its activities.

B: The 1940-65 Companion Volumes C: AbstainD: Editor should go on the "Tonight" show. [! Ed.]

DONALD R. CARMICHAELRes: Buffalo, NYAge: 74Occ: President, Delaware NorthCompaniesEduc: AB Harvard, LLB U.Mich.Exp: Business management

A: Increase membership (2) Continue improving FH.B: The 1940-65 Companion Volumes C: Yes.D: Full support of ICS Fund Appeal, notices and advertising

where appropriate, i.e. manuscript/bibliophile journals,Anglo-American publications of all types.

SUE M. HEFNERRes: Lima, OHAge: 48Occ: Company ManagerEduc: Associate BSC, Account-ingExp: ICS Director & ICS StoresManager 1983-86

A: Expand membership (2) Formally establish literaryfoundation (3) Establish official emblems for Society.

B: The 1940-65 Companion Volumes C: Yes D:

WILLIAM C. IVESRes: Chicago, ILAge: 53Occ: Senior Law PartnerEduc: BA Knox Coll., JD Har-vardExp: Kissinger Advisory Panelon Intl Law, Small Bus.Admin., Presidential Elector1968/72/76 I Continued

WALLACE H. JOHNSONRes: Omaha, NEAge: 47Occ: Attorney, businessmanEduc: BA Ohio University, JDUniversity of ToldeoExp: ICS Legal Advisor1984-86; Asst. US AttorneyGeneral, Spec. Asst. to thePresident

A: Stabilizing and increasing membership, (2) continuedfiscal responsibility, (3) expansion of Finest Hour.

B: The Companion Volumes 1940-65 C: Yes. D:

RICHARD M. LANGWORTHRes: Hopkinton, NHAge: 45Occ: Publisher/journalistEduc: BA, History & Pol. Sci.Exp: Founded ICS 1968,Chmn/Editor 1982-86, 17 yrsjournalism.

A: Vast improvement in local chapters/activities, (2) 1500members by end 1988, (3) major emphasis on scholarlyresearch and publication.

B: The Companion Volumes 1940-65C: Yes, with a charter member proviso at present rates op-

tional for current members when an increase is made.D: Classified advertising, (2) press release campaign.

GEORGE A. LEWISRes: Westfield, NJAge: 55Occ: Accounting Ops MgrEduc: BA Mod. Eur. History,Wesleyan UniversityExp: ICS treasurer 1982-86, 32yrs finance management

A: Membership level sufficient to support all goals (1500?),(2) more people in leadership roles

B: The 1940-65 Companion Volumes C: Must know moreD: Member recruitment: consider free year's membership

for each new member recruited.

DAVID A. SAMPSONRes: Arlington, TXAge: 29Occ: ClergymanEduc: BA History/Pol. Sci,M.Dir. TheologyExp: Founder N. TexasChapter, writer, lecturer, of-fices in state/local politicalparty.

A: Increase membership, (2) Aggressively seek grant sup-port, (3) Attract high calibre speakers

B: The 1940-65 Companion Volumes C: YesD: Display advertising in appropriate journals.

0 Canada:"Vancouver IGS Convention

Record Attendance forWilliam Manchester & James Humes

BY MICHAEL RICHARDS

Guest of Honour William Manchester and Diana Stevenare flanked by Mark Steven (left; AGM committee, newpresident BC Branch) and George Temple (right).

"MY GREATEST impression was the seriousness ofpurpose and dedication. The Churchill Society isno World War II nostalgia club, nor was the con-vention a social event which people who care littleabout Churchill attend because it is 'the thing todo." Everyone I met had a solid workingknowledge and appreciation of the Great Man, allhad something special to share. I was profoundlyimpressed by the number of young people, somefrom 3000 miles away."

That was the opinion of a Canadian member onthe Fourth Annual General Meeting of the Interna-tional Churchill Society. From all corners of NorthAmerica, 130 people convened at the HarboursideHoliday Inn during three days of festivity, conver-sation, study, debate on and appreciation of SirWinston. They represented numerous walks of lifeand every age bracket, and they listened with at-tention to our two guests of honor, James C.Humes and William Manchester. If future conven-tions maintain this standard, we need have noconcern for the Society's future.

Registration, display of Churchilliana, and atourist information booth operated all day Satur-day 4th October at the Victorian Room, ablydirected by Mark Steven. Here we met old andnew friends, and learned about the sights to see inVancouver, where Expo was in its final week.

Guest of Honour James Calhoun Humes (left), withUnited States Consul Fromowitz and John Reynolds,M,L.A.; rear, Yvonne Reynolds and Nancy Downey.

Frank Smyth was in charge of organizing theDemonstration Debate by Vancouver high schoolstudents, who impressively argued the pros andcons of the resolution "that Winston Churchillwas a true renaissance man." The evidentresearch and understanding of those youngpeople was remarkable. As Frank said in sum-ming up, all too often we hear dreadful tales abouttoday's young people — "These debates demon-strate quite the contrary, and that our nation'sfuture is in good hands."

Saturday afternoon was filled by a philatelicseminar hosted by the editor of Finest Hour, andby a film, Jack LeVien's 1974 documentary, "TheFinest Hours." We then adjourned to prepare forthe first of two banquet dinners.

James Humes' "Evening With Mr. Churchill"had never been seen in this part of Canada, and itis no exaggeration to say that he brought thehouse down. In fact, there was some concern thatthe sound system could stand the strain ofHumes/Churchill at maximum decibels, roaring"NEVER GIVE IN!" into the mike - but it held.Tremendous is all we can say of James' perform-ance — the second in a row.

Sunday was left to individual sightseeing,although Registration remained open. Wiserheads avoided the huge crowds at Expo, rightly

anticipating that Monday would be lighter. OnMonday morning a brief informal businessmeeting was held, followed by a sparsely attendedbibliographic seminar (we blame the absence ofRon Cohen!), while Dr. Manchester was visitingExpo and being interviewed by local media.

In the presence of his Honour, Lt. GovernorRogers of British Columbia and Mrs. Rogers, theMonday night finale began with toasts to TheQueen and The President. An orchestral ensembleplayed O Canada, The Star-Spangled Bannerand God Save the Queen. After dinner, ICS chair-

ABOVE L-R: Toastmaster Derek Lukin Johnston; HisHonour the Lt. Governor; BC Branch president NormanFaiers, Her Honour and Dr. Manchester. BELOW: JamesHumes flanked by Mrs. Jackie Ursall and Frank J. Smythof the Vancouver Committee.

man Richard Langworth introduced Dr. Man-chester, with the well-received announcementthat his momentous Churchill biography will nowcover three rather than two volumes. Volume II,entitled "Alone," will take the story through the1930s. Dr. Manchester's speech was based on thePrologue to that volume, describing in rich detailand admirable language a typical day at Chartwellduring Winston Churchill's "wilderness years."

ICS presented its Eighth Blenheim Award to Dr.Manchester for his notable contributions to Chur-chill scholarship, and in appreciation for his talk.

The Churchill Society of Vancouver gave RoyalDoulton Churchill statuettes to both our speakers.Convention chairman Norman Faiers received afirst edition of Isaiah Berlin's Mr. Churchill in1940. Through the kindness of Eleanor Newfield,Frank Smyth and Mark Steven received copies ofMr Brodrick's Army and For Free Trade.

In presenting the latter, the editor got a ruefullaugh: "I realize it is rather gratuitous, at thistime, for Americans to be giving Canadians booksentitled For Free Trade. However, I have it on theauthority of the publisher that Mark's copy is

ABOVE L-R: Derek Lukin Johnston, Aileen Tufts, Direc-tor of the Vancouver Public Library, ICS director and BCBranch Sir WSC Society founding member Ron Downey,Nancy Downey, Barbara Langworth, ICS chairman of theboard Richard Langworth, at pre-dinner gathering.

casebound in the residue of genuine Canadiancedar shakes."

The International Churchill Society is so verygrateful to our friends and colleagues of the SirWinston S. Churchill Society of Vancouver, forcapably hosting this splendid event. We thank inparticular convention chairman Norman Faiers,and his capable committee, including MarkSteven, Frank Smyth, Tony Scammell, FrankMcNulty, John Gregory, John Newbery, HubertChapman and Ron Downey. We are especiallythankful to Derek Lukin Johnston for his capableperformance as Toastmaster. We were honored bythe presence of several members of the SirWinston S. Churchill Society of Edmonton, Alber-ta, including one of its founders and an ICS direc-tor, Arthur Cload.

Our gratitude to our guests — His Honour andMrs. Rogers, Consul General and Mrs. Stephensonof Great Britain, Consul General and Mrs.Fromowitz of the United States, John Reynolds,MLA and Mrs. Reynolds, Dr. Manchester andDiana and James Humes — is deeply felt.

If you missed it, we can only say: come to Dallason October 31st! The first details on what standsto be a spectacular follow-up will be found onpage 5. •

'Five T)aysin

"DecemberChurchill and the Abdication

BY JOHN G. PLUMPTON

FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY

EDWARD VIII ABDICATESDecember 11, 1936

Popularly known as the wilderness years, the 1930s were definitelyWinston Churchill's age of discontent. Whatever party was inpower, he was still excluded from office. Always the object of intensesuspicion by Labour, he alienated his own Conservative party withan intransigent stand on dominion status for India.

But by 1936 the country had begun to take notice of his warningof Germany's aggressive intentions and Britain's failure to developan appropriate response. After the Prime Minister, Stanley Baldwin,admitted that fear of losing the General Election had been a factor inavoiding rearmament, esteem for Baldwin's leadership droppeddramatically. On 3 December Winston Churchill was generally ac-cepted as a plausible alternative to a discredited Prime Minister. Yet,by 7 December, Churchill was once again a pariah within much ofhis own party and disreputable throughout the country.

What happened in those momentous five days in December,1936, to bring about such a transformation was a public debate onthe intentions of King Edward VIII to marry Wallis Warfield Simp-son, an American divorcee, who was as yet still married to hersecond husband.

Churchill's friendship with the King went as far back as the In-vestiture of the Prince of Wales in 1911. On the accession, Churchillpredicted that Edward's name "will shine in History as the bravestand best beloved of all the sovereigns who have worn the islandCrown." Such fealty and affection were required when he heard therumours that the King was entertaining the idea of marriage to Mrs.Simpson. (Years later it was revealed that Edward's father had pro-nounced what proved to be a more accurate prediction: "When I amgone the boy will ruin himself within the year.")

In July Churchill was consulted by the King's legal adviser, WalterMonckton. He advised Monckton to discourage Mrs. Simpson fromdivorcing her husband and to counsel the King not to invite her toBalmoral Castle. Despite the advice, Mrs. Simpson was awarded herdivorce in October and, on 16 November, the King informed thePrime Minister of his intention to marry her. Baldwin and hisCabinet were adamant in their opposition to the King's plans.

Churchill declined to join a parliamentary deputation in the hopethat he would retain his influence in Royal circles, but he agreed thatthe King must be dissuaded from his plans to marry Mrs. Simpson.

On 25 November Baldwin invited Churchill to a meeting whichincluded the Opposition leaders, Clement Attlee and ArchibaldSinclair. The Labour and Liberal leaders agreed not to form a govern-ment if Baldwin resigned, but Neville Chamberlain suspected thatChurchill was "moving mysteriously in the background" in an at-tempt to supplant the Tory leader.

The fateful five days began on 3 December when The Times madereference to a "marriage incompatible with the Throne." In Parlia-ment Churchill asked for assurance that the Government would takeno action until Parliament had been informed.

10

ICS Cover 28, postmarked Windsor on 10 December, hasbeen mailed to members on the permanent covers list.Covers are free but must be requested. If you wish toreceive a copy of this and future covers, send a postcardto Dave Marcus, 221 Pewter Lane, Silver Spring, Md.20904 USA. Future covers will be sent automatically.

Privately, Churchill favoured the King's request to make a broad-cast in the hope of winning public support. But Baldwin advised theKing that such action would be "thoroughly unconstititutional." TheKing then asked permission to see Churchill, "an old friend withwhom he could talk freely." On the evening of 4 December Chur-chill arrived at Fort Belvedere, Edward's residence. "On the waydown," he later wrote, "I had made up my mind that never havingbeen consulted at all for so many months, I would not advise on anypoint except one, viz: time. He must have full time for his decision.During the course of a long evening I confined myself strictly to thispoint."

