I CHRONICLES 5 COMMENTARYEDITED BY GLENN PEASE

Reuben

1 The sons of Reuben the firstborn of Israel (he was the firstborn, but when he defiled his fathers marriage bed, his rights as firstborn were given to the sons of Joseph son of Israel; so he could not be listed in the genealogical record in accordance with his birthright,

BARNES, "His birthright was given ... - In particular, the right of the first-born to a double inheritance Deu_21:17 was conferred on Joseph, both by the expressed will of Jacob Gen_48:22 and in the actual partition of Canaan Josh. 1617. But though the birthright, as respecting its material privileges, passed to Joseph, its other rights, those of dignity and pre-eminence, fell to Judah; of whom came the chief ruler, an allusion especially to David, though it may reach further, and include a glance at the Messiah, the true Ruler of Israel Mic_5:2.

CLARKE, "The sons of Reuben the first-born - As Reuben was the eldest son of Jacob, why was not his genealogy reviewed first? This verse answers the question; he lost the birth-right because of the transgression mentioned Gen_35:22; Gen_49:4, and the precedency was given to Judah; from him therefore came the chief ruler. This appears to be the meaning of the place.

GILL, "Now the sons of Reuben, the firstborn of Israel,.... Are as follow in 1Ch_1

5:3 where the account begins; for what comes between this and that is in a parenthesis: for he was the firstborn; of Jacob by his wife Leah; that must be owned, and Jacob allows it, Gen_49:3 and yet the genealogy in this book begins not with him, as might on that account be expected; the reason follows: but forasmuch as he defiled his father's bed: by lying with Bilhah his concubine: his birthright was given unto the sons of Joseph the son of Israel; his beloved son by his beloved wife Rachel and so had a double portion given him; his two sons being equally ranked with the other sons of Jacob, and became distinct tribes, and each had their lot in the land of Canaan, see Gen_48:5 compared with Deu_21:17. and the genealogy is not to be reckoned after the birthright; or, "but the genealogy", &c. (o); neither after the birthright of Reuben, which he had by nature, being Jacob's firstborn; nor after the birthright of Joseph, which be had by his father's gift, as it might be thought it should; the reason of which follows.

HENRY 1-3, "We have here an extract out of the genealogies,I. Of the tribe of Reuben, where we have,1. The reason why this tribe is thus postponed. It is confessed that Reuben was the first-born of Israel, and, upon that account, might challenge the precedency; but he forfeited his birthright by defiling his father's concubine, and was, for that, sentenced not to excel, Gen_49:4. Sin lessens men, thrusts them down from their excellency. Seventh-commandment sins especially leave an indelible stain upon men's names and families, a reproach which time will not wipe away. Reuben's seed, to the last, bear the disgrace of Reuben's sin. Yet, though that tribe was degraded, it was not discarded or disinherited. The sullying of the honour of an Israelite is not the losing of his happiness. Reuben loses his birthright, yet it does not devolve upon Simeon the next in order; for it was typical, and therefore must attend, not the course of nature, but the choice of grace. The advantages of the birthright were dominion and a double portion. Reuben having forfeited these, it was thought too much that both should be transferred to any one, and therefore they were divided. (1.) Joseph had the double portion; for two tribes descended from him, Ephraim and Manasseh, each of whom had a child's part (for so Jacob by faith blessed them, Heb_11:21; Gen_48:15, Gen_48:22), and each of those tribes was as considerable, and made as good a figure, as any one of the twelve, except Judah. But, (2.) Judah had the dominion; on him the dying patriarch entailed the sceptre, Gen_49:10 Of him came the chief ruler, David first, and, in the fulness of time, Messiah the Prince, Mic_5:2. This honour was secured to Judah, though the birthright was Joseph's; and, having this, he needed not envy Joseph the double portion.

JAMISON, "1Ch_5:1-10. The line of Reuben.Now the sons of Reuben In proceeding to give this genealogy, the sacred historian states, in a parenthesis (1Ch_5:1, 1Ch_5:2), the reason why it was not placed first, as Reuben was the oldest son of Jacob. The birthright, which by a foul crime he had

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forfeited, implied not only dominion, but a double portion (Deu_21:17); and both of these were transferred to Joseph, whose two sons having been adopted as the children of Jacob (Gen_48:5), received each an allotted portion, as forming two distinct tribes in Israel. Joseph then was entitled to the precedency; and yet, as his posterity was not mentioned first, the sacred historian judged it necessary to explain that the genealogy was not to be reckoned after the birthright, but with a reference to a superior honor and privilege that had been conferred on Judah - not the man, but the tribe, whereby it was invested with the pre-eminence over all the other tribes, and out of it was to spring David with his royal lineage, and especially the great Messiah (Heb_7:14). These were the two reasons why, in the order of enumeration, the genealogy of Judah is introduced before that of Reuben.

K&D 1-3, "The families of the tribe of Reuben. - 1Ch_5:1, 1Ch_5:2. Reuben is called the first-born of Israel, because he was the first-born of Jacob, although, owing to his having defiled his father's bed (Gen_49:4), his birthright, i.e., its privileges, were transferred to the sons of Joseph, who were not, however, entered in the family register of the house of Israel according to the birthright, i.e., as first-born sons. The inf. with expresses shall or must, cf. Ew. 237, e., he was not to register, i.e., he was not to be registered. The subject is Joseph, as the Rabbins, e.g., Kimchi, have perceived. The clauses after form a parenthesis, containing the reason of Reuben's being called (which is still further established by its being shown (in 1Ch_5:2 ,how it happened that Joseph, although the birthright was given to him, according to the disposition made by the patriarch (Gen_48:5.), yet was not entered in the family registers as first-born. The reason of this was, for Judah was strong among his brethren, and (one) from him became the Prince; scil. on the strength of the patriarchal blessing (Gen_49:8-12), and by means of the historic fulfilment of this blessing. The prevailing of Judah among his brethren showed itself even under Moses at the numbering of the people, when the tribe of Judah considerably outnumbered all the other tribes (cf. t. i. 2, S. 192). Then, again, it appeared after the division of the land of Canaan among the tribes of Israel, Judah being called by a declaration of the divine will to be the vanguard of the army in the war against the Canaanites (Jdg_1:1.); and it was finally made manifest by the over Israel being chosen by God from the tribe of Judah, in the person of David (cf. 1Ch_28:4 with 1Sa_13:14; 1Sa_25:30). From this we gather that the short, and from its brevity obscure, sentence bears the signification we have given it. But the birthright was Joseph's; i.e., the rights of the progenitor were transferred to or remained with him, for two tribal domains were assigned to his two sons Ephraim and Manasseh, according to the law of the first-born (Deu_21:15-17).

After this parenthetic explanation, the words the sons of Reuben, the first-born of Israel, 1Ch_5:1, are again taken up in 1Ch_5:3, and the sons are enumerated. The names of the four sons correspond to those given in Gen_46:9; Exo_6:14, and Num_26:5-7.

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BENSON, "1 Chronicles 5:1. The son of Israel This is added emphatically, because the sons of Joseph, Manasseh, and Ephraim were treated as if they had been the immediate sons of Jacob. The genealogy is not to be reckoned after the birthright This is the second reason which showeth both why Reubens genealogy was not first mentioned, and if another tribe was to be ranked before it, why that was Judah, and not Joseph, because the order of their genealogy was not to be ruled by the birthright, but by a higher privilege, which was given to Judah.

TRAPP, "1 Chronicles 5:1 Now the sons of Reuben the firstborn of Israel, (for he [was] the firstborn; but, forasmuch as he defiled his fathers bed, his birthright was given unto the sons of Joseph the son of Israel: and the genealogy is not to be reckoned after the birthright.Ver. 1. But, forasmuch as he defiled his fathers bed.] {See Trapp on "Genesis 35:22"}But, forasmuch as he defiled his fathers bed.] He might well say as Lysimachus did, when for a draught of water he had parted with his kingdom, Ah, for how short a (sinful) pleasure, how great privileges and blessings have I forfeited!His birthright.] That is, His double portion of inheritance: as for the dignity due to him, it was given to Judah.Joseph the son of Israel,] i.e., His best beloved son.

COFFMAN, ""And the sons of Reuben the first-born of Israel (for he was the first-born; but, forasmuch as he defiled his father's couch, his birthright was given to Joseph the son of Israel; and the genealogy is not to be reckoned after the birthright. For Judah prevailed above his brethren, and of him came the prince; but the birthright was Joseph's), the sons of Reuben the first-born of Israel: Hanoch, and Pallu, Hezron, and Carmi. The sons of Joel: Shemaiah his son, Gog his son, Shemei his son, Micah his son, Reaiah his son, Baal his son, Beerah his son, whom Tilgath-pilneser king of Assyria carried away captive: he was prince of the Reubenites. And his brethren by their families, when the genealogy of their generations was reckoned: the chief Jeiel, and Zechariah, and Bela the son of Azaz, the son of Shema, the son of Joel, who dwelt in Aroer, even unto Nebo, and Baal-meon: and eastward he dwelt even unto the entrance of the wilderness from the river

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Euphrates, because their cattle were multiplied in the land of Gilead. And in the days of Saul they made war with the Hagrites, who fell by their hand; and they dwelt in their tents throughout all the land east of Gilead."

POOLE, "1 CHRONICLES CHAPTER 5

The line of Reuben unto the captivity: their war against the Hagarites, 1 Chronicles 5:1-10. The chief men and habitation of Gad, 1 Chronicles 5:11-17. The number of the Reubenites, Gadites, and half the tribe of Manasseh, that marched against the Hagarites, and overcame them, 1 Chronicles 5:18-24. They are all carried captive into Assyria, 1 Chronicles 5:25,26.