The King later recorded that Churchill's parting remarks were:"Sir, it is a time for reflection. You must allow time for the battalionsto march."

On 6 December, Churchill published his position in the press. "Iplead for time and patience. . . . There is no question of any conflictbetween the King and Parliament. . . . The question is whether theKing is to abdicate upon the advice of the Ministry of the day. . . .They have no right whatever to put pressure upon him to accepttheir advice by soliciting beforehand assurances from the Leader ofthe Opposition that he will not form an alternative administration inthe event of their resignation and thus confronting the King with anultimatum."

Response to his press statement was mixed. Friends thought it wa,smagnificent but others wanted the matter settled at once.

Although privately he requested that the King agree not to enterinto any contract of marriage contrary to the advice of His Ministers,publicly he demanded, for the third time, that "no irrevocable stepbe taken before the House had received a full statement."

To this plea the House exploded with "one of the angriestmanifestations I have ever heard directed against any man in theHouse of Commons," noted Lord Winterton. In retaliation, Chur-chill shouted at Baldwin, "you won't be satisfied until you've brokenhim, will you?" and stomped out of the House, convinced hispolitical career was finished.

But his outburst may not have been spontaneous. HaroldNicolson's diary records comments by Robert Boothby: "I knew thatWinston was going to do something dreadul. I had been staying the

weekend with him. He was silent and restless and glancing intocorners. Now when a dog does that, you know that he is about to besick on the carpet. It is the same with Winston. He managed to holdit for three days, and then comes up to the House and is sick rightacross the floor. . . . He has undone in five minutes the patientreconstruction work of two years."

To Churchill, Boothby wrote: "you have delivered a blow to theKing, both in the House and in the country, far harder than any thatBaldwin ever conceived of . . . and you have done it without anyconsultation with your friends and supporters."

In a career of many vicissitudes this parliamentary rebuff was anadir comparable to Gallipoli. But to Winston Churchill, loyalty wasa virtue to be honoured whatever the cost. The King had bestowedhis friendship on him and he reciprocated with steadfast support,

although he had grave reservations personally about the monarch'scourse of action.

He listened to the abdication broadcast of "His Royal HighnessPrince Edward" while at Chartwell. The public condemnation of hisstance was of little brother, but he was much angered that the ab-dication was "altogether premature and probably quiteunnecessary."

Winston Churchill's political fortunes were now quite bleak, buthe quickly discovered that much of the country still shared his fearof events in Europe. Indeed, on the very evening of the day he wasjeered in the Commons, his speech to the "1922 Committee" ofConservative backbenchers was very well received.

The road to power was to be a little longer and fraught with manymore trials, but it would lead inexorably to May, 1940. •

Early this year a small party of NewEngland College trustees, from Con-toocook's neighbouring village of Hen-niker, visited their UK campus here inArundel, where they were welcomed bymembers of the Town Council. As yourtwo HQs are so close, it must be rewardingto realise the closeness is spiritual as wellas physical.

On the 22nd anniversary of the death ofSir Winston, I hope you will find space toprint the following lines which I composedat the time of his death, for which I amproud to have acknowledgement fromLady Churchill and Grace Hamblin:

"A heavy silence stills the land, deepgrief engulfs its heart. A vibrant voice issilent, a writer's hand is still, an artist'sbrush is quivered, a fighter's sword issheathed. A mighty oak has fallen, astalwart hero dies.

"A legend in his lifetime, he strode thebroad world stage with vision, voice andvigour, example, faith and will; he in-spired, uplifted, rallied, encouraged,strengthened, led.

"Gave purpose, hope and freedom tothe listless lost and dazed; brought

honour, pride and lustre to his countryand his name.

"Provided our tomorrows — enrichedour yesterdays.

"Farewell Old Warrior! England'sgreatest son, your tremendous life is over,your selfless duty done. No man was e'eryour equal, no man can ever be. You wovea golden thread through history'stapestry.

"Sadly we commit you to the bosom ofyour Cod, proudly we'll remember thatwe tread where you have trod."

This makes no claim to greatness in anysense, yet a scrutiny will reveal referencesto the great man's many characteristics,facets of his life, that at all times herepresented all things to all men.

—Thomas CawteThe Queen's English Society

Arundel, W. Sussex

Thanks for printing my experience ofbookshopping in Budapest in the lastissue. I would love to see a review ofTrukhanovsky's Churchill by H. AshleyRedburn, who wrote me about it. He ap-parently knows it backwards and for-wards. [HAR knows all books backwardsand forwards. — Ed.] I found it hateful. Hequotes Emrys Hughes' British Bulldogliberally, and after reading same I under-stand. It must be taken seriously, since it isso popular in the communist countries. Nowonder I was kicked out of the bookshop!

Trukhanovsky quotes WSC as saying"Truth is so precious, it should always beaccompanied by a bodyguard of lies." Itwould be interesting to discuss the cir-cumstances of that remark if known.

—David Druckman, Oak Park, III.

Many wartime photos were taken ofWSC with Polish military and politicalleaders, the most famous of which involveGeneral Sikorski. Here is one of the lesserknown, from the Imperial War Museum. Itdepicts Churchill with (1 to r) Cdr. W.Kodrebski, Capt. T. Stoklasa and Vice-Admiral J. Swirski, chief of the PolishNavy. The occasion is a presentation(which I have not been able to identify) inthe mid- to later stages of the war.

Cdr. Kodrebski had commanded one ofthe three Polish destroyers which went toEngland just before the war started, whileCapt. Stoklasa had served as the Polishnaval attache to England before the war.

I am attempting to list all of the decora-tions and medals won by WSC. Can anymember assist me with a complete list?

Finally, I missed taping the first twoinstallments of "The Wilderness Years"as shown on PBS-TV. Will any memberwho can provide a VHS copy please con-tact me?

- Lt. John R. Grodzinski

Will members please assist Lt. Grodzin-ski? Please contact him at CanadianForces Base Calgary, Alberta T3E 1T8.

Ad deadlines: Winter 1 Dec, Spring 1March, Summer 1 June, Autumn 1 Sept.

FOR SALE: Wartime Art Collection. Thir-teen nicely reproduced wartime postersand related artwork, all 16x22", consisting

of 8 British, 2 German posters, a filmadvert for "I Take This Woman" withSpencer Tracy and Hedy LaMarr, areproduction of the Jersey Evening Post of9 Jul 40 with German occupation ordersfor Channel Islands, and a map of Europeat the height of Axis power (10-42),donated by Eleanor Dalton Newfield. Thefirst $40/£28 or $55 (Can or Aus) donationto ICS secures. Contact the Editor, FinestHour.

FOR SALE: A collection of Churchillstamps and covers, with 50% of the pro-ceeds to be donated to ICS. For copies of

11

the list send Can-US $1/Aus $2/UK £1 for(airmail overseas) postage and duplicatingto C.P. Ball, 1079 Coverdale Road RR2,Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada E1C8J6.

WANTED: All postcards of WSC world-wide. Also any propaganda postcards,leaflets, labels, etc. depicting WSC fromGermany and occupied countries. Quotedetails and price, or send on approval.Postage repaid. All letters answered. A.H.Benham. 4 Walpole Walk, Rayleigh. EssexSS6 8YH England.

^e faking of ""Young Churchill"Mark Grimsich in the Exacting & Exciting Role

BY THE AUTHOR OF THE PLAY

"Whirled along the shoulders of thecrowds, I was carried to the steps ofthe Town Hall, where nothing wouldcontent them but a speech which,after becoming reluctance, I was in-duced to deliver."

"Writing a book is an adventure. Tobegin with it is a toy, an amusement;then it becomes a mistress, and then amaster, and then a tryant. [Then] youslay the monster and strew him aboutto the public."

"Nothing recalls the past so potentlyas a smell. In default of a smell thenext best pnemonic is a tune."

Photography by Jennifer Girard

"WHEN does one first begin to remember? When do the wavinglights and shadows of dawning consciousness cast their printupon the mind of a child? My earliest memories . . . "

. . . of Winston Churchill are from my grandfather. Perchedat his feet, my brothers and I would be regaled with his storiesof the First World War. Growing up in what is now northernYugoslavia had put him in the midst of that conflict. Hismemories as a foot soldier were less of the great and powerfulthan of comrades, family, friends. Occasionally in the midstof a story he would be overcome with emotion. Moments suchas this had the greatest impact on me. The names of hisfellow soldiers meant little, but every so often he would referto the wartime leaders — and here I first remember hearingthe name Winston Churchill.

In later years history books, reruns of Mike Wallace's"Biography," and studies of the Second World War roundedout a portrait of Churchill, having been a actor as far back as Ican remember, and having seen several now-classic one-manperformances, I thought it would be challenging to write andperform a piece based on Churchill's life. At NorthwesternUniversity, I was afforded the opportunity.

My first plan was to present in 90 minutes material fromChurchill's entire life - but I was 21, weighed 170 poundsand had a full head of hair. Further research made it clearthat I should concentrate on the lesser known early years,where I had a coincidental physical similarity. Here I coulduse all my youthful energies to bring young Winston, theman behind the public image, to the stage.

From the start, however, I had wanted to present an au-dience with "Churchill the man." People know of his great

12

historical role, his bulldog tenacity, his wartime voice. Butalmost everyone I talked with was surprised to hear of histroubles in school, his mischievous antics and the tribula-tions of his early professional life. Here was a rare opportun-ity; to explore the influences and inspirations of one of themost influential men of the 20th century.

Three months of intense research, followed by an evenmore demanding two-month rehearsal period, culminated ina premiere performance at Northwestern as part of my seniorthesis, "One Shall Rise." Subsequent drafts, of which therehave been five to date, saw the piece evolve into a tender, car-ing portrait of a man whom I have grown to respect and to love- not merely for the effect he had on the world, but as a son,husband, father, writer, painter: a man.

* * * * *"HAVING bought the colours, an easel and a canvas, the nextstep was to begin. But what a step to take." The bibliographyI had compiled contained a lifetime of writing which I had tosift through in three months. I soon focused on Churchill'sMy Early Life, Thoughts and Adventures and London toLadysmith via Pretoria. To these I added Lord Moran'sStruggle for Survival (historically misleading but with cer-tain personality clues to WSC's younger days), and LadySoames' endearing Clementine Churchill.

With this material I still felt a dilemma as editor - therewas so much. I thought my first draft had succeeded until Irealized that I had "judiciously" whittled the material downto four hours! My only consolation was that all my researchwas preserved, bundled and docketed.

I had now accumulated a four-inch-high stack of index

DAVAARAn island at the mouth of Campbeltown Loch,Argyllshire, with a permanent population of underten, Davaar is a visited by day trippers in the sum-mertime. Between 1964 and 1978. labels wereissued purportedly to cover the carriage of mail tothe GPO on the mainland. While some issues wereactually so used "commemoratives" for all thepopular collector subjects including Churchill makegenuinity of Davaar labels doubtful.

CHURCHILL COLLECTORS HANDBOOK. SECTION I. PART 7

EUROPA 1964 EUROPA 1964

SIR WINSTON CHURCHILL 1874-1S65

Europa 1965 —Europa 1965 — Earopa I9S5 — Europa 1965 — Europa 1965

EUROPA 1965 i A t EUROPA JW£

8 Apr 1965: CHURCHILL OVERPRINTS IOvptd. "SIR WINSTON CHURCHILL/

1874-1965"SubjectDavaar Lighthouse Europa1964 overprints, revalued

RosenDD19• D20DD21DD22•DD22a

ValueId2d3d2/6set-43/6

imperforatemin."stteet, WSC bust ovpt.

24 Jan 1966: CHURCHILL OVERPRINTS IIOvptd. "SIR WINSTON CHURCHILL/24th

, 1966"SubjectDavaar Lighthouse Europa1965 overprints, revaluedimperforatemin.sheet, yellow paper

JAN.,Rosen

DD43DD44•DD45

1966"Value1/3/6set-24/6

;scHu«h,ujS-iJH«e

21Jul 1969:Ovptd. asSe-tenantRosen

DD130DD131DD132DD133

•DD134DD139a

MOON LANDINGi below on Churchill Definitivesstrips of 4, orange & purple.ValueId2d3d2/6set-42/95/

Overprint"FIRST/MAN""ON THE/MOON""JULY/1969""JULY/1969"imperforatemin.sheet of twomin.sheet, JFK-WSC

June 1966: CHURCHILL OVERPRINTS IIIOvptd. "SIR WINSTON CHURCHILL/

1874-1965"Rosen Value Subject

DD51 1/ Davaar Lighthouse Europa• D52 3/ 1965 ovpts, reval, new clrsD set-2 imperforate• D53 4/ min.sheet

19 Sep 1967: CHURCHILL DEFINITIVESStandard design found on other locals.Se-tenant strips of 4, red & blue.Rosen Value Subject

Expo. Montreal, CanadaChurchill Forest. IsraelChichester's "Gypsy Moth'WSC portrait from Karshimperforatemin.sheet of twomin.sheet, JFK-WSC

DAVAAR ISLANDEUROPA

1968

|2'6

EUROPA 1969

LJD77GD78• D79• D80

•DD81• D87

Id2d3d2/6set-42/95/

9 Jul 1968:Ovptd. "Se-tenantRosen

DD92DD93DD94• D95• D92-5a

•DD96DD102

EUROPA OVERPRINTSEUROPA/1968"stripsValueId2d3d2/6set-4set-42/95/

of 4, green & brown.SubjectExpo, Montreal, CanadaChurchill Forest, IsraelChichester's "Gypsy MothWSC portrait from Karshas above, ovpts. missingimperforatemin.sheet of twomin.sheet, JFK-WSC

CCH 1.25

15 Oct 1969: EUROPA OVERPRINTSOvtpd. "EUROPA/1969"Churchill on min. sheets only.Rosen Value Subject

• D142 2/9 min.sheet of twoDD144 5/ min.sheet, JFK-WSC

1970: CHURCHILL DEFINITIVES IIPrevious definitive designs repeated.Se-tenant strips of 4, light blue & yellow.Rosen Value Subject

Expo, Montreal, CanadaChurchill Forest, IsraelChichester's "Gypsy Moth'ESC portrait from Karshimperforatemin.sheet of twomin.sheet, JFK-WSC

• D160DD161DD162DD163D• D164DD170

Id2d3d2/6set-

2/95/

1970: OSAKA EXPO OVERPRINTSOvptd. "EXPO 70/OSAKA" on D160-64Rosen Value Subject

Expo, Montreal, CanadaChurchill Forest, IsraelChichester's "Gypsy Moth'ESC portrait from Karshimperforatemin.sheet of twomin.sheet, JFK-WSC

DD171DD172DD173DD174

•DD175DD181

Id2d3d2/6set^J2/95/

Ic.1972: SPACE DEFINITIVES

Mini-sheets of eight, multi-colored.

1973: EUROPA OVERPRINTOvptd. "EUROPA/1973" on D327Rosen Value Subject

DD327a 25p Churchill, Karsh photos• D327a 25p as above, imperforate

ICS• DF5DDF6DDF9

Value12b20b1R

SubjectJorrell Bank radiotelescopeFirst jet-propelled flightWSC, JFK, Adenauer,DeGaulle imperforatesouvenir sheet

EUROPA1970

1970: EUROPA OVERPRINTSOvptd. "EUROPA/1970" on D160-64Rosen Value Subject

• D182 Id Expo, Montreal, CanadaDD183 2d Churchill Forest, IsraelDD184 3d Chichester's "Gypsy Moth'• D185 2/6 WSC portrait from KarshD set-4 imperforateDD186 2/9 min.sheet of twoD D192 5/ min.sheet, JFK-WSC

5O™ ANNIVERSARY

1974: CHURCHILL CENTENARYEmbossed & black-printed on gold foil.Rosen Value Subject

Churchill bust, from KarshDD393DD394DD395DD396• D397

l/2pIP3 l/2p45p50p

(larger: 3'4 x 2 ' 4 " )

r BOY SCOUT JAMBOREEG.BRITAIN 1 9 2 O — t 9 7 O

1970: BOY SCOUT JAMBOREEOvptd. "50TH ANNIVERSARY/1ST BOY

SCOUT JAMBOREE/G. BRITAIN 1920-1970Rosen Value Subject

• D193 5/ min.sheet, JFK-WSC

1973: CHURCHILL COMMEMORATIVE 4Design composed of Australia/New Zealand and

Yemen 1965 commemoratives artwork.Rosen Value Subject

DD327 25p Churchill, Karsh photos• D327 25p as above, imperforate

DHUFARThis province of Muscat & Oman was temporarilycontrolled by leftists in revolt against the Sultan.Dhufar or its representatives issued labels honoringWestern leaders and space achievements, but it iscertain they never saw postal use.

&? 53*

^ ^ • H W S ^

1974: CHURCHILL CENTENARY(LOCOMOTIVE)

Mini-sheets of eight, WSC silhouette head.ICS Value Subject

D DF145 lb LMS Jubilee Class 4-6-0• DF146 2b Gt. Indian Peninsula 2-8-0DDF147 3b Nigerian Railway 4-8-0D D F 148 4b Bengal Nagpur GSM 4-6-0D D F 149 10b New Zealand Pacific 4-6-0• DF150 15b S.R. Schools Class 4^-0• DF151 20b Baltimore & Ohio 4-4-4D D F 152 25b "Sir Winston Churchill"

4-6-4• set-8 imperforateD D F 153 90b souvenir sheet

CCH 1.26

L

EYNHALLOWHoly Island-Scotland

/ | { iheRoyal&axsOeys {

EYNHALLOW(HOLY ISLAND, LINDISFARNE)

A large island off the coast of Northumberland, justsouth of Berwick-upon-Tweed, where Monks builta castle and introduced Christianity to Britain in the7th century. Connected to the mainland, its localsare spurious.

1974: CHURCHILL CENTENARY (UNIFORMS)Mini-sheets of 8 with May 1940 "blood, toil,

tears and sweat" quote in top margin.Rosen Value Subject

10th P.o.W. Hussars 1891Kings Ryl. Rifle Corps 1895R.M. 10th Tipperary 1895Highland & Lt. Infantry 1895Second Life Guards 1900Irish Guards 1900Seaforth Highlanders 1904Royal Marine Artillery 19144th Hussars/21st Lancers(ms)Royal Scots Grey (luxe ms)Nos. 38-45 imperforate

GREAT BRITAINPostally-valid souvenir sheets have occasionallybeen authorized by the British Office. Strike labelscovered private mail during same.

• EYN38• EYN39• EYN40DEYN41• EYN42• EYN43DEYN44• EYN45D EYN46

• EYN47

•

l/2p2 l/2p3p4p5plOp15p30p50p

$1set-8

9 Oct 1974: CHURCHILL CENTENARY (F)Rosen Value Subject

• PVS12 3d WSC: Karsh & 1951 photos

1974: CHURCHILL/EUROPA (F)

9 Feb 1971: EUROPA SERVICE, POSTALSTRIKE (F)

Issued in mini-sheets of 8. For emergency mailservice to Europe, Channel Isles, Isle of Man

Rosen Value Subject• EUR26 6d WSC artwork(Full set: EUR 19-26. Others do not show WSC.)

Rosen• X50 (PVS11)nX50a(PVSlla)

SubjectGuildhall sculptureabove, ovptd "SPECIMEN"

9 Nov 1974: SHOUTHAMPTON STAMP FAIR (F)ICS Value Subject

• 1 3 l/2p WSC color photo c. 1955• la 3 l/2p same, ovptd. "SPECIMEN"

1975: CHURCHILL/EUROPA (F)Rosen Subject

• X72 or PVS15 Guildhall sculpture• X72a or PVS15a abov, ovptd "SPECIMEN"

POSTAL STRIKE PUBLIC MAIL (F)Issued for use by private mail carriers allowed to

operate during the 1971 postal strike.Rosen Value Subject

• PM11 2/6 WSC from Karsh• PM12 6/ " ovptd. "AIR MAIL" &

schgd.• PM12a 4/6 min.sheet, JFK-WSC

1971: MANCHESTER EXPRESS SVC, POSTALSTRIKE

Rouletted, multicolored. Not in Rosen.ICS Value Subject

• 1 40p Kennedy & Churchill

25 Jan 1974: 5TH YORK STAMP FAIRRosen Value Subject

DX54 4 l/2d Gibraltar issues on m.s.

1974: CAMBERLEY STAMP EXHIBITIONRosen Value Subject

DX58 n.v. WSC from Karsh, blueborder

• X58a n.v. red border (100 only issued)

CCH 1.27

H "QPA-,

4 Jul 1976: AMERICAN BICENTENNIAL (F)Southampton Stamp Fair m.s. ovptd. "GREAT

BRITAIN GIVES HOMAGE/to the UNITEDSTATES of AMERICA/on the occasion oftheir 200th Anniversary of Independence"

ICS Value Subject• 2 4 l/2p WSC color photo circa 1955• 2a 4 l/2p same, ovptd. "SPECIMEN"

GUGH ISLANDLocated among the Western Rocks. Isles ol Scilly.Gugh Island hosts up 10 5(K) tourists u day in thesummer; mail is rowed across lo St. Agnes, andGugh locals are therefore genuine. Issues arc infre-quent and usually confined to local subjects.

17 Jun 1974: CHURCHILL CENTENARYOriginal artwork, black and silver, mini-sheets of

4, perforated.SubjectWSC standing

RosenDG17• G18DG19DG20

Value5plOp25p50p

31 Jan 1966: WSC DEATH ANNIVERSARY (F)Ovptd. "24th Jan. 1966"Rosen BF Value Subject

G H92 96 4db as H86. red ovpt.G H93 97 8db as H87. red ovpt.GH94 98 1 1/2 as H88. black ovpi.C H95 99 3d as H89. blue ovpt.G H96 1001/ as H90. green ovpt.• H97 1012/6 as H91. red ovpt.G set -6 imperforate

ISOOne of the few local issuers outside the British Isles,the Swedish offshore islet of Iso has produced itsown stamps to pay for ferrying mail to the mainlandfor some time; but Iso has also indulged in hugeissues aimed at philatelists, so there is doubt abouttheir general validity.

29 Jun 1965: CHURCHILL COM-MEMORATIVES (F)Lithographed by Thos. De La Rue & Co. Ltd.Line-engraved portrait.Cinchen Value Subject

D 154 2p WSC & Lundy coastlineD 155 lOp• 156 18p• set-3 imperforate (1050 produced)

NAGALANDFormally part of India's Assam Province with occa-sional pretenses of independence, Nagaland con-tains 250,000 firece mountain tribesmen. Certainlabels bearing its name have been issued but noneare thought to have seen postal use.

10

1965: CHURCHILL OVERPRINTS IOvptd. in red, '

1874-1965"ICS

D12• 13• 14• 15• 16• Set-5

Valuel/4pl/2pIP5plOp

'WINSTON CHURCHILL/

SubjectTerritorial mapIndian DC3 shot downHome GuardKlughato-Kilonser, guardsPatriotic sloganas above, black overprints

HERM ISLANDOff the east coast of Guernsey, Herm is populatedby 50 permanent residents, 250 from March toOctober and several thousand daily during the sum-mer months. In absence of a GPO after the war,locals were issued to cover the cost of ferrying mailto St. Peter Port. They were suppressed in 1969when the new Guernsey postal service established apost office on Herm. " B F " = Backman-ForresterCatalogue of Smaller Channel Isles.

9 May 1965: CHURCHILL & LIBERATION (F)Rosen

• H86

GH87

• H88• H89• H90• H91• Set of 6

BF Value

90 4db

91 8db

92 I l/2d93 3d94 1/95 2/6

SubjectWSC as Lord Warden.ArmsWSC as Lord Warden.ArmsWSC. map. Herm Arms

imperforate

1970: WORLD STATESMEN (F)Se-tenant strips of 4. multicolored.ICS Value Subject1 50k WSC, Union Flag, "V

motif(Others are JFK. Hammarskjold, Adenauer.)

LUNDYThe originator of local issues, Lundy began produc-ing stamps to cover mainland ferrying charges in1929. The "puffin" denomination equates to onepenny. Considerable controversy was aroused bythe original issuer. Lundy's owner George Harman,who rather whimsically claimed sovereignty and akingship. Lundy is now owned by the NationalTrust. Barry Cinchen cat. nos. same as Rosen.

LUNDY

IB74 SIR WINSTON CHURCHILL 19651

liK]SE19MHi

Tri

i1972: CHURCHILL OVERPRINTS II

Ovptd. "IN MEMORIUM [sic|/WINSTONCHURCHILL/7th Anniversary/January 24th1965"

Subjecton Kennedy commemorativeon Kennedy mini-sheetas above, imperforateas above, gold overprintsas above, imperforatesouv. sheet, black ovpt.souv. sheet, gold ovpt.