For he was the first-born: these and the following words 1 Chronicles 5:3, which are enclosed within a parenthesis, seem to be inserted here as an answer to a secret objection, or as a reason why Reubens genealogy was not set down first, but Judahs was put before it, which is double; the first follows immediately, the other is in the last clause of this verse. His birthright, i.e. the right of the first-born, which, although it contain in it something of dominion, Genesis 27:1,32, which Joseph had in his own person, Ge 49; yet principally consisted in having a double portion, as appears from Deuteronomy 21:17, which Joseph enjoyed both in his person and in his posterity, which had two parts of twelve in Canaan. And it is Josephs posterity which is here considered.Unto the sons of Joseph; Ephraim and Manasseh, each having a distinct portion.The sons of Israel: this is added emphatically, because they were reputed and treated as if they had been the immediate sons of Jacob; of which see Genesis 48:5.The genealogy is not to be reckoned after the birthright: this is the second reason, which showeth both why Reubens genealogy was not first mentioned; and if another tribe was to be ranked before it, why that was Judah, and not Joseph, as it might seem most fit for the former reason; because, saith he, the order of their genealogy was not to be ruled by the birthright but by a higher privilege, which was given to Judah, and which here follows.

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ELLICOTT, "Verse 1

I.THE REUBENITES (1 Chronicles 5:1-10).

(1) Reuben the firstborn of Israel.See Genesis 49:3 : Reuben, my firstborn thou! my strength, and firstfruits of my manhood; also Genesis 29:32.

For he was the firstborn.The parenthesis is an assertion of the legitimacy of the Davidic monarchy, as against the fact that both Reuben and Joseph had claims prior to those of Judah.

He defiled his fathers bed.Genesis 49:4, Jacobs curse: Bubbling like the waters, excel thou not! For thou wentest up thy fathers couches. Then thou defiledst my bed (See Genesis 35:22).

His birthright was given to the sons of Joseph.The reading of some MSS., and the Syriac and Arabic, to Joseph, is probably original. This transfer of the rights of primogeniture is not elsewhere mentioned. It is, however, a fair inference from Jacobs curse, and from the special blessing of Joseph (Genesis 49:22-26) and of his two sons (Genesis 48:15-20), considered in the light of historical fulfilment. Ephraim was always a leading tribe (Judges 2:9; Judges 4:5; Judges 5:14; Judges 8:1-2; Judges 12:1; Judges 12:15).

And the genealogy is not to be reckoned after the birthright.Rather, though he was not to be registered as firstborn (literally, according to the primogeniture). The subject is Joseph or the sons of Joseph, who received the forfeited rights of Reuben, but not the first place in lists of the tribes. What those rights were is defined by Deuteronomy 21:15-17, which rules that the son of a hated wifeif he be firstborn (the case of Reuben, son of Leah), shall inherit a double portion, for he is the firstfruits of his strength, the right of the firstborn is his; words obviously referring to Genesis 49:4-5.

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PARKER, "Verses 1-26

Gaps In HistoryPainful MemoriesAgonistic Prayerintellectual Sins

1 Chronicles 5

This chapter treats of the tribes east of Jordan, Reuben, Gad, and half Prayer of Manasseh , with short notices of their conquest and their final captivity. At the very opening of the chapter we come upon the well-assured doctrine, that the highest privileges may be transferred to other than the original and legitimate lines. Men hold their great influence only so long as they continue their noble behaviour. Reuben was the firstborn, and therefore entitled to honours and enjoyments of a peculiar kind, but because of a great sin, he dispossessed himself of the rights of the firstborn, and those rights were transferred to Joseph as to their substantial value. Joseph, or the sons of Joseph, did not occupy the first place in the lists of the tribes, but they succeeded to all that was really valuable in the primogeniture. What that was is clearly set forth in Deuteronomy 21:15-17. The incident is worth dwelling upon, only because it elucidates a special phase of divine government. God is not bound by arbitrary laws. Primogeniture can be changed in the court of heaven. Reuben may have said that whatever events transpired, he would still be the firstborn of Israel; believing this he might give rein to his passions, and withhold nothing from the flame of his desire; but God distinctly taught him that there is a law above law, that all human institutions are subject to the law and criticism of righteousness, and that conduct is the only absolute guarantee of real and enduring primogeniture. A melancholy thing indeed that Reuben should be the firstborn, and yet that one born after him should bear the blessing which was due to the eldest son. In this case Reuben had a right to a double inheritance, but that right was transferred to Joseph. There is a theory which expresses itself in the much-abused words, "Once in grace, always in grace." That may be a glorious truth, but everything depends upon what is meant by being "in grace." They are not all Israel that are called Israel. A momentary experience of the goodness of God may not be regarded as constituting newness of spirit and of life. We can only prove that we were once in grace by continually living in grace. Any vital breach in the continuance will throw discredit upon the supposed reality of the origin. Connected

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with such transfers of dignity and power, there cannot but be a measure of melancholy in the experience of those who are called upon to sustain the lapse of primogeniture. Joseph and Judah, who divided between them the pre-eminence and the rights of Reuben, cannot but have felt that their honour was due to their brother"s disgrace. Elisha took up a mantle that had never been stained, but, alas! many are called upon to succeed Iscariots in the noblest apostleships of life. But whilst there is a measure of melancholy, it should be balanced by increase of spiritual vigilance. "Be sober and watch unto the end." "Let him that thinketh he standeth, take heed lest he fall." "Hold thou me up, and I shall be safe."

In the eighth verse we come upon the name of Bela, whose descent is traced like that of Berrah, but through fewer names. This circumstance is only worthy of notice because intermediate names are often omitted in genealogies. A notable example is given in the book of Joshua ( Joshua 7:18); we read"Achan, the son of Carmi, the son of Zabdi, the son of Zerah"but in verse twenty-four we simply read"Achan the son of Zerah." Here we are reminded that there are many gaps in history. As much may be learnt from omissions as from distinctly registered particulars. Often in history we seem to step from one mountain top to another without taking note of the localities which lie between. Even the life of a man may be summarised by two or three striking events. On many a tombstone, indeed, the longest life is simply indicated by the words "born" and "died." What then can be made of history? As a matter of fact, history can never be exhaustively written. It may be questioned whether any man who has lived a long and active life can really write his whole biography. Let him take what pains he may he will be conscious that much has been left out; even where a diary has been sedulously kept, it can tell but little of motive, purpose, desire, and all the mysterious operations of the soul; the spirit will not be imprisoned in words; after the words have expended their whole strength in embodying life there is something in life which will not condescend to be represented in symbols or uttered in signs. Let us continually remind ourselves of the lesson we have had so much occasion to set forth, that two or three famed sons in a family do not blot out all the sweet life, the gentle piety, the unobtrusive industry, and the anxious prayers of many an unknown member of the household. We belong to one another. We cannot always trace the influences which have culminated in eminence and power. Be assured that how famous soever any man may be there is a vital defect in his character in so far as he fails to remember all that made his home the beginning of his greatness.

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In the ninth verse we come upon the subject of painful memories

"And eastward he inhabited unto the entering in of the wilderness from the river Euphrates; because their cattle were multiplied in the land of Gilead." ( 1 Chronicles 5:9).

As their flocks and herds increased the Reubenites extended eastward even to the great desert lying between the Euphrates and Syria. This desert was inscribed all over with recollections which could not but be painful to the restored exiles. This desert has been described as a vast wedge interposed between the valley of the Euphrates and the fertile strip of coast along the Mediterranean which effectually shuts off Palestine from the rest of western Asia. The point to be remembered is that the desert had been the theatre of inexpressible suffering. Do we not ourselves often come upon old places, old acquaintanceships which reminds us of desert experiences, of graves dug in our hearts, of losses which no prosperity can repair? To some of us the world is full of frightful places. We remember where the holy vow was broken, where our best strength utterly gave way, where the word of blasphemy was forced out of our lips, where we were tempted to give up faith in prayer. On the other hand, there are places clothed with immortal beauty, and upon these our memory should dwell with holy delight. We remember the very spot at which we gave up our whole heart to the Son of God: we see quite vividly the green field or the flowery lane where we plighted the word of troth which only death can violate: we see the old quiet grey homestead associated with joy, festival, and gladness of every tone and hue: sometimes we long to go back to these old places which now by their very venerableness have become personal sanctuaries. Blessed be God, it is even now in the power of every man to create one holy place in the desert of life, for at this very moment the sinner may repent, and in this very place he may begin to pray. Do not let us yield to the temptation always to be dwelling upon the deserts, the churchyards, the stony places of the past; such exercises of memory may but becloud and discourage the heart: rather turn to the brighter scenes and take courage to regard them as merely symbolical of a greater glory yet to come. Truly to some travellers the way seems to have been all wilderness, or the path has lain through a very battlefield, so fierce has been life"s controversies and so many have been life"s losses. This bitter experience is never to be ignored, for by ignoring we should simply lose influence with those whom we attempt to comfort: better show that we are fully aware of the extent and desolateness of the desert before we point

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out the beauty and the accessibleness of the garden of God.

In verse twenty we see an instance of what may be described as agonistic prayer:

"And they were helped against them, and the Hagarites were delivered into their hand, and all that were with them: for they cried to God in the battle, and he was intreated of them; because they put their trust in him." ( 1 Chronicles 5:20).