•••

••

ICS183184183-4183-4a183-4a185185a

Value75clchset-2set-2set-21.751.75

CCH 1.28

"Happy are the painters, for they shall not be lonely. Lightand colour, peace and hope, will keep them company to theend, or almost to the end, of the day."

cards containing Churchillian wit, quips and quotes. Iremember at one point that my living room floor was coveredwith them as I attempted to categorize and integrate. All waswell so long as no one sneezed.

Finally the 90-minute script was completed and I went intorehearsal. Having done the research myself I was at an advan-tage, but I now had to delve into film footage, gramaphonerecords and picture books documenting Sir Winston's life.Since most of these were concerned with World War II andbeyond, I worked on the premise that his gestures, vocal pat-terns and physical style became more exaggerated the olderhe grew. If I could tone down the WSC of the 1940s-50s by athird, I should be on line for the pre-WWl Winston.

The voice was the greatest challenge. Since I had extensivevocal training and a finely tuned ear, I relished the task aheadof me. I took several key speeches for which I had recordingsand studied them at length. I even went so far as to chart thepitches, pace and intonation on a graph. In this way Idiscovered the intricacies of his vocal mechanism, and howhe used it so effectively to get his points across.

I did have to make some judgment calls in terms of Chur-chill's "conversational" voice. Were I to use the power and in-tensity of his WW2 speeches throughout the performance, Iran the risk of inflicting too much upon my audience. Myhope is that I have achieved a fair, realistic compromise.

The lisp was another challenge - one that, quite honestly, Iam still perfecting. The difficulty is that Winston took greatcare to orchestrate his speech to avoid consonant/vowel com-binations that emphasized the lisp. Yet it was still there. Ichose specific word combinations in the script as exercises inan attempt to integrate the lisp into the vocal patterns I hadalready established. Of immeasurable assistance in this areawas a colleague finishing her studies at Northwestern as aspeech therapist. She not only described in detail themechanics of a "lateral lisp," but also the emotional andpsychological implications. For example, the more emotionala person becomes, the more pronounced the lisp. Little clueslike this brought WSC's psyche into focus.

Of special assistance in deciphering Churchill's personawas an essay by the psychologist Anthony Storr [Churchill:Four Faces and the Man, London, 1969; Churchill Revised,

New York 1969, A.J.P. Taylor, editor, Redburn 347). Al-though admitting that he had never met Winston and that hisconclusions were tentative, Storr did extensive research inputting together a psychological portrait that was invaluableto me as an actor. Churchill's writings, telling as they are, areobviously somewhat partial and subjective. With Storr'sviewpoint and those of other prominent biographers I wasable to balance my portrait.

Now came the easy part: the performance. With such a firmfoundation to work from I was very confident. The perform-ance space I chose was a wood paneled study in one of thegothic structures on campus. The space was just as crucial asall the work that had come before. The select, invitation-onlyaudience of faculty, staff and fellow students was treated toafternoon tea, with the strains of Beethoven's Fifth Sym-phony wafting through the air.

I was nervous throughout the performance, but I focusedthat energy into the character, and in the end was quitepleased with the outcome. Of course some aspects workedwhile others showed where more work was needed. Most dif-ficult was trying to turn off my playwrite's mind during theperformance. I found myself commenting on the script as Iwas performing! This type of schizophrenic existence stillhaunts me on stage, but I am able more and more to let theactor take center stage while the playwrite takes mental notesfor later consideration.

The most exciting concept that I came away with was thatthis was not really a solo performance at all. Rather, it is atwo-character play, where the audience is the secondcharacter. The performance was more an informal conversa-tion among friends, albeit one-sided.

It was exhilarating to have the other partner (in rehearsal,only my echo) out there sharing in the experience. And witheach new audience came a new character to play off of. Theplay had finally come to life.

THAT was six years ago. Since then the piece has evolved into avery precious part of my professional life. It has been likenurturing a child. Each step in the development is new and ex-citing. Each performance, each audience is different andchallenging. I've performed to groups ranging from a smallprivate birthday party in San Francisco to a raised platformunder a basketball hoop, in a gymnasium full of high schoolstudents at eight in the morning.

Each audience challenges me in a special way, becauseevery person comes to the piece with a different exposure toWinston Churchill. As a matter of fact, there was a 12-year-old who had only a faint idea of whom I was portraying, yetwho sat there enthralled. Then there was the opposite extremewhen I performed at a retirement home where each personhad a strong personal identification with Churchill. Therethe emotional reaction was overpowering. Experiences suchas these remind me why I chose acting as a career.

I have always been fascinated with impressionist painters.One of my favorite series of paintings is Monet's "Houses ofParliament." His style is such that everywhere I look, theessence of the work is the same; yet there are subtle altera-tions throughout due to light, atmosphere or mood. I seeMonet's "Houses of Parliament" as the perfect metaphor formy portrayal of "Young Churchill." Into each performance Icarry the essence of Winston Churchill, and with the changesin audience, atmosphere and mood, I paint a portrait of a manwho has grown to mean so much.*

We are sure there exist articles and other writings on thespeeches and delivery of young Churchill which would be ofbenefit to Mark in his ever-evolving performance. If youknow of any, please send him copies or information.

Mark Grimsich likewise welcomes inquiries about arrang-ing for his performance at any ICS or other event. He may becontacted in care of the editor.

13

Ronald 1. Cohen, Editor433 Elm Avenue, Westmount, Quebec, Canada H3Y 3H9

An Ongoing Forum on the Forthcoming Bibliography of Works by Sir Winston Churchill

Two Malakands: the rare Colonial Edition (left) and theSilver Library Edition with textual editing by WSC.

Out of theWoods

The Real Story of the"Malakand Field Force"

In the course of my work on the Bibliography, I have madeit a point to examine as many copies of A1 (and other scarceworks) as possible. I have also been able to secure a copy ofthe publisher's records relating to The Story Of TheMalakand Field Force and I have spent many hours poringover these. The results point inexorably to the fact that muchof Woods' information on Churchill's first work is either in-complete or incorrect.

For example, there were not similar amounts run for thefirst printings of the home and colonial editions. There wasnot a further colonial run of 1500 prior to October 25 — orever. Corrections on the first edition did not necessitate 122hours of work. The errata slip does not necessarily appearwhere Woods says it does in the second state. (Woods tells thereader nothing about the existence of a second state of the co-lonial edition.) There are rarely protective tissues over thefolding maps at pp. 1 and 146 and there is a major distinctionbetween the first and second states which he does not men-tion. There are other unrecorded variants, some of greatsignificance, such as the wraps issue of the colonial edition,originally published in greater numbers than its cloth-boundcounterpart.

While I expect that the publication of my new Bibliographywill contain still further elucidations (as my research un-covers still further information), I would like to preliminarilycorrect some misconceptions about two major issues: first,the printing history of the volume; and, second, the descrip-tion of the volume itself. I do not intend to deal now with theoriginal correspondence appearing in The Daily Telegraph orThe Pioneer Mail and Indian Weekly News.

THE PUBLISHING HISTORYThe Home Edition

A total of 2000 sheets were printed for the home edition, ofwhich 1600 were bound by the March 1898 publication date(at a cost of 53/9 per 100 or £43 for the lot). Of these, 1273were sold by June and 200 more had been sent to New York.(No distinction between the British and American issues issuggested by the publisher's ledgers.) No information I havebeen able to find indicated whether these were ultimately soldor presented nor how they may otherwise have been dealtwith. The royalty arrangements with the author (see below)imply that a larger sale may have been anticipated but I haveseen no reference to any royalties having actually been madeover to Churchill.

The ledger also accounts for 79 "presentation copies" of thehome edition. Thus, 448 bound and unbound copies re-mained on hand as at the publisher's annual reporting date ofJune 1, 1898. Of these, 46 were transferred to the ColonialLibrary ton October 13, 1898. Although the remaining 402 areonly indicated by the records as having been sold by June1899, the next reporting date, I am inclined to believe thatthey had in fact been disposed of by sometime in October1899 since, among other things, the Silver Library editionwas actually printed in November 1899.

The selling price of the home edition was 7/6 of which theauthor was to earn 15% (or 112/6 per 100 copies) on the first3000 sold and 20% on any beyond that number. There hav-ing been 1675 sold in the U.K., Churchill earned a total of£93-0-10 (after minor adjustments) in royalties from the salesof the first edition.

The royalties on the sale of the copies shipped to Americawere indicated as 10% up to 1000 copies and 15% beyond.Although Longmans' records show that 200 copies wereshipped to the U.S., there is no indication of the price at whichthe copies were sold nor can I at this stage find any referenceto the payment of royalties in respect of those copies.

The Colonial EditionWoods is also quite incorrect regarding the colonial edition.

There were 3000, not 2000, copies printed simultaneouslywith the first edition. Nor were these followed by 1500 addi-tional copies "before 25 October." In fact, 500 more copieswere printed on November 22, 1898 and another 500 onFebruary 19, 1901. There were a further 46 copies trans-ferred from the sheets of the home edition (as indicated above)and 60 from the Silver Library edition (see below) betweenJune 1900 and June 1901.

Most of the colonial issue were published in wraps, a factnot even alluded to by Woods. Of the totals, 1474 cloth copiesand 2052 in wraps were sold; 23 cloth copies and 422 inwraps were presented. Another 28 recorded sales are not at-tributed as between the cloth and wraps issues.

Sales were initially fairly brisk since only 217 copies re-mained on hand in June 1902 (after the additional printings).Disposition of these remaining books was, however, slow. Itwould appear that 100 were wasted, or destroyed, in 1907and the balance moved slowly until 1912, at which time 12copies remained unsold. I detected an accounting error of 1copy between the records for 1908 and 1909, all of the abovethereafter balancing to the 4112 printed copies of the colonialissue.

14

The publisher's records show that the royalty arranged forthe sales of the colonial issue was 3d per copy. Thus, on thesale of the 3526 copies, Churchill earned $44-1-6 in royalties.The records of royalty payments which I have examined onlygo up to 1907 (although the sales records go to 1912) and thusshow no additional royalties on the remaining 28 sales.

The Silver Library EditionThe publisher's records show that 1500 copies of the Silver

Library edition were printed in November 1898. A further1000 were printed on February 19, 1901 although, ad-mittedly with the benefit of hindsight, the decision to reprintat this time may have been a bad one since sales never ex-ceeded 63 copies in. any year from 1902 until 1912 and thepublisher was left with 663 copies on hand at the end of the1912 reporting period.

Under his discussion of Al(a), Woods states that corrections"on the first edition necessitated 122 hours' work." What hemeant is unclear since no corrections were ever done to thefirst edition. In fact, the errors in the first edition were so ex-tensive that, to prepare plates for the Silver Library Edition(printed, as Woods states, from the plates of the first edition),the printers took 196 hours which were charged to the SilverLibrary edition on November 22, 1898. (Woods does mentionthe 196 hours under his discussion of Al(b) but no explana-tion for its apparent conflict with the 122 hours is provided.)

We can speculate fairly accurately, I believe, about thedisposition of the first printing of the Silver Library edition.Except for 41 copies unaccounted for in the June 1899 report(were they presentation copies?), 35 appear to have beenshipped to New York, 3 presented, 1361 sold and 60 transfer-red to the Colonial Library. Of the balance resulting from thesecond printing of 1000 copies (the "New Impression"), 307only appear to have sold and 30 were shipped to New York bythe June 1912 report; 663 were on hand at that time and Ihave no information at this time as to their ultimate destiny.

DESCRIPTION OF THE VOLUMEWoods' description of the Silver Library edition is quite ac-

curate and we need only focus on the first edition, both homeand colonial issues.

Protective TissuesAs stated, these should be found over the frontispiece in all

copies. I have, however, seen very few copies with the foldingmaps at pp. 1 and 146 with protective tissue. At this date, Iwould suggest that no more than two or possibly three in tenwill be so endowed, although these may be of either the homeor colonial issues. Examining the facing pages to see whetherthere has been offsetting of the colour features of the foldingmaps will determine whether your copy should possess thetissue.

The Errata SlipThe errata slip, having been tipped in by hand during the

binding process, should not dogmatically be expected torecur in the same position in every copy. They do not in thecase of the Malakand. They precede the folding map whichfaces page 1 about half the time, and follow it equally often.

Equally important, the errata slip may be found in eitherthe home or the colonial issue. To complicate matters further,I have seen a very different errata slip (as to size, print styleand text) in one copy of a colonial edition shipped to India. Ihave been unable to determine whether the errata slip wasprinted in the U.K. or in India and whether it antedates the"normal" errata slip since each of the two includes items notto be found on the other.

In all Longmans printed 1700 errata slips on April 19,1898 after an exchange of cables with India (between March25 and April 14) whose text I have been unable to examine yet(the parties are not indicated on the ledger which only records

the cost of the four cables, but the exchange undoubtedlytook place with Churchill). Nor am I able to break down the at-tribution of the errata slips between the home and colonialissues on the basis of the information I have seen to date but,since 5000 copies were in print as of that date (even if not allbound), it would suggest that 3300 had departed thepublishers and 1700 ultimately were intended to have theslips inserted, unless spares had been prepared.

It is, of course, possible that a second errata slip had beenprepared under Churchill's watchful eye in India and insertedin copies already there by the time of the errata slip printingin London. This would somewhat skew the figures I have pro-vided in the previous paragraph. I do not believe that I will beable to reach a firm conclusion on this point until I have beenable to examine copies in various Indian libraries.

The Classified CatalogueWhile Woods concludes that every copy should contain the

Catalogue, he neglects to mention that there are two types ofCatalogue. The first is dated 12/97 on its last page, and the sec-ond 3/98. In general, the first state will be distinguished notmerely by the absence of the errata slip but also by thepresence of a 12/97 Catalogue. The second state has both theerrata slip and the 3/98 Catalogue. That having been said, Ihave examined one copy of the second state with the 12/97Catalogue! On the basis of the number of copies I have seen, itis certainly the exception to the rule.

I have, however, also examined a copy of the second statewithout any catalogue at all. This may be the result of anoversight in the manual binding process. It may, however, bethe indication of the small number of copies exported toAmerica. It should not be forgotten that The River War iscommonly known both with and without Classified Catalogueand that would certainly appear to be the explanation for theabsence of the catalogue in Churchill's second work.

Other VariantsI have been advised that the home edition exists in a darker

green cloth as well as the apple green more commonlyknown. This would not be surprising since the 2000 copieswere bound on two separate occasions, the first in February1898 (1600 copies) and the second prior to June 1899 (354copies).

I have also examined a copy of the colonial first state inwhich the page nunber 231 is irregular. It is marked by asuperscript " 1 " .

CONCLUSIONMore is still to be learned about the Malakand, largely from

an examination of the actual correspondence between Chur-chill and the publisher as well perhaps as the publisher's owncorrespondence, primarily with booksellers in America andIndia. But I hope that the above information will serve to cor-rect certain present misinformation regarding the printinghistory and physical description of Churchill's first volume.*

Dust jackets onprewar works arescarce; pre-1920jackets are nearlyextinct. Imaginethe editor's joy atfinding a near-whole jacket onLiberalism & theSocial Problem —they're still outthere.

15

Churchill and the BalticPart II: 1931-1950

"There Was No Doubt Where The Right Lay"BY RICHARD M. LANGWORTH

"HIGH AND DRY"BALTIC historians, in their partisanship, have tended to seeBritain's prewar policy toward Estonia, Latvia and Lithuaniain the worst fight. "Great Britain generally supported theBaltic States morally but did not commit herself economi-cally," wrote one of these in 1980. How may we reconcile thatwith a statement in the same article; "The British had madeconsiderable investments in the Baltic countries?"1 In fact,Britain was the largest or second-largest Baltic trading part-ner throughout the interwar period, and British tradeagreements with Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia offered tariffconcessions on many British exports.2

It is fair to say, however, that the Baldwin-Chamberlainpolicies made Britain an unreliable ally, and squandered theonly prewar chance for Baltic security by failing to reach anunderstanding with Russia, as Winston Churchill urged.3

Churchill's view during the 1930s varied inversely withthat of Britain's prime ministers: whereas they looked to Ger-many as a bulwark against Bolshevism, Churchill saw Ger-many, not Russia, as the main threat to peace. With his vastgrasp of strategic reality, the Member for Epping became in-creasingly disposed to an Anglo-Soviet accord.

The story of Britain's and France's long but failed negotia-tions with the Soviet Union is one of missed opportunity —not because the Soviets could be trusted to keep treaties, butbecause an understanding with the Allies was in their in-terests and stood a chance to succeed. Ivan Maisky, SovietAmbassador to Britain in 1932-43, imprisoned during one ofStalin's Jewish purges in 1949-53, later a remarkably un-biased memoir-writer, always blamed the Nazi-Soviet Pact of1939 on Chamberlain and Daladier — and not withoutreason."

When British foreign secretary Anthony Eden visitedMoscow in 1935, Soviet foreign minister Maxim Litvinovasked if there was any chance that Britain would join Russiain guaranteeing Baltic security. "In my view there is not,"Eden replied. Litvinov then asked, was the security of theBaltic States a British interest? Eden said that

it would be short-sighted of anyone to think it better to have awar in the east than to avoid war in the west. The interest ofHis Majesty's Government in the Baltic States is not like theirinterest in Belgium and the Low Countries.5

Litvinov replied that Britain's reluctance to involve itself ina "Baltic Pact" was not conducive to peace in Europe: "Onthe one hand there is Germany with obviously aggressivedesigns. On the other hand, there are a number of states try-ing to check Germany. Great Britain, by failing to supportthese attempts, appears to be going to the aid of Germany."Eden said that this "was a misreading of British policy."6

Later, visiting Poland's Col. Beck, he supported the idea of an"Eastern Locarno" — but not one involving Britain.7

Only Churchill among Britons seemed able to comprehendthat pacts of mutual security without the participation of Brit-ain were as meaningless as the Estonia-Latvia pact withoutLithuania, Finland and Poland. British disdain for collectivesecurity was heightened in June 1935 with the signing of theAnglo-German Naval Agreement. Now, Churchill wrote,

Europe was astonished to learn that the British Governmenthad made a private bargain for themselves about navalstrength with Nazi Germany [which] condoned the breakingof treaties about naval strength at the very moment when theywere urging the smaller powers of Europe to make a com-bined protest against the breaking of the military clauses.This was a heavy blow at all international cooperation insupport of public law. They now found themselves left highand dry. and the interests of Scandinavia and the Baltic wereprofoundly affected.8

"GREAT IDENTITY OF INTERESTS"Nor could Anglo-French diplomacy prevent Nazi-Soviet

rapprochement for years later, even after Chamberlain's"hardening" toward Hitler following the dismemberment ofCzechoslovakia.

The most notable event during the last months of peacewas a Soviet offer, on 18 April 1939, of a formal alliancebetween Britain, France and the USSR, pledging all three to

0 100 200 300 WOmiles

German-Soviet fronts in World War II.

16

"The 1941 frontiers of Russia . . .were acquired by acts of aggressionin shameful collusion with Hitler.

The transfer of the peoples of the Baltic Statesto Soviet Russia against their will

would be contrary to all the principles we are fighting forAnd would dishonour our cause."

- W.S.C., THE GRAND ALLIANCE, 1950

"act together" in case of aggression against any one of them,or against all countries "situated between the Baltic andBlack Sea and bordering on the USSR."9 Chamberlain re-fused this offer on 1 May — because, as The Times explained,"a hard and fast alliance with Russia might hamper othernegotiations and approaches."10 "In other words," ErickEstorick wrote, "it would rule out a continuation of theMunich policy."11

Chamberlain's answer was: not at all — it would haveresulted in "an immediate declaration of war on the part ofGermany."12 This he seems to have gleaned from the Poles,who opposed any deals with the Russians, though it had nobasis in fact: scores of German sources indicate that Hitlerhad no desire for a two-front war in 1939.

Chamberlain's inaction enraged Churchill, who knew that"to Germany the command of the Baltic is vital."13 Re-peatedly he urged the Government to embrace the "greatidentity of interests" between Britain and Northern Europe:

Take the countries of the Baltic, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia,which were once the occasion of the wars of Peter the Great.It is a vital major interest of Russia that these Powers shouldnot fall into the hands of Nazi Germany . . . I should havethought that this plan of a triple alliance is a preliminary step,and an invitation to other countries in danger on this front.14

But Chamberlain was unmoved and Churchill by thenprobably too late: On 3 May Maxim Litvinov, Jewish propo-nent of collective security, was replaced by VyacheslavMolotov, a non-Jew chosen partly to please Hitler. On 23August news of the Nazi-Soviet Pact broke like a bombshellon France and Britain.

The Americans were not known for diplomatic perspicacity,certainly not by Chamberlain, who had spurned Roosevelt'soffer to mediate with Hitler and Mussolini in 1938. Yet it wasthe American ambassador to Moscow, Joseph Davies, whopredicted disaster a month before Chamberlain put it in mo-tion, telling US Ambassador to Britain Joseph P. Kennedy

he could tell Chamberlain from me that if they are not carefulthey will drive Stalin into Hitler's arms. Britain and Francesnubbed Russia by excluding the Soviet from Munich; theSoviets did not trust them anyway, and feared they were try-ing to use Russia as a cat's paw, and would leave her to fightGermany alone.15

In his diary for the same date Davies reflected that "the onlyman who really appreciates the real imminence of disasterover here is Winston Churchill."

The governments in Kaunas, Tallinn and Riga wereofficially opposed to a Russo-British "understanding," fromwhich many respected historians conclude that a pact wouldhave been an open invitation for the USSR to invade the smallrepublics.16 This may be a superficial opinion, lacking sup-Port from Baltic primary sources, notably Mikelis Valters, theLatvian ambassador to Belgium.

On 23 June 1939, Valters told British minister to BrusselsSir Robert Clive that "a very dangerous situation wouldarise" if the Allied-Soviet negotiations collapsed. Latvia's

official opposition, Valters continued, was voiced only in fearof Hitler. In truth, a Russo-British agreement to assure herterritorial integrity "would be welcomed in Latvia eventhough there might be, for the sake of form, an official pro-test."17

Valters also believed "that a declaration of neutrality meantrenouncing the principle of collective security of the Leagueof Nations."18

Valters' remark stunned the British foreign office, whichhad been reporting only the official line of the Ulmanisgovernment in Riga — and like state departments every-where, the F.O. insisted its interpretation was the onlycorrect one.

Valters was a respected diplomat, but his startling declara-tion came too late: Russo-Nazi negotiations were now welladvanced, while Allied negotiations faltered further in July,when Molotov made a new demand: no agreement with Brit-ain unless it covered "indirect aggression" against the BalticStates — this being defined as any policy hostile to theSoviets. (This was the excuse Stalin would use for his Balticinvasion a year later.)

As David Crowe wrote, Britain realized that accepting thisformula "would have been an immediate and open invitationto Soviet intervention in the Baltic States." Crowe also notes apoignant truth, not widely understood: "For all practical pur-poses, the Baltic question ended any hope of a strong British-Soviet front against Hitler."19

"IT LEAVES ME QUITE COLD!"Secret protocols of the Nazi-Soviet pact placed Estonia, Lat-

via and Lithuania "in the Soviet sphere" should "anychanges" occur in each. The implications were now clear.After the fall of Poland, Hitler obligingly removed his na-tionals from the Baltic States, while Stalin demanded theyallow the establishment of Soviet military bases for "mutualsecurity." In June 1940, Stalin manufactured flimsy pretextsto fully occupy Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia. After "elec-tions" in which only pro-Soviet parties were allowed, thethree republics "requested admission" to the USSR, whichwas "graciously granted" in early August.