It is beautiful to notice how in Bible times natural events were regarded as closely associated with the hand of God. Nothing was looked upon as unrelated or self-contained. On the contrary, everything was traced to the immediate action and purpose of God. Here we have men of valour, bearing shield and sword and drawing bow, and trained warfare, nearly fifty thousand strong, and yet they turn the very battlefield into a house of prayer. Circumstances give to prayer its real significance. Sometimes too we can only pray in mere words, for our feeling is not always excited and ardent. Sabbath after Sabbath we may assemble together, and in quietness hardly distinguishable from indifference, we may go through our religious exercises; but suddenly there comes an epidemic, a war, a family bereavement, a national crisis, or some other event which profoundly affects our feeling, then the very words which but a week ago were uttered without emotion express the keen agony of our souls. For our comfort let us remember that God knows all the circumstances under which we pray, and that the quietness of our utterance need not in any degree impair the earnestness of our meaning. On the other hand, do not let us suppose that indifference is a sign of piety. So prone is the heart to forget God, and to turn away from the discipline of life, that we need continual exhortation not to yield to the sleep which would first overcome us, and then deepen into death.

Verse twenty-five relates to the transgressions of the people against God, whose hearts went out after the idols of the land. If we turn to the Book of Kings, we shall be surprised to find how the fatal sin of Israel was often of an intellectual kind, as distinguished from the baser iniquities, which corrupt and overthrow the soul. There were three instances in which the intellectual sin of Israel was conspicuous: (1) in the worship of the holy places; (2) in adoration of the heavenly bodies, and the productive powers of nature; (3) in the practice of magic and divination. Here we

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find nothing of adultery, drunkenness, theft, or licentiousness of any kind. Here, indeed, is a species of intellectual elevation and refinement; certainly there is nothing coarse and brutish in the usual sense of the terms. Instances of this kind have surely a direct bearing upon ourselves. There are sins and sins. One man is simply a sinner of the coarse type, a criminal seen and known of all men and cast out by society; another man sins intellectually, that is to say, he mentally deposes God, and more or less secretly endeavours to live without him; never breaking any of the great social commandments, and thereby forfeiting social confidence, yet all the while committing the sin against the Holy Ghost. In this way men write their own bibles, invent their own deities, banish from the mind all the old orthodoxies, and in hidden vanity walk after the counsel of their own hearts. In all these matters God alone can judge; we only know crime, we have not penetration keen enough to penetrate the disguises of sin. We may however exhort one another to be careful lest we indulge sin under the pretence that we cannot justly be charged with crime. The whole question in its highest aspect relates to the condition of the heart. "The Lord looketh on the heart." "As a man thinketh in his heart so is he." "Create in me a clean heart, O God; and renew a right spirit within me." "God be merciful to me a sinner." O thou that lookest upon the heart and from whom nothing can be hidden, enter not into judgment with us, for in thy sight shall no flesh living be justified: show us our sin until we be ashamed of it, and lead us to the cross of thy Song of Solomon , there to begin in brokenheartedness, the better, the eternal life.

PULPIT, "1 Chronicles 5:1-10

THE SONS OF REUBEN. The tribe of Reuben is now taken third in order by the compiler, though Reuben was the first of all the sons of Israel. The distinct statements of 1 Chronicles 5:1 and 1 Chronicles 5:2, respecting the degradation of Reuben and his loss of the rights of primogeniture, are not to be understood, however, as mentioned in any way to account for his standing third here. That Judah takes in any genealogy the first place needs no other apology than that contained in this passage, "Judah prevailed above his brethren, and of him came the chief ruler" (i.e. David, and in him "David's greater Son and Lord"). And that Simeon is taken immediately after Judah was natural enough, both because the second place belonged to him, and because his tribe, in journeying, in settlement, and in acknowledged friendship, was so nearly related to that of Judah. It is as an important historical fact, a lesson and stern memento of crime, that the tale of Reuben is here as elsewhere told. Indeed, in the remarkably exalting language

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applied to Reuben (Genesis 49:3) by the dying father in those "blessings" of his sons which were so marvellously living with prophecy, that "blessing" see. reed weighted with hard reality, and may really carry this meaning: "O Reuben I though thou art my firstborn, though my might and the beginning of my strength, though the excellency of dignity and the excellency of power," yet, because of thy boiling lust (Genesis 35:22) "thou shall not excel." In that endowing charter of the patriarch's death-bed, the birthright of Reuben is not in so many words given to Joseph and his sons, but what is given to Joseph is so abundant above the lot of all the others, that we find no difficulty in accepting the formal statement of the fact here first found in this passage. The large measure of promise meted to Judah (Genesis 49:8-12) rests, no doubt, upon the title already referred to. There would seem to be also a righteous moral reason in Joseph after all becoming heir to the birthright, inasmuch as he was the eldest child of her who was Israel's real love, and who, but for deception and sharp practice, would have been his first wife. How he remembered her, and with what determined practical consequence, the affecting passage, Genesis 48:1-7, Genesis 48:16, Genesis 48:21, Genesis 48:22, sufficiently reveals; yet comp. Deuteronomy 21:15-17. The meaning of the last clause of Deuteronomy 21:1 is evidently that, though thus Reuben was the natural firstborn, and Joseph had really the birthright, the registration did not proceed in this instance (probably partly for the very reason of the ambiguity) by the order of birthright, but everything yielded to the special call for precedence on the part of Judah (Deuteronomy 21:2).

BI 1-2, "Now the sons of Reuben, the firstborn of Israel.Reubens rights transferred to JosephThis incident is worth dwelling upon, only because it elucidates a special phase of the Divine government. God is not bound by arbitrary laws. Primogeniture can be changed in the court of heaven. Conduct is the only absolute guarantee of real and enduring primogeniture. Once in grace, always in grace, may be a glorious truth, but everything depends upon what is meant by being in grace. They are not all Israel that are called Israel. We can only prove that we were once in grace by continually living in grace. Any vital breach in the continuance will throw discredit upon the supposed reality of the origin. (J. Parker, D. D.)

1 Chronicles 5:2And of him came the Chief Ruler.The Chief RulerI read of the rulers of the darkness of this world; the rulers of synagogues; the rulers

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that set themselves against the Lord and against His Anointed; but none of them are Chief. Christ is the Chief Ruler.I. His appointment to office (Pro_8:22-31; Psa_2:6-9).

1. He rules in the Church.2. He rules in the hearts of His people.

II. His essential qualifications for that office.1. Infinite wisdom.2. Invincible power.3. Order.

III. The mercies unfolded in it.1. By it is maintained the truth of God.2. His empire is secured through it. He must rule until every enemy submits (Psa_72:11; Isa_11:7).3. Triumphs are secured to us and repeatedly realised by our Chief Ruler.

(1) Over temptations (1Co_10:13).(2) Over every difficulty in providence (Isa_13:16). (Joseph Irons.)

2 and though Judah was the strongest of his brothers and a ruler came from him, the rights of the firstborn belonged to Joseph)

CLARKE, "And of him came the chief ruler - This is, by both the Syriac and Arabic, understood of Christ: From Judah the King Messiah shall proceed. The Chaldee paraphrases the verse thus: Seeing Judah prevailed over his brethren, so the kingdom was taken from Reuben and given to Judah; and because he was strong, so was his kingdom. Levi also was godly, and did not transgress in the matter of the golden calf; therefore the high priesthood was taken away from the children of Reuben, and on their account from all the first-born, and given to Aaron and his sons. The custody of the

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sanctuary belonged to the Levites, but the birthright to Joseph. - T.

GILL, "And of him came the chief ruler - This is, by both the Syriac and Arabic, understood of Christ: From Judah the King Messiah shall proceed. The Chaldee paraphrases the verse thus: Seeing Judah prevailed over his brethren, so the kingdom was taken from Reuben and given to Judah; and because he was strong, so was his kingdom. Levi also was godly, and did not transgress in the matter of the golden calf; therefore the high priesthood was taken away from the children of Reuben, and on their account from all the first-born, and given to Aaron and his sons. The custody of the sanctuary belonged to the Levites, but the birthright to Joseph. - T.

BENSON, "1 Chronicles 5:2. For Judah Not the person, (for in person Joseph prevailed,) but the tribe of Judah. Prevailed Excelled the other tribes, especially in the following privilege. And of him Rather, For of him, as the Hebrew , vau, is often used: this being a reason of the foregoing assertion, or declaration, showing wherein he did prevail. Came the chief ruler The government was, by Gods promise and appointment, to be seated chiefly and most durably in that tribe, first in David and his successors, and then in the Messiah, who sprang out of Judah, (Hebrews 7:14,) which was a far greater privilege than the birthright. But, or although, the birthright was Josephs So this prevents or removes an objection to Judahs precedency taken from the birthright.

TRAPP, "1 Chronicles 5:2 For Judah prevailed above his brethren, and of him [came] the chief ruler; but the birthright [was] Josephs:)Ver. 2. For Judah prevailed above his brethren.] As was foretold. [Genesis 49:8-10] {See Trapp on "Genesis 49:8"} {See Trapp on "Genesis 49:9"} {See Trapp on "Genesis 49:10"}And of him came the chief ruler.] Jesus Christ especially. [Hebrews 7:14]But the birthright was Josephs.] Quod ad fructum attinet.

COKE, "1 Chronicles 5:2. Of him came the chief ruler The reader will observe, that there is nothing for came in the original. There can be no doubt that the sacred writer here refers to Jacob's prophesy in Genesis 49:10. See the note on that place. The Syriac renders it, Christ the king; and the Arabic, Messiah the king.

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POOLE, " Judah; not the person, (for so Joseph prevailed,) but the tribe of Judah.Prevailed above his brethren; excelled the other tribes in number and power, and especially in the following privilege.And of him, or for of him, as the Hebrew vau is oft used; this being a reason of the foregoing assertion, or a declaration wherein he did prevail.Came the chief ruler; the government was by Gods promise and appointment to be seated chiefly and most durably in that tribe, first in David and his successors, and then in the Messiah, who sprang out of Judah, Hebrews 7:14, which was a far greater privilege than the birthright. Or, as to the ruler, (i.e. as to the point of dominion,) he was more than he, or preferred before him, i.e. before Joseph, who is named in the very next clause, the pronoun being referred unto the following noun, which is frequent among the Hebrews, as Psalms 87:1 105:19.But the birthright; or,although, as vau is oft used; so this prevents or removes an objection against Judahs precedency taken from his birthright.

ELLICOTT, " (2) For Judah prevailed above his brethren.Literally, was mighty among his brethren. Comp. Jacobs blessing (Genesis 49:8-10): Judah, thouthy brethren shall praise thee, Thy hand shall be on the neck of thy foes, Thy fathers sons shall bow before thee. Sceptre shall not depart from Judah, Nor doom-staff from between his feet, &c. (See also Judges 1:1-2, where Judah is divinely commissioned to lead the attack upon the Canaanites.) At the census of Moses, Judah greatly outnumbered any other single tribe (Numbers 1:27).

And of him came the chief ruler.And from him (one was to become) prince. Literally, and for a princeout of him. (Comp. Micah 5:1.) LXX., . David is meant, as in 1 Samuel 13:14. We may also remember the word of the apostolic writer: It is evident that our Lord sprang out of Judah (Hebrews 7:4). The prophecy concerning the royal dignity of Judah is only thus exhausted of its meaning.

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But the birthright was Josephs, who actually received the double portion in the two tribal domains of Ephraim and Manasseh.

3 the sons of Reuben the firstborn of Israel:Hanok, Pallu, Hezron and Karmi.

GILL, "The sons, I say, of Reuben the firstborn of Israel, were, Hanoch, and Pallu, Hezron, and Carmi. As in Gen_46:9.

ELLICOTT, " (3) Hanoch, and Pallu, Hezron, and Carmi.So Genesis 46:9; Exodus 6:14; Numbers 26:5-7. Considering the prominence of Hezron and Carmi among the clans of Judah, it is remarkable to find their names recurring among the main branches of Reuben.

PULPIT, "The four sons of Reuben here given are first enumerated in Genesis 46:9; then in Exodus 6:14; and again in Numbers 26:5-7, where are also found the corresponding chief families of the tribe, the total of their fighting numbers amounting to 43,730, compared with 46,500 at the time of the Sinai census (Numbers 2:11), a diminution due to the plague for the idolatry of Baal-peor (Numbers 25:9).

4 The descendants of Joel:

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Shemaiah his son, Gog his son,

Shimei his son,

BARNES, "The sons of Joel - The line of succession here given must be broken by one great gap or several smaller ones, since nine generations before Tiglath-pileser would carry us back no further than the reign of Rehoboam.

GILL, "The sons of Joel,.... Who was either the son of Carmi last mentioned, or rather of Hanoch, Reuben's firstborn, since the descendants of him were the princes of the tribe: his posterity in succession were, Shemaiah, Cog, Shimei, Micah, Reaia, Baal, Beerah; of whom we know no more than their names, and by these the descent is carried down to the captivity by Tiglathpileser, as follows.

HENRY 4-17, " The genealogy of the princes of this tribe, the chief family of it (many, no doubt, being omitted), to Beerah, who was head of this clan when the king of Assyria carried them captive, 1Ch_5:4-6. Perhaps he is mentioned as prince of the Reubenites at that time because he did not do his part to prevent the captivity.

3. The enlargement of the coasts of this tribe. They increasing, and their cattle being multiplied, they crowded out their neighbours the Hagarites, and extended their conquests, though not to the river Euphrates, yet to the wilderness which abutted upon that river, 1Ch_5:9, 1Ch_5:10. Thus God did for his people as he promised them: he cast out the enemy from before them by little and little, and gave them their land as they had occasion for it, Exo_23:30.II. Of the tribe of Gad. Some great families of that tribe are here named (1Ch_5:12), seven that were the children of Abihail, whose pedigree is carried upwards from the son to the father (1Ch_5:14, 1Ch_5:15), as that 1Ch_5:4, 1Ch_5:5, is brought downwards from father to son. These genealogies were perfected in the days of Jotham king of Judah, but were begun some years before, in the reign of Jeroboam II, king of Israel. What particular reason there was for taking these accounts then does not appear; but it was just before they were carried away captive by the Assyrians, as appears 2Ki_15:29, 2Ki_15:31. When the judgments of God were ready to break out against them for their wretched degeneracy and apostasy then were they priding themselves in their genealogies, that they were the children of the covenant; as the Jews, in our Saviour's time, who, when they were ripe for ruin, boasted, We have Abraham to our father. Or there might be a special providence in it, and a favourable intimation that though they

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were, for the present, cast out, they were not cast off for ever. What we design to call for hereafter we keep an inventory of.TRAPP, "1 Chronicles 5:4 The sons of Joel; Shemaiah his son, Gog his son, Shimei his son,Ver. 4. The sons of Joel.] Who was Hanochs son, likely.POOLE, " Joel was the son either of Carmi last mentioned; or rather of Hanoch, Reubens first-born, because he and his were successively princes of this tribe, as may be gathered from 1 Chronicles 5:6.

ELLICOTT, " (4) The LXX. read: Sons of Joel Shemaiah, and Banaia (Benaiah) his son; and sons of Gog, son of Shemaiah, his son Micah, &c.Verses 4-6(4-6) The sons of Joel.The connection of this leading house with one of the four sons just mentioned, is implied but not stated. The line of Joel is traced through seven generations to Beerah, who was transported to Assyria by Tiglath Pileser. II., 734 B.C., in the reign of Pekah, king of Israel. Supposing there are no gaps in the series, Joel flourished 280 years (7 x 40) before that date; that is, about 1014 B.C., under David and Solomon.

PULPIT, "1 Chronicles 5:4-6From which of the four sons of Reuben the line came in which Joel would appear, we do not know. Juntas and Tremellius say Hanoch, others Carmi, while the Syriac Version has Carrot vice Joel. It is to be remarked that in Numbers 26:8-10 a line of descent through Pallu is given, but reaching only to the second generation, Beerah in the present list will be only ninth at furthest from Reuben, so that it is evident that it is a very fragmentary genealogy, whether the hiatus be only one, viz. between Reuben's son and Joel, or whether both there and elsewhere also. Of none of the eight persons beginning with Joel and ending with Beerah is anything else known, unless either Shemaiah or Shimei may be identical with the Shema of verse 8, in which case it might be also that the Joel of verse 8 is identical with that of verse 4. In this passage and 1 Chronicles 8:30 Baal appears as the name of a man. In this passage, and in 1 Chronicles 8:26 and 2 Chronicles 28:20, we have a different form in each part of the word, of the Tiglath-pileser of 2 Kings 15:29; 2 Kings 16:7. These

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slight differences in the position of the radicals, with the introduction or omission of the , make as many as four different readings in the Hebrew. Tiglath-pileser, the second Assyrian king who came into conflict with the Israelites, reigned about B.C.

727-747 . Gesenius thinks that the former half of the word is the same as Diglath, i.q. Tigris; and that the latter, a root occurring also in the name Nabo-pola-saris, is from an Assyrian verb meaning "to guard." He translates the word as "Lord of the Tigris." The Assyrian reproduction of the name is Tigulti-pal-tsira (Smith's 'Bible Dictionary'), or Tukulti-pal-zara ('Speaker's Commentary,' in loc.). The Captivity is spoken of further in the last verse of this chapter and in 2 Kings 31-15:27 . The Septuagint reads 2 Kings 15:4 and 2 Kings 15:5 differently: "The sons of Joel, Semei and Banaea his son; and the sons of Gog the son of Semei," etc; and this in all three editionsVatican, Alexandrine, and Aldine.

5 Micah his son,Reaiah his son, Baal his son,

ELLICOTT, "(5) Baal.Compare the names of Sauls posterity Eshbaal and Meribbaal; and Davids son Beeliada (Heb., Baalyada).

6 and Beerah his son, whom Tiglath-Pileser[a] king of Assyria took into exile. Beerah was a leader of the Reubenites.

CLARKE, "Beerah his son - After their separation from the house of David the ten tribes continued to have princes of the tribes; and this continued till the time that

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Tiglath-pileser carried them captives into Assyria. At that time Beerah was their prince or chief; and with him this species of dominion or precedency terminated. According to the Targum, Beerah was the same as Baruch the prophet.

GILL, "Beerah his son,.... The last of Joel's posterity, who, according to the Targum and other Jewish writers (q) was a prophet, and the father of Hosea, see Hos_1:1 but neither the name, title, time, nor tribe, agree: whom Tilgathpilneser king of Assyria carried away captive; the same with Tiglathpileser by a transposition of letters, 2Ki_15:29 and is read the same here in the Greek, Syriac, and Arabic versions: he was prince of the Reubenites; at that time; that is, Beerah was.

TRAPP, "1 Chronicles 5:6 Beerah his son, whom Tilgathpilneser king of Assyria carried away [captive]: he [was] prince of the Reubenites.Ver. 6. He was prince of the Reubenites.] But not the father of the prophet Hosea, as some have held. (a)

7 Their relatives by clans, listed according to their genealogical records:Jeiel the chief, Zechariah,

GILL, "And his brethren by their families,.... Either the brethren of Beerah, or the rest of the posterity of Reuben: (when the genealogy of their generations was reckoned;) either in the times of Jotham and Jeroboam, 1Ch_5:17 or at the time of their captivity, as in the preceding verse: were the chief, Jehiel, and Zechariah; these were the principals or heads of their

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families.