From June to June 1940-41 occurred the first of threeBaltic holocausts. In July alone, 150,000 Baits were shippedto the Urals. Men were separated from their families; peoplewere packed 40 to a cattle car; infants who died enroute werethrown out beside the tracks. At Vorkuta, Potma, Kolyma,Kengir, Solikamsk and Norisk, many arrivals were shot ordrowned in toilets. Others were stripped, or bullied into sell-ing a coat for a few potatoes. Set to work in labor camps, fewever saw their Baltic shores again. In June 1941, the Ger-mans invaded Russia. We should not find it too shocking thatthe first Nazi motorcyclist entering Riga was garlanded withflowers, while people waved the maroon and white flag of theRepublic and thanked God they were still alive.20

Even with Churchill as Prime Minister, British reaction toStalin's Baltic takeover was mixed. When Halifax heard aboutthe invasion of Lithuania on 15 June he said, "It leaves mequite cold!"21 A month later in Cabinet, Halifax said that the

17

annexation had taken place in the "course of the war andthere was no certainty that it would be permanent."22 Hisnaivete was matched by Roosevelt's statement to anAmerican Lithuanian delegation in October: "Even thesmallest nation has the same right to enjoy independence asthe largest ones.. . . Time will come and Lithuania will be freeagain."23

The inner feelings of Halifax, if not Roosevelt, were morecynical. In 1941 the former would astonish America'sSumner Welles by saying

He did not think the Baltic peoples were peoples who de-manded very much respect or consideration, in the situationin which Great Britain now found herself, concentrating as hersole objective upon the defeat of Hitler. . . . What logical dis-tinction, Welles said, could be drawn between the recognitionof the brutal conquest by Russia of the Baltic states and thebrutal conquest by Hitler of the Dutch and Belgians? Halifax'sreply was that "the Baltic states for over a century had beenunder the domination of Russia." The same might be said ofthe Finns, Welles retorted. "Halifax replied to this by sayinghe did not have the same respect for and regard for the Balticpeoples that he did for the Finnish people."24

Prior to the Soviet occupation, Churchill seemed to lean inHalifax's direction. "No doubt it seems reasonable to theSoviet Union," he said in 1939,

to take advantage of the present situation to regain some of theterritory which Russia lost as a result of the last war. It is in ourinterests that the USSR should increase their strength in theBaltic, thereby limiting the risk of German domination in that

This statement has been enough for many to conclude, asdid Warren Kimball, that WSC "never recanted his accep-tance of Soviet control over the Baltic states."26 But that is asimplistic conclusion, ignoring Churchill's reaction to theBaltic holocaust in 1940, and his mental turmoil — on the onehand desperately needing an ally, on the other hand cogni-zant of those Baltic peoples whose liberty he had been amongthe first to champion.

Which way to turn? No question: At the height of the Blitz,WSC declared that "we do not propose to recognize any ter-ritorial changes which take place during the war, unless theytake place with the free consent and good will of the parties in-volved."27 This high principle Churchill maintained in Brit-ain's darkest hour, and on into 1941, reaffirming it in theAtlantic Charter in August that year.

His critics say Churchill was only acting in self-interest.Non-recognition of the Soviet conquest meant Britain wouldkeep £ 4 million in frozen Baltic assets and 24 requisitionedBaltic merchant vessels in British harbors. They point to Staf-ford Cripps, Ambassador to Moscow, who urged that Chur-chill return the ships and assets and recognize the Soviet oc-cupation in return for "better relations with Stalin."28

The bankruptcy of these criticisms is obvious: (1) the shipsand assets were relatively paltry — Britain often lost thatmany ships to the U-boats in a few days. (2) Eden and theForeign Office insisted that relations would not be improvedby bowing to Stalin's demands with nothing in return.29 (3)Churchill subsequently resisted recognizing the SovietizedBaltic even when it was to his advantage to do so, in late 1941and 1942.

"THE RUSSIAN DANGER IS OUR DANGER"After Hitler had attacked and invaded Russia on 22 June

1941, and Churchill had proclaimed that "the Russiandanger is therefore our danger,"30 the demand that Britainrecognize Soviet Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia increased —not now from appeasers like Cripps and Halifax, but by closeassociates like Eden and Beaverbrook.31 Stalin was adamanton the point. Indeed it seemed to Harry Hopkins, Rossevelt'semissary, who was with Churchill in July, that

Smiling Lithuanian girls contrast with an Estonian border guard,his barrier in the white-blue-black national colors, 1938.

18

Even with its very life in peril the Soviet Government appearedto be more anxious to discuss future frontiers and spheres ofinfluence than to negotiate for military supplies.32

Churchill strongly resisted these "pragmatist" urgings, be-ing agreeable only to a mutual assistance pact, and the pro-mise that neither the UK nor USSR would make a separatepeace with Germany. He even tried to include a statement inthis agreement

that territorial frontiers will have to be settled in accordancewith the wishes of the people who live there and . . . that theseunits, when established, must be free to choose their own formof government. "33

This paragraph was struck by the War Cabinet on thegrounds that it might complicate future Russo-Polish negotia-tions. But it is significant that Churchill drafted it over amonth before the Atlantic Charter.

After the PM sent Eden to Moscow in December 1941, tobroaden and extend the war alliance, the pressure on Chur-chill to modify his stance reached a crescendo. It was Eden'sfirst major foreign policy assignment: temperament, ambi-tion, anxiety for his country's security all influenced him. ButChurchill was clearly more influenced by American thanSoviet opinion, and the USA remained adamantly opposed torecognizing the Sovietized Baltic.34

While Eden was in Moscow Churchill was in America.There Eden wired the PM, urging him to take up withKoosevelt the case for "immediate recognition" of the Soviet1941 frontiers on the basis of "stark realism:"36 nothing theBritish or Americans could do would stop the Russians get-ting their way at the end of the war. Churchill, furious, repliedthat the 1941 Soviet frontiers

were acquired by acts of aggression in shameful collusion withHitler. The transfer of the peoples of the Baltic States to SovietKussia against their will would be contrary to all the prin-ciples for which we are fighting this war and would dishonourur cause . . . ihere must be no mistake about the opinion of

Left: Konstantin Pats, Esto-nian statesman, resorted tobenign authoritarianism in1934. Deported to Siberia in1940, he returned in 1955and died a year later. Hispatriotic exhortations not toforget Estonia, written illicit-ly, were smuggled to the Westafter his death. Below: Wear-ing Russian hat and troubledlook, WSC leaves hisPackard, Yalta, 5th February1945.

any British Government of which I am the head, namely, thatit adheres to those principles of freedom and democracy setforth in the Atlantic Charter.36

"THE IRELAND OF RUSSIA"Principles have a way of fading when a government is faced

with mortal danger. By the spring of 1942, Singapore hadfallen; Tobruk was threatened, and all of Britain's gains inNorth Africa with it; U-boats were extracting fearful tolls onthe Atlantic life-lifeline; no significant military forces had yetmaterialized from America. In January Churchill had calledfor a vote of confidence in the Commons; he won handily, butdiscontent remained.

Nor was there any guarantee that America, with all herprinciples, might not slip back into isolation after the war, asshe had done in 1919. Russia meanwhile was holding outagainst Hitler — the USSR would play a definite role in futureEurope.37 Soviet frontier claims began to seem more palatable.

In February the War Cabinet discussed alternatives to fullrecognition of Soviet demands: a grant of bases to the USSRin the Baltic States (Eden), or Soviet control of Latvian,Lithuanian and Estonian defense and foreign policy(Halifax).38 But Churchill opposed any weakening of Britain'sposition. He was joined now by Attlee, who said these actions"might, indeed, stultify the causes for which we arefighting."39 When Halifax voiced his scheme to Roosevelt itinterested the President, until Sumner Welles told FDR itepitomized "the worst phase of the spirit of Munich."40

British counsels were deeply divided. Canada, New Zealandand South Africa were against recognition; Beaverbrook wasadamantly for it. "The Baltic States are the Ireland of Russia,"he wrote Churchill.41 "Their strategic control by Moscow is asessential to the Russians as the possession of the Irish baseswould be valuable to us" — a curious analogy, since Churchillhad refused forcibly to occupy Irish bases. In a yet more naivethrust, Beaverbrook said, "How can it be argued now that ter-ritory occupied then by the Russians - Lithuania, Latvia andEstonia - is not the native soil of the Russians?"42 One sup-Poses the Lithuanians, Latvians and Estonians could providea few arguments.

19

The pressure of events, however, finally affected Churchill.The Russians were holding down 185 German divisions on a1000-mile front who might otherwise be facing Britain, whichdare not endanger its USSR relations by doctrinaire accep-tance of American idealism. Could Roosevelt be budged?Churchill tried in a telegram on 7 March:

the increasing gravity of the war has led me to feel that theprinciples of the Atlantic Charter ought not to be construedso as to deny Russia the frontiers she occupied when Germanyattacked her. This was the basis on which Russia accededto the Charter, and I expect that a severe process of liquidatinghostile elements in the Baltic States, etc. was employed by theRussians when they took those regions at the beginning of thewar. I hope therefore that you will be able to give us a free handto sign the treaty which Stalin desires as soon as possible.43

The War Cabinet approved a declaration including Britishrecognition of the Soviet frontiers on 8 April 1942.44 Im-mediately this proposal was copied to the White House, Hulldrafted for Roosevelt's signature a stiff message: the UnitedStates

could not be counted upon to remain silent if territorial clauseswere included in the [Anglo-Soviet] treaty [and] threatened toissue a separate American statement disavowing the wholebusiness . . . At first opportunity Eden told [this to) Molotovand surprisingly, after a brief delay to consult the Kremlin,Molotov agreed.45

So it was that American diplomacy stayed Churchill's handover what amounted to dejure recognition of the SovietizedBaltic — but much, as Martin Gilbert has written, "to Chur-chill's relief."48 Alex Cadogan, who shared Churchill's viewson the Baltic, wrote, "We must remember that [recognition] isa bad thing. We oughtn't to do it, and I shan't be sorry if wedon't."47

There matters rested while the Germans, first hailed asliberators, conducted the second Baltic holocaust. Over300,000 Baits — one out of ten — were murdered. Others, in-cluding 45,000 Estonians, were conscripted into the Germanarmy. In hastily-built death camps, Jews were murdered:200,000 in Lithuania, 60,000 in Latvia, 4000 in Estonia.48 Aspart of the Nazi slave colony "Ostland," the Baltic was ruledby the Gestapo and a few quislings. Then the Red Armyreturned, and a third holocaust ensued.

"The Germans were brutal," remembers an Estonianrefugee, "but the Russians had been worse. People disap-peared, and if you asked 'Why?,' you would be takenyourself." After the war the cycle of arrests, executions anddeportations continued. "In all, a stunning total of 350,000people were lost between 1939 and 1949, about a third ofEstonia's population. Gone." For the three countries thefigure was over 750,000. The genocide continued under the"reformers" who followed Stalin, through mass-movement ofnon-Baits into the three republics and the transference ofnatives out.49

At the Teheran conference in late 1943, Roosevelt aban-doned the policy on which he had been so firm a year before.Meeting privately with Stalin

the President explained, with remarkable cynicism, why hehad to show some solicitude for the people of Poland and theBaltic states, in that he would not wish to lose the votes of thesix or seven million Polish-Americans, or of the smaller,though not negligible, number of voters of Lithuanian,Latvian, and Estonian origin.50

How easily Roosevelt surrendered to Stalin those moralpostures he had so pugnaciously defended to Churchill."Moral postures in the harsh world of power politics mayacquire a certain nobility in their very futility," wrote DavidKirby. "But when tainted by a history of compromise andfailed bargains, they tend to appear somewhat shabby."51

"THE DEADLY COMB RAN BACK AND FORTH"As the Red Army swarmed west in 1944, Baits had the un-

palatable choice of siding with one barbarian or the other.Most fought with the Germans, burying their dead withcrosses underground, to prevent desecration by theBolsheviks. When Riga fell on 13 October 1944, the Baitsretreated to Courland, eastern Latvia. Here these formidablesoldiers fought Stalin to a standstill.

Stalin expended half a million men, vainly trying to stormthe "Courland Redoubt," telling them the imperialists wouldcertainly try to stop the reestablishment of Soviet authority.So too thought Hitler, who three times refused to evacuateCourland in 1945.52 Not so. Instead the Baits were confrontedby tanks bearing American white stars — Shermans suppliedby the USA, thrown into battle before their new red starscould be painted on. They gave up only with the German sur-render.

In 1950, Churchill sadly summarized the tragedy of theBaltic States:

Hitler had cast them away like pawns in 1939. There had beena severe Russian and Communist purge. All the dominantpersonalities had been liquidated in one way or another. Thelife of these strong peoples was henceforward underground.Presently Hitler came back with a Nazi counter-purge. Finally,in the general victory the Soviets had control again. Thusthe deadly comb ran back and forth, and back again, throughEstonia, Latvia and Lithuania. There was no doubt howeverwhere the right lay. The Baltic States should be sovereignindependent peoples.53

Great Britain, the United States, Australia, Canada and a fewother countries have to this day refused to recognize theSoviet incorporation of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Butthose Baits fortunate enough to escape — and their children— have long memories. They do not look kindly on Roosevelt— nor, one has to say, on Winston Churchill.

Hindsight suggests that the fate of the Baltic States wassealed once Molotov and Ribbentrop signed their infamouspact. An Anglo-Soviet understanding would have precludedthe pact, possibly have secured the Baltic, and much elsebesides. Winston Churchill was not in charge in those days,and the task was beyond Neville Chamberlain.

With pure conjecture we may wonder what might havehappened had the Allies, at Teheran, insisted on reestablish-ment of Baltic sovereignty; and then after the Normandy inva-sion "joined hands" with Stalin by a secondary landing in theBaltic (instead of the meaningless French Riviera) — makingaid to Russia contingent on Soviet acceptance? For certain,Stalin always respected force.

But hindsight is cheap. It is fairer and more profitable tostudy Churchill and the Baltic for what it can teach us todayabout dealing with the Soviet Union.

From Lenin's negotiations with the Baltic republics in 1920to Stalin's encounters with the Allies, consistency markedevery Soviet position. One has to admire this. Invariably theymade the most extreme demands, offered little in exchange; ifthe demands were met, more followed. Whenever the otherside said (as in 1942) they absolutely could not agree, aneleventh-hour shift by Moscow would almost always result.Even that was not a defeat, since the democracies were oftenso grateful for this "evidence of good will" that they wouldstruggle to meet the next round of Soviet demands. Theperceptive Churchill once told Eden, "do not be disappointedif you are not able to bring home a joint public declaration."54

It is all very familiar. Today we are urged to give up the ideaof Strategic Defense — not in exchange for anything concrete,but as a prerequisite to arms control, or as a gesture of goodwill. They are people like us, we are told; we have only torecognize their problems and go the extra mile. And we hearin such advice the echoes of Chamberlain and Halifax, argu-ing that the same approach toward Hitler and Stalin wassafeguarding the peace of the world. •

20

FOOTNOTES1. Anderson. E.. "British Policy Toward the Baltic States 1940-1941." Jnl

Baltic Studies XI/4 1980 pp326-28.2. Trant. J.P., Economic Conditions in Latvia. HMSO. London 1935

pplO-12.3. Anderson, op. cit., p325.4. Maisky. Ivan. Memoirs of a Soviet Ambassador, NY 1969. p32. passim.5. Eden Memoirs, Facing the Dictators, Boston 1962 pi 16.6. Ibid., pi69.7. Ibid.. pl86.8. Churchill, Step by Step. London 1939. p310.9. Soviet Documents, HMSO, London 1962. Vol III. p329.10. The Times, London. 2 May 1939.11. Estorick, Erick. Stafford Cripps. London 1969, pp!71-72.12. George. Margaret, The Warped Vision: British Foreign Policy

1933-1939, Pittsburgh 1965, pp206-07.13. Gilbert. Martin. Companion Volume Part 3 Volume V, WSC memo on

sea power 27Mar37. Churchill papers 4/96.14. Rhodes James. Robert. Complete Speeches of WSC, New York 1974.

Volume VI. p6119; House of Commons 19May39.15. Davies. Joseph. Mission to Moscow. NY 1941. p440.16. Estorick, op. cit., p 172, quoting Wheeler-Bennett in Munich: Prologue to

Tragedy.17. Crowe. Jr., David M., "Great Britain and the Baltic States." The Baltic

States in Peace & War 191 7-1946. State College, PA 1978, pl77.18. Dunsdorfs, Edgars, Life of Karlis Ulmanis. Stockholm 1978, English

synopsis, p611.19. Crowe, op. cit., pi 18.20. Mangulis. Visvaldis, Latvia in the Wars of the 20th Century, Princeton

NJ 1983, Chapter VIII, pp80-94.21. Channon Diaries, D.Dilks, ed., Chips/The Diaries of Sir Henry Chan-

non. London 1967, p258.22. Halifax to War Cabinet 26JuI40. Cf. Anderson. p328.23. Root, Waverly, The Secret History of the War, NY 1946, Volume III,

p316.24. Welles, Sumner, Foreign Policy of the U.S., 1941 Volume I. pp.

182/759-51. conversations on 15Jun & lOJul.25. Parkinson, Peace for Our Time, NY 1971: War Cabinet meeting of

16Nov39, p268.26. Kimball, Warren, ed.. Churchill-Roosevelt Complete Correspondence,

Princeton NJ 1985, Volume III. p349.27. Churchill, Stood Sweat and Tears, NY 1941, speech of 5Sep40, p356.28. Kirby, David, "Morality or Expediency: The Baltic Question in British-

Soviet Relations 1941-1942," World War II and the Baltic States, State Col-lege PA 1978, pi59.

29. Eden Memoirs, The Reckoning. Boston 1965, p79.30. Cf. Complete Speeches, speech of 22Jun41.31. Taylor, A.J.P.. Beaverbrook. NY 1972, pp474-76.32. Sherwood, Robert, Roosevelt and Hopkins, NY 1948, pp309-10.33. Foreign Office Papers N3607/3/78, WSC to Eden 9JuI41.34. Cabinet Papers WM 67/41 in Woodward, British Foreign Policy in the

2nd World War, London 1971, Vol II ppl2-13.35. Barker, Elisabeth, Churchill and Eden at War. NY 1978, pp233-35.36. Churchill, The Grand Alliance, London 1950, pp613-637. Kirby, op. cit., pl63.38. Cf. Eden, The Reckoning. pp320-21.39. Cabinet Papers, WM 17(42), CAB 65/29.40. Kirby, op. cit.. pl65.41. Cf. Taylor, Beaverbrook to WSC 7Feb 42, p510.42. Ibid.. Beaverbrook to War Cabinet 26Feb42 p51143. Churchill, The Hinge of Fate. London 1951, p293.44. Woodward, op. cit.. Volume IV, p85.45. Abel & Harriman, Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin, NY 1975.

pl36.46. Gilbert, Martin, Road to Victory, Boston 1986 pi 1247. Cadogan Diary, 7 May 42, Dilks, editor, cf NY 197248. Spekke. Arnolds, History of Latvia, Stockholm 1951, p402.

489 P r i i t ' " R e t u r n to Estonia," National Geographic, April 1980.

50. Grigg. John, 1943: The War That Never Was, NY 1980. pl80.51. Kirby, op. cit.. pi58.52. Mangulis, op. cit.. pl36.53. Churchill, The Grand Alliance. London 1950, p615.54. Barker, op. cit., p235-6; Premier Papers 3 394/5.

Dedicated to the memoryof those Latvians,

Estonians and Lithuanianswhose unmarked graves are scattered

from Dresden to Kolymaand to the memory ofMax Edward Hertwig

1886-1970

: WO,Edited by John G. Plumpton, 130 Collingsbrook Blvd., Agincourt, Ontario, Canada M1W1M7

WINTER 1886-1887 • AGE 12Actively involved in dramatics in his Brighton

school, Winston pleaded with his parents to come tosee him perform. To his mother he wrote: "Now youknow I was always your darling and you can't findit in your heart to give me a denial." She could andshe did.

His father, Lord Randolph Churchill, was busy play-ing out the most sensational act in his short politicalcareer. He was only thirty-seven years old.

On 20 December, while visiting Windsor Castle,Lord Randolph wrote Lord Salisbury that he could notsupport the Government's financial proposals tofinance the army. The Prime Minister declined to ac-commodate his recalcitrant minister so Lord Ran-dolph shared the correspondence concerning hisresignation with The Times. The winner in this strug-gle for power within the Government was not im-mediately clear, but Lord Randolph was unaware ofthe extent of the personal feeling against him.

The Prime Minister stood firm even though it tookhim 11 days to find a new Chancellor of the Exche-quer. When asked why he did not bring Lord Ran-dolph back into the cabinet, Lord Salisbury replied:"Have you ever heard of a man having a carbuncle onhis neck wanting it to return?"

On January 30 Lord Randolph left England for aholiday in the Near East. He was bitter and angry, notthe least because his successor refused to purchasehis official robes as Chancellor of the Exchequer. For-tunately, this ensured that they would be available forthe use of his son when Winston assumed the same of-fice nearly 40 years later.

WINTER 1911-1912 • AGE 37As Churchill assumed control of the Admiralty he

became more convinced that Germany was intent ona war for control of Europe, and that the Naval WarStaff was required to prepare the Royal Navy for thecoming struggle. In order to reorganize the RoyalNaval high command he asked for the resignation ofthe First Sea Lord, Sir Arthur Wilson, and replacedhim with Sir Francis Bridgeman. As Second Sea Lordhe appointed Prince Louis of Battenberg.

His views on the Royal Navy were later expressed inThe World Crisis: " . . . when I went to the Admiralty Ifound that there was not a moment in the career andtraining of a naval officer when he was obliged to reada single book about naval war. . . . The Royal Navyhad made no important contribution to navalliterature."

He viewed the Royal Navy as crucial to Britain'svery existence: "The British Navy is to us a necessityand, from some points of view, the German Navy is tothem more in the nature of a luxury. . . . It is theBritish Navy which makes Great Britain a greatPower. But Germany was a great power, respectedand honoured all over the world, before she had asingle ship. . . ."

WINTER 1936-1937 • AGE 62During December Churchill was in the forefront of

the defence of King Edward VIII.Notwithstanding his loss of popular and political

support over that issue, the country continued tolisten to him on military preparedness. Much of his in-formation came from allies within the Governmentand he was grieved when one of them, Ralph Wigram,committed suicide on New Year's Eve.

Although he advocated non-intervention in theSpanish Civil War, he aroused resentment with hissympathy for what he called "the Anti-Red Move-ment." But he saw both Nazism and Communism as"those non-God religions." He compared Fascism andCommunism to the Arctic and Antarctic Poles — bothsimilar in their wastes of snow and icy winds.

He spent January at Chartwell, working on volumeIV of Marlborough, and painting. In February hejoined Clementine in France. By the end of the monthhe lamented the growing national malaise and thenew White Paper on Defence: "Parliament is dead asmutton." On the senior Army, Navy and Air Forcecommanders, he commented: "Some pretty goodduds are in the big positions."

WINTER 1961-1962 • AGE 87Sir Winston's health and alertness continued to

decline but he still played backgammon and beziquewith family and friends. His animals provided himwith much joy. He had a poodle and a cat, but hisfavourite was a green parakeet named Toby.

A few public outings, particularly meetings of TheOther Club with his son-in-law, Christopher Soames,enlivened his existence somewhat, but most of histime was spent reading.

He read mostly historical novels b.ut he also likedautobiographies. Among his favourite authors wereSomerset Maugham, Rudyard Kipling, Sir WalterScott and Robert Louis Stevenson. Lady Churchillalso read voraciously. She shared her husband's tastefor autobiography but also enjoyed romantic novels,particularly those by Barbara Cartland. She was moreinclined to read titles from the best-seller lists.

His books were selected for him by his secretaries atthe public libraries at Kensington or Westerham. Heusually read half the titles they brought him but theyknew his tastes so well that he seldom disapproved ofany selection.

It was a fitting way to culminate the life of a manwho, although not particularly successful in formaleducation, had been uniquely and remarkably deter-mined to be self-educated. Prolific as a writer, he hadbeen an equally active reader since those torrid daysin India when he had read his way through Gibbon'sDecline and Fall, Macaulay's History of England andEssays, Plato's Republic and Lecky's EuropeanMorals.

21

Winston Churchill in Press and Periodicals • edited by John G. Plumpton

Ogden Kniffln, "A Basement View ofSir Winston,'' AMERICAN HERI-TAGE, Vol. 23, No. 6, October 1972.

A lower-floor chamber of the WhiteHouse was a respository of the highest-level information during the war. Inthis top-secret White House maproom, Winston Churchill foundhimself at home away from homebecause it was modelled on his own inLondon. When he visited Washingtonin December 1941, he brought a col-lection of maps and charts showing alltheatres of operation. Observing this,Roosevelt directed that a Map Roombe established for him in the WhiteHouse.

The daily routines of the Presidentand Prime Minister differed greatlywhen Churchill visited the WhiteHouse. The President regularly ar-rived early in the day and again late atnight. The Prime Minister was likelyto pop-in at any time, and often in themiddle of the night after Roosevelthad retired. The Map Room operatedon a twenty-four hour basis. About3:00 a.m. the duty officer wasauthorized to pull out a small cot andcatch a few hours' sleep.