K&D 7-8, "And his brothers, (each) according to his families in the registration, according to their descent (properly their generations; vide for on Gen_2:4), are (were) the head (the first) Jeiel and Zechariah, and Bela, ... the son of Joel, probably the Joel already mentioned in 1Ch_5:4. His (i.e., Beerah's) brothers are the families related to the family of Beerah, which were descended from the brothers of Joel. That they were not, however, properly brothers, is clear from the fact that Bela's descent is traced back to Joel as the third of the preceding members of his family; and the conclusion would be the same, even if this Joel be another than the one mentioned in 1Ch_5:4. The singular suffix with is to be taken distributively or may be supplied before it in thought; cf. Num_2:34; Num_11:10. The word , head, for the first-born, stands here before the name, as in 1Ch_12:3; 1Ch_23:8; elsewhere it stands after the name, e.g., 1Ch_5:12 and 1Ch_9:17. The dwelling-places of Bela and his family are then given in 1Ch_5:8, 1Ch_5:9. He dwelt in Aroer, on the banks of the brook Arnon (Jos_13:9; Jos_12:2), now the ruin Araayr on the northern bank of the Mojeb (vide on Num_32:34). Until Nebo and Baal-meon westward. Nebo, a village on the hill of the same name in the mountains of Abarim, opposite Jericho (cf. on Num_32:38). Baal-meon is probably identical with the ruin Myun, three-quarters of an hour south-east from Heshbon.

BENSON, "1 Chronicles 5:7-8. And his brethren The other sons of Reuben, and their posterity. Were the chief Hebrew, the head: each was the head of his family. Who dwelt in Aroer, even, &c. Namely, the Reubenites, all those here before mentioned, as appears, both by the following verses, which relate to the whole tribe, and by the agreement of this description of their inheritance with that Joshua 13:15-16.

POOLE, " His brethren, i.e. the other sons of Reuben, and their posterity.The chief, Heb. the head; each was the head of his family.

ELLICOTT, " (7) And his brethren by their families.And his fellow-tribesmen, each after his clan (Numbers 2:34), in the registration after their pedigrees, were the chief, Jeiel, and Zechariah. Jeiel was the chief of the second Reubenite clan, as Beerah of the first. Zechariah and Bela were heads of the other chief houses. It appears that these four chieftains correspond to the four divisions of Reuben mentioned in 1 Chronicles 5:3. Numbers 26:7 says expressly that the Hanochite,

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the Palluite, the Hezronite, and the Carmite were the clans of the Reubenite.

PULPIT, "1 Chronicles 5:7, 1 Chronicles 5:8Of Jeiel, Zechariah, Bela, and Asaz nothing further is known. Shema and Joel may be those of verse 4, as above. The expression, his brethren, i.e. the brethren of Beerah, must be read generally. The intimation, when the genealogy of their generations was reckoned, is probably explained by the contents of verse 17 (of which hereafter). Aroer ( or ); a place east of the Jordan, overhanging the torrent of Arnon, which was a boundary between Moab and the Amorites, and afterwards between Moab and Reuben. There is little doubt that Burckhardt has identified the ruins of Aroer (see Numbers 32:38; Deuteronomy 2:24, Deuteronomy 2:36; Deuteronomy 3:8, Deuteronomy 3:12, Deuteronomy 3:16; Joshua 12:1, Joshua 12:2; Joshua 13:9, Joshua 13:16; 11:13, 11:26, where note transposition of letters in the Hebrew; 2 Kings 10:33). Moab seems to have regained it later (Jeremiah

47-48:1 ; see interesting arts. "Amen" and "Areer," Smith's' Bible Dictionary'). Nebo and Baal-meon are also mentioned together in Numbers 32:38; and Baal-meon with Moab in Ezekiel 25:9. This Nebo, the town, is distinct from Mount Nebo. It is remarkable that it is not mentioned, unless under one of the "changed" names (Numbers 32:38), in the list of the towns of Reuben (Joshua 23-13:15 ). Nebo was the name of a heathen deity, known among the Chaldeans (Isaiah 46:1), Babylonians, and Assyrians; and this constituted one reason, if not the reason, for changing its name when it had been affixed to the Moabite city.

8 and Bela son of Azaz, the son of Shema, the son of Joel. They settled in the area from Aroer to Nebo and Baal Meon.

CLARKE, "Who dwelt in Aroer - This town was situated on the river Arnon; and Nebo was both a city and a mountain in the same country. They both lay on the other

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side of Jordan.

GILL, "And Bela the son of Azaz, the son of Shema, the son of Joel,.... The pedigree of Bela, another principal man in the tribe of Reuben, is traced up to Joel the father of Shema; the same with Shemaiah, according to Kimchi and Ben Melech, 1Ch_5:4who dwelt in Aroer; which belonged to the tribe of Gad, and was rebuilt by them, Num_32:34 wherefore Kimchi observes, it may be interpreted, either from Aroer, or on the border of it, Bela dwelt: even unto Nebo, and Baalmeon; of which See Gill on Num_32:38.

BENSON, "1 Chronicles 5:9. And eastward he inhabited That is, the tribe of Reuben. Unto the entering in of the wilderness, &c. From Jordan and the wilderness, beyond it unto Euphrates. Or, of the wilderness, which lies toward, or reacheth to the river Euphrates Namely, the great wilderness of Kedemoth, (Deuteronomy 2:26,) which was extended far and wide toward Euphrates: for that was the eastern border of Reubens possession, and not Euphrates, to which their habitation never reached. Because their cattle were multiplied Which forced them to enlarge their habitation as far as they could toward Euphrates.

POOLE, "Who dwelt, to wit, the Reubenites, all these here before mentioned, as appears both by the following verses, which relate to the whole tribe; and by the agreement of this description of their inheritance with that, Joshua 13:15,16.

ELLICOTT, " (8) Bela.His descent is traced, like that of Beerah. but through fewer names. This does not necessarily imply that Bela and Beerah were not contemporaries. Intermediate names are often omitted in genealogies. (See Joshua 7:18 : Achan son of Carmi son of Zabdi son of Zerah, and 1 Chronicles 5:24, Achan son of Zerah, and the different lengths of the pedigrees of Heman, Asaph, and Ethan in 1 Chronicles 6:33-47.) It is not likely that the Joel of 1 Chronicles 5:8 is the same as the Joel of 1 Chronicles 5:4, in spite of the further coincidence of Shema-Shemiah.Who dwelt.He was dwelling, that is, he and his clan.

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Aroer.Now Arir, on the north bank of the Arnon (Joshua 12:2).Nebo, a place on the famous mount Nebo, in the region east of the Dead Sea (now Jebel Neba, Deuteronomy 34:1), over against Jericho (Numbers 32:38).Baal-meon.Or, Beth-bqal-meon, now Main, about two miles south-east of Heshbon. Aroer gives the southern Nebo, and Baalmeon the northern, limits of the tribe. All three places are mentioned on the Stone of Mesha, kings of Moab (2 Kings 3:4-27).

9 To the east they occupied the land up to the edge of the desert that extends to the Euphrates River, because their livestock had increased in Gilead.

BARNES, "He inhabited - i. e. Reuben. Eastward the Reubenites inhabited as far as the commencement of the great Syrian Desert, which extended all the way from the river Euphrates to their borders.

GILL, "And eastward he inhabited,.... Either Bela, or the tribe of Reuben: unto the entering in of the wilderness; the wilderness of Kedemoth, which was near to Sihon king of Heshbon, whose land the Reubenites inhabited, Deu_2:26. from the river Euphrates; a learned man (r) thinks that this river Phrat was different from the Euphrates near Babylon, which was northward, since this was to the east or southeast: because their cattle were multiplied in the land of Gilead; therefore their habitation was extended further, even to the river Euphrates, as in the days of David and Solomon, 2Sa_8:3.

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JAMISON, "Eastward he inhabited unto the entering in of the wilderness from the river Euphrates The settlement was on the east of Jordan, and the history of this tribe, which never took any part in the public affairs or movements of the nation, is comprised in the multiplication of their cattle in the land of Gilead, in their wars with the Bedouin sons of Hagar, and in the simple labors of pastoral life. They had the right of pasture over an extensive mountain range - the great wilderness of Kedemoth (Deu_2:26) and the Euphrates being a security against their enemies.

K&D, "Eastward to the coming to the desert (i.e., till towards the desert) from the river Euphrates, i.e., to the great Arabico-Syrian desert, which stretches from the Euphrates to the eastern frontier of Perea, or from Gilead to the Euphrates. Bela's family had spread themselves so far abroad, for their herds were numerous in the land of Gilead, i.e., Perea, the whole trans-Jordanic domain of the Israelites.

POOLE, " He inhabited, i.e. the tribe of Reuben.From the river Euphrates; from Jordan and the wilderness beyond it unto Euphrates. Or,of the wilderness, which lies towards or reacheth to the river Euphrates, namely, the great wilderness of Kedemoth, Deuteronomy 2:26, which was extended far and wide towards Euphrates; for that was the eastern border of Reubens possession, and not Euphrates, to which their habitation never reached.Their cattle were multiplied; which forced them to enlarge their habitation as far as they could eastward towards Euphrates.

ELLICOTT, " (9) And eastward he inhabited unto the entering in of the wilderness.As their flocks and herds increased, the Reubenites gradually spread eastward, to the great desert lying between the Euphrates and Syria. This desert was a painful memory to the restored exiles. Ezra took four months to cross it (Ezra 7:9; Ezra 8:22). The form of the expression, unto the entrance into the wilderness from the river Euphrates, seems to indicate that this account was written originally in Babylonia.Because their cattle were (had) multiplied in the land of Gilead.Gilead, in Old Testament usage, means all Israelite territory east of the Jordan.

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PULPIT, "1 Chronicles 5:9Keil and others refer this verse to the people of Bela; yet others apply it to Joel It would seem nearest the facts to apply it to the main subject of the paragraphReuben. Gilead (Deuteronomy 3:12-16) had for its boundaries, on the north Bashan, on the south Moab, on the east the Arabian desert. Its situation evidently exposed it to Assyrian invasion and frequent encounter with desert tribes (Joshua 17:1; Numbers 26:29, Numbers 26:30).

10 During Sauls reign they waged war against the Hagrites, who were defeated at their hands; they occupied the dwellings of the Hagrites throughout the entire region east of Gilead.

BARNES, "The Hagarites or Hagarenes are generally regarded as descendants of Hagar, and a distinct branch of the Ishmaelites 1Ch_27:30-31; Psa_83:6. They appear to have been one of the most wealthy 1Ch_5:21 and widely-spread tribes of the Syrian Desert, being found on the side of the Euphrates in contact with the Assyrians, and also in the Hauran, in the neighborhood of Palestine, in contact with the Moabites and Israelites. If identical with the Agraei of the Classical writers, their name may be considered as still surviving in that of the district called Hejer or Hejera in northeastern Arabia, on the borders of the Persian Gulf. A full account of the war is given in 1Ch_5:18-22.

CLARKE, "And they dwelt in their tents - The Hagarites were tribes of Nomade, or Scenite, Arabs; people who lived in tents, without any fixed dwellings, and whose property consisted in cattle. The descendants of Reuben extirpated these Hagarites, seized on their property and their tents, and dwelt in their place.

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GILL, "And in the days of Saul they made war with the Hagarites,.... Not with the Hungarians, as the Targum, a people not then in being; but the Ishmaelites, so called because they descended from Hagar (s), Sarah's maid; the same that are placed by Pliny (t) and Ptolemy (u) in Arabia, near the Batanaeans, or inhabitants of Bashan; with those the Reubenites made war, in conjunction with the Gadites and half tribe of Manasseh, 1Ch_5:18, perhaps this war might be much about the time Saul relieved Jabeshgilead, and beat the Ammonites, 1Sa_11:1 by which the tribes on that side Jordan might be encouraged to it: who fell by their hand; were worsted and conquered by them: and they dwelt in their tents; in which the Arabians used to dwell, because of their flocks; hence some of them were called Scenites: throughout all the east land of Gilead; or rather throughout all the land of the Hagarites, which lay to the east of Gilead, as the Vulgate Latin version; or otherwise the land of Gilead itself was their original possession.

K&D, "In the days of Saul they made war upon the Hagarites, and they fill into their hands, and they dwelt in their tents over the whole east side of Gilead. The subject is not determined, so that the words may be referred either to the whole tribe of Reuben or to the family of Bela (1Ch_5:8). The circumstance that in 1Ch_5:8 and 1Ch_5:9 Bela is spoken of in the singular ( and ), while here the plural is used in reference to the war, is not sufficient to show that the words do not refer to Bela's family, for the narrative has already fallen into the plural in the last clause of 1Ch_5:9. We therefore think it better to refer 1Ch_5:10 to the family of Bela, seeing that the wide spread of this family, which is mentioned in 1Ch_5:9, as far as the desert to the east of the inhabited land, presupposes the driving out of the Hagarites dwelling on the eastern plain of Gilead. The notice of this war, moreover, is clearly inserted here for the purpose of explaining the wide spread of the Belaites even to the Euphrates desert, and there is nothing which can be adduced against that reference. The in 1Ch_5:7 does not, as Bertheau thinks probable, denote that Bela was a contemporary of Beerah, even if the circumstance that from Bela to Joel only three generations are enumerated, could be reconciled with this supposition. The spread of Bela's family over the whole of the Reubenite Gilead, which has just been narrated, proves decisively that they were not contemporaries. If Bela lived at the time of the invasion of Gilead by Tiglath-pileser, when the prince Beerah was carried away into exile, it is certainly possible that he might have escaped the Assyrians; but he could neither have had at that time a family which inhabited all the east land, nor could he himself have extended his domain from Aroer and Nebo towards the wilderness, as the words 1Ch_5:8, distinctly state. We ,therefore hold that Bela was much older than Beerah, for he is introduced as a great-grandson of Joel, so that his family might have been as widely distributed as 1Ch_5:8, 1Ch_5:9 state, and have undertaken and carried out the war of conquest against the

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Hagarites, referred to in 1Ch_5:10, as early as the time of Saul. Thus, too, we can most easily explain the fact that Bela and his brothers Jeiel and Zechariah are not mentioned. As to , cf. on 1Ch_5:19.

BENSON, "1 Chronicles 5:10. In the days of Saul they made war The Gadites and Manassites joining with them in the war, 1 Chronicles 5:18-19. With the Hagarites The Ishmaelites who dwelt in Arabia Deserta. They dwelt in their tents The Israelites took possession of their lands, and tents or houses, which lay eastward from the land of Gilead. Thus God fulfilled his promise to his people: he cast out the enemy from before them by little and little, and gave them their land as they had occasion for it.

TRAPP, "1 Chronicles 5:10 And in the days of Saul they made war with the Hagarites, who fell by their hand: and they dwelt in their tents throughout all the east [land] of Gilead.Ver. 10. They made war with the Hagarites,] i.e., Ishmaelites inhabiting Arabia deserta. These, ashamed of their mother Hagar the handmaid, would afterwards need for honours sake be called Saracens, by the name of Sarah the mistress, as saith Sozomen. (a) This so pleased the rest of the Arabians, that they would all be called Saracens. Mohammed their general grew famous in the days of Heraclius the emperor, and subdued many countries. Now they are called Turks, &c.And they dwelt in their tents.] Few countries but have changed their inhabitants: such is the vanity of all here below. The Athenians vaunted, but vainly, that they were , bred out of the land they lived upon, as so many mushrooms or grasshoppers.

POOLE, " They made war; the Gadites and Manassites joining with them in the war, 1 Chronicles 5:18,19.With the Hagarites; the Ishmeelites, who dwelt in Arabia the Desert.They dwelt in their tents; the Israelites took possession of their lands, and tents or houses.Throughout all the east land of Gilead; which lay eastward from the land of Gilead.

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ELLICOTT, " (10) And in the days of Saul they made war with the Hagarites.The great extension of the tribe in an easterly direction took place in the reign of Saul, the first king of Israel. Bela and his clan victoriously fought with the Hagarites (Heb., Hagriim) or Hagarenes (see Psalms 83:7, Hagrim), that is, the sons of Hagar, for possession of the pasture-grounds east of Gilead. This Arab nation is mentioned in the Assyrian inscriptions. (The LXX. has , i.e., haggrm, u sojourners, nomads.)They dwelt in their tents.This phrase first occurs in Genesis 9:27. The Belaites occupied the territory of the Hagarites.Throughout all the east land of Gilead.Rather, on the whole eastern side or border of Gilead. This includes the new settlements of Bela beyond the border.

PULPIT, "1 Chronicles 5:10Among such conflicts, one with a people descended presumably from Hagar or Ishmael (though 1 Chronicles 27:30, 1 Chronicles 27:31, and Psalms 70:1-5 : Psalms 13:6 are somewhat needlessly interpreted to be opposed to this) is here alluded to. It takes us to the time of Saul, and from that time up to the time of "the Captivity" (1 Chronicles 5:22) the victorious Reubenites, Gadites, and people of the half-tribe Manasseh had the benefit of enlarged domain at their expense: "They dwelt in their steads," after seizing great spoil. It is exceedingly likely that we have the perpetuation of the name Hagarenes in the Agraeei (modern Hejer) of Strabo, 16:767; Pliny, 'Hist. Nat.,' 6:32; Dionysius, 'Perieg.,' 956; Pt. 5:2 (see art. "Hagarenes" in Smith's 'Bible Dictionary').

Gad11 The Gadites lived next to them in Bashan, as far as Salekah:

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BARNES, "From this passage and from the subsequent account of the Manassites 1Ch_5:23-24, the Gadites extended themselves to the north at the expense of their brethren, gradually occupying a considerable portion of the tract originally allotted to the half tribe.

GILL, "And the children of Gad dwelt over against them,.... Or by them, the Reubenites; and one part of Gilead was given them between them, and the other to the half tribe of Manasseh: in the land of Bashan, unto Salcah; for though all Bashan is said to be given to the half tribe of Manasseh, Deu_3:13 yet that is to be understood of the greater part of it; all of that which belonged to Og, but what did not, the Gadites, either from the first, or in later times, inhabited even as far as Salcah, which was one of the cities of Og, Deu_3:10and which Benjamin of Tudela (w) makes mention of, being called by the same name in his days.

JAMISON 11-1, "1Ch_5:11-26. The line of Gad.the children of Gad dwelt over against them The genealogy of the Gadites and the half-tribe of Manasseh (1Ch_5:24) is given along with that of the Reubenites, as these three were associated in a separate colony.

K&D, "The families of the tribe of Gad, and their dwelling-places. - 1Ch_5:11. In connection with the preceding statement as to the dwelling-places of the Reubenites, the enumeration of the families of Gad begins with a statement as to their dwelling-places: Over against them (the Reubenites) dwelt the Gadites in Bashan unto Salcah. Bashan is used here in its wider signification of the dominion of King Og, which embraced the northern half of Gilead, i.e., the part of that district which lay on the north side of the Jabbok, and the whole district of Bashan; cf. on Deu_3:10. Salcah formed the boundary towards the east, and is now Szalchad, about six hours eastward from Bosra (see on Deu_3:10).

TRAPP, "1 Chronicles 5:11 And the children of Gad dwelt over against them, in the land of Bashan unto Salchah:Ver. 11. In the land of Bashan.] Bashan was the name both of the whole country and

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the chief city; like as Muscovia is at this day.