Between Churchill and Harry Hop-kins, the President's adviser, theredeveloped a give-and-take whichnever existed between Churchill andRoosevelt. Churchill could talk toHopkins, bouncing off ideas and con-templating how he might present hisviews in a later talk with the Presi-dent. Frequently the President andPrime Minister would arrange to meetin the Map Room for a morning con-ference.

Churchill's pending arrival at theWhite House, whispered a day or twobefore he was due, always caused ex-citement in the Map Room. When thePrime Minister was aboard anythingcould happen!

On a cold drizzly morning in thespring of 1944,1 was the night duty of-ficer. That evening Mr. Churchill wasto have been a dinner guest at theBritish embassy. At 4:30 a.m., assum-ing that he must have returned andgone to bed, I pulled out a cot, strippedto my shorts and turned in.

A few minutes later came a knockon the door and the voice of the usher,"Sir, the Prime Minister." I sprangfrom my cot, opened the door andcame to attention as best I couldunder the circumstances. "Goodevening, Mr. Prime Minister," I said."Please come in."

Mr. Churchill, immaculate in whitetie and tails, eyed my "uniform" andsaid in his gentle way, "Good morn-ing, Captain. Perhaps it would be wellfor both of us to retire."

That was the last time I saw thegreat man.

Gerald Pawle, "Christmas withChurchill,- BLACKWOODS MAGA-ZINE, Vol. 314, No. 1898, December1973.

Winston Churchill had left Egypt on11 December 1943 to fly home afterthe historic conferences with Alliedwar leaders at Cairo and Teheran.From that moment there had been acomplete clamp-down on any news ofhis whereabouts.

He left Cairo intending to meetGeneral Eisenhower at Tunis but hisaircraft encountered an extraordinaryseries of blunders. The Prime Ministerhad left Cairo suffering from extremeexhaustion and by the following morn-ing he was desperately ill withpneumonia.

When he rose from his bed ten dayslater, his mind was fully occupiedwith the Allied landing at Anzio. Thenaval Commander-in-Chief, Mediter-ranean, was bombarded with de-mands for information on the avail-ability of Landing Craft for that inva-sion. As the Flag Lieutenant, I was in-structed to accompany Admiral SirJohn Cunningham to see the PrimeMinister.

When we arrived at Mr. Churchill'sheadquarters we were joined by thetop brass of the Mediterranean theatreheaded by General Eisenhower,General Bedell-Smith, General SirHenry Maitland-Wilson and Air Mar-shal Sir Arthur Tedder.

Mrs. Churchill was there withdaughter Sarah, her son Randolphand the Prime Minister's physician,Lord Moran. I also recognized Mr.Churchill's watch-dog, Detective In-spector Thomson and met 'Tommy'Thompson, Churchill's 'personalassistant,' and Desmond Morton, his'special investigator.'

As the most junior officer present, Idecided to move into the only unoc-cupied corner before anyone asked mesearching questions. Then Mr. Chur-chill entered the room, shook myhand, and inquired, "How are you onthis glorious Christmas morning? Ihave asked you and several other

22

young officers here today because Ithought you might have a moreagreeable Christmas with me thanyou would in your Algerian fastness."

He then left the room and a surpris-ing number of complete strangersgathered around me, convinced thatMr. Churchill had imparted some in-formation of great importance, and Isaw no reason to disillusion them.

When lunch time arrived we weresharply deflated. While the rest of theguests filed into the dining room wewere banished to a spartan guest-house and a meal of granite-hardbacon and worm-riddled vegetables,served on a dirty tin plate and accom-panied by a mug of lukewarm coffee.Just as we finished this unappetizingmeal a messenger arrived to tellusthattherehadbeenamistakeandthata lavish lunch of turkey and Christ-mas pudding was waiting for us.

We listened spellbound to Mr. Chur-chill who was at the top of his form. Iasked the detective if the rumours ofthe P.M.'s illness had been exag-gerated. "Not at all," he said. "It wastouch and go. When he was in acritical state he said to me, 'Thomp-son, if this is the end it is well that Ishould die in sight of Carthage.' "

At dinner Mr. Churchill dined in hisbedroom with his senior guests butafterwards he returned to talk to therest. His entry into the room produceda remarkable effect with everyone, in-cluding the most eminent Generalsand Air Marshals, assuming an air ofrigid and deferential alertness, andstammering halting replies to anyquestions he asked.

It took me back to my schooldays.At any moment any of us from Eisen-hower, the head of the school, toPawle, the most junior new boy, mightbe confronted with some shockingneglect of duty by the new head-master.

But on that Christmas night somany years ago Winston Churchillseemed only concerned that for all hisguests and particularly the youngerofficers, this should be an occasionthey would recall all their lives.

I was to see Mr. Churchill manytimes again. I was even to write a bookabout him with the great man's bless-ing. But that first Christmas meetingon the shores of the Bay of Tunis,when he returned from the shadowsto take a leading part in the makingof history, was the most memorableof all.*

7 May/Edmonton, AlbertaThe Rt. Hon. Sir Winston Spencer Chur-

chill Society of Edmonton 23rd AnnualMemorial Banquet, with guest speakerMartin Gilbert, official biographer of SirWinston, Fellow of Merton College Oxford,and author of 30 historical works. Mr.Gilbert will add his name to a list ofdistinguished speakers including F.M. TheLord Harding, Lord Mountbatten of Bur-ma, Lord Home, Gen. Mark Clark, andLord and Lady Soames. Information: Lt.Col. W.H. Ross, 9603-142 Street, Edmon-ton T5N 2M8.

lOMay/Calgary, AlbertaThe Rt. Hon. Sir Winston Spencer Chur-

chill Society of Calgary Annual MemorialBanquet hosts Martin Gilbert (see above).Information: W.H. Tye, Bow Valley In-dustries, Box 6610, Station "D", 1800-3216 Ave SW, Calgary T2P 3R2.

14 May/Vancouver, B.C.The Rt. Hon. Sir Winston Spencer Chur-

chill Society of British Columbia AnnualMemorial Banquet hosts Martin Gilbert. In-formation: Mark R. Steven, 1900-1055 W.Georgia Street, Vancouver, British Colum-bia V6E 4J2.

23 August/New EnglandThird Annual New England Chapter

luncheon plans a Hoe Farm menu: "coldchampagne, hot baths (optional), new peas& old brandy" (also good food). PO Box385, Contoocook, NH 03229 USA.

4-14 September/Churchill's BritainThird Annual ICS tour: Chartwell, Har-

row, London, Hurley, Blenheim, Bladon,Cheshire, Edinburgh, Perth, Dundee,Oban, Mull, Loch Fyne, Loch Lomond,Glasgow. Formal banquet for ICSHonorary Members at The Reform Club,London, 5 Sept. We are also to be theguests of Lord and Lady Airlie at Airlie andCortachy Castles, the former the ancestralhome of Lady Churchill. Many visits toChurchill sites public and private areplanned. Information from the editor, POBox 385, Contoocook, NH 03229 USA.

6 September/Harrow, EnglandAnnual General Meeting, UK Branch,

ICS, in conjunction with the visit of NorthAmerican members. Planned is a specialperformance of "Songs." Information:Geoffrey Wheeler, 88A Franklin Ave,Tadley, Hants. RG26 6EU.

31 Oct-1 Nov 1987/North TexasThe Churchill Society's International

Annual General Meeting, Adolphus Hotel,Dallas. Banquet speakers are Sec. of theNavy John Lehman and Grace Hamblin,OBE. Information: Naomi Gottlieb, 7715Northaven Rd., Dallas TX 75230 USA.20/21 August 1988/New England

International Churchill Society AnnualGeneral Meeting, White Mountain Hotel,Bretton Woods, NH, USA.

Autumn 1989/AustraliaInternational Churchill Society Annual

General Meeting, Sydney.

NEW ENGLAND PUB LUNCH20 August 1986

A score of guests from as far away as Texasand Michigan found balmy New Hampshireweather (is there any other kind?), good foodand conviviality at Putney House again, as thefollowing photos by Gerry Lechter attest.

's lunch (bring yr own plough.)

Big 3 Conference with David Sampson (Tx), TomGoldner (Mich), Bob Leach (Mass).

Tom: "A Messerschmitt surely?" Editor:"Definitely not, it's a Spitfire."

Lively Leichers Inc., high-standard New Yorkcaterers & photographers: Mimi & Gerry Lechter,Fort Lee, NJ.

23

FROM DEREK WITH LOVECHURCHILL VIDEO TAPES

AT DISCOUNT PRICESORDER DEADLINE:

31 MARCH

-*»

USA membership secretary DerekBrownleader is kindly acting as your agentto secure three hard-to-find Churchillvideo tapes (VHS or Beta), at discountstotaling US$18/£12/C$25. ICS will earn asmall profit for the Churchill LiteraryFoundation. Order by 31 March!

1. "The Gathering Storm," withRichard Burton as WSC and VirginiaMcKenna as Clemmie — a remarkable per-formance, superbly cast and acted, of thecrucial prewar years of 1936-40, withmuch action in the Commons and atChartwell. Robert Hardy puts in a cameoappearance — as Ribbentrop! Color, 72minutes. Reg. price $11.95, ICS price:US$10.50, C$14.50, GB£7, A$15.

2. "The Finest Hours," narrated by Or-son Wells, follows WSC's career fromyouth to his ascent as PM. Man and leadercome alive in this spectacular historicaldocument. Color and B&W, 116 minutes.Reg. price $50, ICS price: US$45, C$62,GB£30, A$65.

3. "Churchill & The Generals," starringTimothy West as WSC in a 3-hour epic,covering 1940 through D-Day and rela-tions with all major Allied commanders,quite accurately done. Color, 180 minutes.Reg. price $70, ICS price: US$59, C$80,GB£39, A$83.

HOW TO ORDER1. Specify VHS or Beta2. Add postage per tape: US$2, C$4,

GB£2 or A$5. (US/Canada tapes sent byregular post, Australia by airmail. UKtapes will be sent with a box of Spring FHsto Geoffrey Wheeler, who will distribute byUK post in May.)

3. Make your personal cheque in yourhome currency, payable to I.C.S.

4. Mail (airmail if outside NorthAmerica) by 31 March to:

Derek Brownleader1847 Stonewood Drive

Baton Rouge, La. 70816 USA

We thank Derek for taking the time andtrouble to handle this for members.

I M M O R T A L W O R D S

PERSIA

The decline of our influence and power throughout the Middle Eastis due to several causes.

[These include] the impressionwhich has become widespread throughout the Middle East

that we have only to be pressed sufficiently by one method or anotherto abandon our rights and interests

in that, or indeed any other, part of the world.Another cause is the mistakes and miscalculations in policy

which led to the winding up of our affairs in Palestinein such a way as to earn almost in equal degree

the hatred of the Arabs and the Jews . . .We all admire and support the sacrifice and exertions

the United States have made to resist aggression in Korea . . .But in the material and geographical sense, Korea, after all,

is a promontory jutting out into salt water.Persia, on the other hand, profoundly affects American interests

and the success of their world policy,in which Great Britain and the Dominions of the Commonwealth are all joined.

If, for instance, the wrongful treatment meted out to us by Persia,with the consequent prolonged paralysis of the Persian oilfields,

were to lead the regions from the Caspian Sea to the Persian Gulfbeing included in the satellite countries which are Kremlin-controlled,

the consequences would be far more deadly,not only to us but to the United States,

than anything that could have arisen in Korea.We are now embarked upon a period of negotiations

which may conceivably be protracted.The Government have been quite right to insist

that the persecution and maltreatment of our personnel shall stopbefore sending a special envoy to Teheran.

This seems to me a situation calling, in an exceptional degree,for patience on the basis of firmness.

- HOUSE OF COMMONS, 30 July 1951

Even at the last moment,the Persian Government offered new discussions,

and the answer from the Foreign Office was that they would not negotiateHow can this be reconciled with a definite resolve

not to resist physical pressure of any kind?What we have been witnessing is not a policy

either of resistance to violence or of negotiation.It is simply a case of Ministers drifting from day to day

and week to week,unable to make up their minds,

until now we have been confrontedwith a major loss and disaster.

- LOUGHTON COUNTY HIGH SCHOOL, 6 October 1951