COFFMAN, ""And the sons of Gad dwelt over against them, in the land of Bashan unto Salecah: Joel the chief, and Shapham the second, and Janai, and Shaphat in Bashan. And their brethren of their fathers houses: Michael, and Meshullam, and Sheba, and Jorai, and Jacan, and Zia, and Eber, seven. These were the sons of Abihail, the son of Huri, the son of Jaroah, the son of Gilead, the son of Mishael, the son of Jeshishai the son of Hahdo, the son of Buz; Ahi the son of Abdiel, the son of Guni, chief of their fathers' houses. And they dwelt in Gilead in Bashan, and in its towns, and in all the suburbs of Sharon, as far as their borders. All these were reckoned by genealogies in the days of Jotham king of Judah, and in the days of Jeroboam king of Israel."

ELLICOTT, "Verses 11-17

(11-17) THE SONS OF GAD, THEIR CLANS, TERRITORY, AND REGISTRATION.

(11) And the children of Gad dwelt over against them.That is, adjoining them on the east of Jordan.

In the land of Bashan unto Salcah.(Joshua 13:11.) Bashan, the ancient dominion of the giant Og (Numbers 21:33-35; Deuteronomy 3:1-12). Salcah now Sulkhad, on the south-east slope of Jebel Hauran in the extreme east of Gilead.

(12) Joel the chief (or, first; literally, head), and Shaphan the next (or second.)Genesis 46:15 enumerates seven sons of Gad, a number corresponding with the clans of 1 Chronicles 5:13; but none of the names are the same.

In Bashan.This expression goes to prove that clans, not individuals, are intended.

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Joel is also the head Reubenite house (1 Chronicles 5:4).

(13) And their brethren of the house of their fathers.And their kinsmen (fellow-tribesmen), according to their father-houses (clans). The verse names seven inferior clans of the Gadites, whose seats are assigned in 1 Chronicles 5:16.

These, viz., the clans of 1 Chronicles 5:13, were sons of Abihail, whose line is retraced through seven generations to Buz, of whom nothing further is known. The name has occurred Genesis 22:21 as that of a son of Nahor; and Job 32:2, as that of the clan of Elihu the Buzite.

(15) Ahi the son of Abdial, the son of Guni (was) head of their clans. Perhaps Ahi was chieftain or prince of the sons of Abihail at the time when this register was drawn up (1 Chronicles 5:17).

(16) And they dwelt in Gilead.The seats of the Gadites of 1 Chronicles 5:13 were in the country east of Jordan.

In Bashan, defines the locality more precisely. It was the northern region of Gilead.

And in her towns.Heb., her daughters.

And in all the suburbs of Sharon.Rather, pasture-grounds or sheep-walks.

Sharon.The well-known plain of this name lay west of Jordan, between Carmel and Joppa, along the coast of the Great Sea. The old conjecture that Shirion, i.e., mount Hermon (Deuteronomy 3:9; Psalms 29:6) should be read, is probably right.

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Upon their borders.That is, their extremities (Numbers 34:4-5). The Gadites fed their flocks in the glens opening out at the foot of the mountains, here called their exits or outlets.

(17) All these.That is, the Gadite clans.

Were reckoned by genealogies (or registered) in the days of Jotham king of Judah, i.e., after 757 B.C., according to Biblical chronology.

And in the days of Jeroboam (the second), king of Israel, who reigned from 825-784, according to the data of Kings. Clearly, therefore, more than one registration is the basis of the above statistics. That of Jeroboam was the earlier in point of time; but the chronicler names the king of Judah first honoris causa. Jeroboam II., a vigorous king, who restored the border of Israel from the entry of Hamath to the sea of the Arabah (2 Kings 14:25), may have taken this census of the tribes east of Jordan, with a view to fiscal purposes. Jotham or his father, the great Uzziah, appears to have recovered Gad for Judah during the anarchy that succeeded the fall of Jehus dynasty in the northern kingdom.

PULPIT, "1 Chronicles 5:11-17

The tribe of Gad is taken next, and occupies but few lines. Gad was born seventh in order of all the sons of Jacob (Genesis 30:9-12), and first of the children of Leah's maid Zilpah. The compiler seems to pass easily on to Gad, from the mere circumstance of the name of the tribe being so constantly linked with that preceding, in the matter of local settlement on the east of Jordan, after the journeyings of the wilderness (Joshua 13:7, Joshua 13:8). The geography in 1 Chronicles 5:11 and 1 Chronicles 5:16 offers very little difficulty. Compared with the time of the first settling of the Gadites (Deuteronomy 3:10-13; Joshua 13:25, Joshua 13:30), it is evident that they had pushed their borders further to the north, trenching somewhat upon the lot of the half-tribe Manasseh, as they also in turn extended their limits northward to Hermon (verse 23). This reconciles Joshua 13:30 with the

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present passage. Salcah, or (Authorized Version) Salchah (Deuteronomy 3:10; Joshua 13:11), is probably to be identified as the modern Sulkhad, at the extreme eastern point of the plain Hauran, which is bordered by the desert. "In Gilead in Bashan" may be read, with some, as two coordinate places, separating them by a stop; or may point to a time when Bashan included the upper half of Gilead. Sharon, which Keil, quoting Reland, 'Pal. Ill.,' 370, would make the well-known Sharon of Carmel and the Mediterranean, is, though unmentioned elsewhere, probably distinguished sufficiently from it by the absence of the article, which is invariably prefixed to the other. Stanley's suggestion would seem exceedingly apt, that it is one in fact, as one in derivation and meaning, with the Mishor (i.e. "level ]ands," "table-land") of Gilead and Bashan. With this explanation, however, the term "suburbs" does not so well agree. Upon the other side, distant as the well-known Sharon is, a link of connection might be found with it, in that the other Manasseh half-tribe stretched into its plains; and in that case the last word of the verse, , might mean (Joshua 17:9 ) "the outgoings" of the land or regions in question to the "sea"-coast.

12 Joel was the chief, Shapham the second, then Janai and Shaphat, in Bashan.

CLARKE, "Joel the chief - Joel, prince of the Sanhedrin; and Shapham, master of the college; and Jaanai and Shaphat, judges in Mathnan. - T.

GILL, "Joel the chief,.... In this and the following verse are reckoned up the principal men in the tribe of Gad, and the chief of all was Joel, another from him in the tribe of Reuben, 1Ch_5:4. and Shapham the next; the second chief man, from whom, Reland (x) conjectures, Shophan, a city in the tribe of Gad, had its name, Num_32:35.

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and Jaanai; from whom Danjaan might be called, as Michaelis intimates, 2Sa_24:6. and Shaphat in Bashan; not Shaphat the father of Elisha, according to a tradition of the Jews, mentioned by Kimchi; which is not at all probable.

BENSON, "1 Chronicles 5:12. Joel the chief The prince of the tribe, or, at least, of the family, when they were numbered, namely, in the days of Jotham, 1 Chronicles 5:17. In Bashan That is, either who dwelt in the city of Bashan, or who abode in Bashan to defend the city and country, when their brethren went out to war against the Hagarenes, 1 Chronicles 5:19.TRAPP, "1 Chronicles 5:12 Joel the chief, and Shapham the next, and Jaanai, and Shaphat in Bashan.Ver. 12. And Jaanai and Shaphat in Bashan.] Or, Abode in Bashan to defend their country, while their brethren were warring abroad. (a)

POOLE, " The chief; the prince of the tribe, or at least of his family, when they were numbered, to wit, in the days of Jotham, 1 Chronicles 5:17.Shaphat in Bashan, i.e. who dwelt in the city of Bashan. Others thus, Who abode in Bashan to defend the city and country, when their brethren went out to war against the Hagarites, 1 Chronicles 5:18,19.

PULPIT, "1 Chronicles 5:12The four proper names in this verse are not known in connection with the same persons elsewhere. The Septuagint translates Shaphat as "the scribe," applying the description to the foregoing Jaanai.

13 Their relatives, by families, were:Michael, Meshullam, Sheba, Jorai, Jakan, Zia and Eberseven in all.

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CLARKE, "And their brethren - This verse is wanting both in the Syriac and in the Arabic.

GILL, "And their brethren of the house of their fathers,.... Who were also men of eminence and note in them: were, Michael, and Meshullam, and Shebai, and Jorai, and Jachan, and Zia, and Heber, seven; so they are as here mentioned by name.

PULPIT, "1 Chronicles 5:13And their brethren. This chapter (see 1 Chronicles 5:7) seems to introduce the use of this word, which must be understood generically. The seven persons are nowhere else mentioned.

14 These were the sons of Abihail son of Huri, the son of Jaroah, the son of Gilead, the son of Michael, the son of Jeshishai, the son of Jahdo, the son of Buz.

GILL, "These are the children of Abihail the son of Huri,.... That is, the seven before mentioned; they were the posterity of Abihail, whose pedigree is traced from his father Huri to Buz, the intermediate progenitors being Jaroah, Gilead, Michael, Jeshishai, Jahdo.

BENSON, "Verse 14-15

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1 Chronicles 5:14-15. These are the children of Abihail These seven last named. Ahi, chief of the house of their fathers Ahi was the head or chief of the houses or families of those seven named 1 Chronicles 5:13.

PULPIT, "1 Chronicles 5:14, 1 Chronicles 5:15These are the children of Abihail; i.e. the seven "brethren" of the preceding verse. A rapid line of descent, or rather of ascent, consisting of ten generations, from Abihail to Guni, here follows. The division between these verses has unfortunately cut in half one name, i.e. Buzaki. The translators of the Septuagint saw that the two verses composed one line of ascent, but instead of piecing "Aki" to "Buz," translated it as" brother." Though this line takes us some way back, we find nowhere else any clue or identification of any of these ten persons. Of the twenty-one persons in all, therefore, named as belonging to the tribe of Gad, nothing else is known; and we have nothing to guide us to connect them with any one rather than another of the original" sons of Gad" (Genesis 46:16; Numbers 16:15-18).

15 Ahi son of Abdiel, the son of Guni, was head of their family.

GILL, "Ahi the son of Abdiel, the son of Guni, chief of the house of their fathers. Which Ahi was a principal man in the families the seven above men belonged to; besides them, or those three, were everyone of them heads of families.

POOLE, " This Ahi was the head or chief of the houses or families, either,1. Of those seven named 1 Chronicles 5:13; or,2. Of Abdiel and Guni last named, and of their fifties.

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PULPIT, "1 Chronicles 5:17The very form of the language of this verse would indicate that two genealogies are intended. This quite tallies with the fact that there were two chronicles, one for each division of the nation, i.e. "the chronicles of the kings of Judah" (2 Kings 15:6) and "the chronicles of the kings of Israel" (2 Kings 15:11), in which same chapter both Jeroboam (II.) of Israel and Jotham of Judah are spoken of, the latter beginning to reign in Judah some twenty years (the exact chronology is very confused here) after the death of the former. Although presumably it would be an object of closer interest with Israel than with Judah to effect the registration of the Gadite genealogy, yet it was most just that Judah should do so as well. This would both vindicate Judah's own right place and be a happy omen of the continued predominance of her position compared with that of Israel. Independently of the question of effecting the actual registration, however, it is quite possible that, so long as history ran by the side of history. Israel would gather and keep all it could of Judah, and Judah all it could of Israel.

16 The Gadites lived in Gilead, in Bashan and its outlying villages, and on all the pasturelands of Sharon as far as they extended.

CLARKE, "The suburbs of Sharon - There were three places of this name: that mentioned here was a district in the country of Bashan beyond Jordan, (see Jos_12:18); there was another that lay between Caesarea of Palestine and Joppa; and there was a third between Mount Tabor and the Sea of Tiberias. See Calmet.

GILL, "And they dwelt in Gilead,.... In that part of it which belonged to the tribe of Gad: in Bashan, and in her towns; See Gill on 1Ch_5:11,

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and in all the suburbs of Sharon, upon their borders; there were two Sharons, one to the west of the land of Israel near the Mediterranean sea, which is mentioned in Act_9:35 as near Lydda and Joppa; and the other to the east or northeast, beyond Jordan, which is here meant.

JAMISON, "Sharon The term Sharon was applied as descriptive of any place of extraordinary beauty and productiveness. There were three places in Palestine so called. This Sharon lay east of the Jordan.

upon their borders that is, of Gilead and Bashan: Gilead proper, or at least the largest part, belonged to the Reubenites; and Bashan, the greatest portion of it, belonged to the Manassites. The Gadites occupied an intermediate settlement on the land which lay upon their borders.

BENSON, "1 Chronicles 5:16. They dwelt in Gilead That is, the children or tribe of Gad inhabited a part of Gilead, the Reubenites and Manassites dwelling in other parts of it, Deuteronomy 3:12. In Bashan In the land of Bashan, as is said, 1 Chronicles 5:11. And in her towns In some of her cities and towns. In all the suburbs of Sharon Not that Sharon in Canaan, but that to the east of Jordan, namely, in the fields and pasture-grounds of it. Upon their borders The borders of Gilead and Bashan. For Gilead, properly so called, or the greatest part of it, belonged to the Reubenites, and the greatest part of Bashan to the Manassites; and the Gadites, whose habitation was between these two tribes, had those parts of both these countries which lay toward their borders.

TRAPP, "1 Chronicles 5:16 And they dwelt in Gilead in Bashan, and in her towns, and in all the suburbs of Sharon, upon their borders.Ver. 16. Suburbs of Sharon.] Which was ager pascuosissimus, a place of fat feeding, [1 Chronicles 27:29] situate under the hill of Lebanon; coupled with Carmel for "excellency"; [Isaiah 35:2] not more a field than "a fold for flocks." [Isaiah 65:10]Upon their borders.] Heb., Their outgoings.

POOLE, " They dwelt, i.e. the children or tribe of Gad.In Gilead, i.e. in part of Gilead; for the Reubenites and Manassites dwelt in other parts of it, Deuteronomy 3:12,13,16.

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In Bashan; in the land of Bashan, as it is said, 1 Chronicles 5:11.Quest. How come the Gadites to dwell in Bashan, when all Bashan is expressly said to be given to the half tribe of Manasseh, Deuteronomy 3:13 Joshua 13:29,30?Answ. All Bashan is put for the greatest part of it by a synecdoche, very frequent in Scripture and all authors; and so the Gadites might possess a part of it. And thus both Bashan and Gilead are used for parts of them, Joshua 17:1, where it is said of Machir a Manassite, that he had Gilead and Bashan. And as it is unquestionably true that Gilead is taken sometimes more largely for all the land of the Israelites beyond Jordan, sometimes more strictly for that part of it which borders upon Mount Gilead; of which See Poole "Joshua 17:1"; the like may be presumed concerning Bashan; and so in its strictest sense it might be all given to the Manassites, and yet in its largest sense might comprehend a part of the land belonging to the Gadites.In her towns, i.e. in some of her cities and towns.In all the suburbs, i.e. in its fields and pasture grounds, 1 Chronicles 27:29. Of Sharon; not that within Jordan, Isaiah 35:2, but another without Jordan.Upon their borders, to wit, of Gilead and Bashan; for Gilead properly so called, or the greatest part of it, belonged to the Reubenites; and Bashan, or the greatest part of it, to the Manassites; and so the Gadites (whose habitation was between the Reubenites and Manassites) had those parts of both their countries which were towards their borders. Or,unto their borders, i.e. as far as the suburbs or fields of Sharon, which were last mentioned, were extended.

17 All these were entered in the genealogical records during the reigns of Jotham king of Judah and Jeroboam king of Israel.

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BARNES, "The writer refers here to two registrations, one made under the authority of Jeroboam II when he was king and Israel flourishing, the other made under the authority of Jotham, king of Judah, during the troublous time which followed on the great invasion of Tiglath-pileser. There is nothing surprising in a king of Judah having exercised a species of lordship over the trans-Jordanic territory at this period.

GILL, "All these were reckoned by genealogies,.... All before mentioned: in the days of Jotham king of Judah, and in the days of Jeroboam king of Israel; not that those two kings reigned at the same time, and one and the same reckoning is meant; but, as Dr. Lightfoot (y) observes, there were two reckonings; his words are,"in the days of Jotham there was an account taken of the families of Reuben, Gad, and half Manasseh, 1Ch_5:17 and so had there been in the days of Jeroboam the second; then at their restoring by Jeroboam out of the hands of Hamath and Syria, and now at their arming against the Assyrian, under whom they fell in the time of Pekah, and are never again restored to Israel.''

JAMISON, "All these were reckoned ... in the days of Jotham His long reign and freedom from foreign wars as well as intestine troubles were favorable for taking a census of the people.

and in the days of Jeroboam the second of that name.

BENSON, "1 Chronicles 5:17. In the days of Jotham king of Judah Who, reigning long, partly in his fathers days, and partly by himself, and being at leisure from wars and troubles, thought this a fit season to examine the state of his people. And in the days of Jeroboam Probably Jeroboam the second, of whom see 2 Kings 13:13-14. This does not imply that Jotham and Jeroboam reigned at the same time; but only that in their several reigns this account was taken.

TRAPP, "1 Chronicles 5:17 All these were reckoned by genealogies in the days of Jotham king of Judah, and in the days of Jeroboam king of Israel.Ver. 17. In the days of Jeroboam,] i.e., Jeroboam the second, who ruled over them.

POOLE, " In the days of Jotham king of Judah; who reigning long, partly in his fathers days, and partly by himself, 2Ki 15, and being at leisure as to wars or

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troubles, thought this a fit season to examine the state of his people.In the days of Jeroboam; either the second of that name, of whom see 2 Kings 13:13. Or rather the first Jeroboam; partly because he is called simply Jeroboam, without any addition; which shows that he speaks of the most famous of the two; and partly because this work of taking an account of the people doth far better agree to the times of Jeroboam the First, when the kingdom of Israel was first erected and established, and broken off from that of Judah, when it was necessary for Jeroboam to know his own strength, and the numbers of his people, than to the times of Jeroboam the Second, when the kingdom of Israel was broken, and near to its ruin.

18 The Reubenites, the Gadites and the half-tribe of Manasseh had 44,760 men ready for military serviceable-bodied men who could handle shield and sword, who could use a bow, and who were trained for battle.

GILL, "The sons of Reuben, and the Gadites, and half the tribe of Manasseh,.... These all joined together, living together on the one side of Jordan: of valiant men, men able to bear buckler and sword, and to shoot with bow, and skilful in war; strong able bodied men; and not only able to bear and carry arms, sword in one hand, and shield in another; but were men of valour and courage, and had military skill, and knew how to handle their arms to advantage: were four and forty thousand seven hundred and threescore, that went out to the war: that used to go out when there was occasion, and did at this time.

HENRY, "The heads of the half-tribe of Manasseh, that were seated on the other side Jordan, are named here, 1Ch_5:23, 1Ch_5:24. Their lot, at first, was Bashan only; but

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afterwards they increased so much in wealth and power that they spread far north, even unto Hermon. Two things only are here recorded concerning these tribes on the other side Jordan, in which they were all concerned. They all shared,I. In a glorious victory over the Hagarites, so the Ishmaelites were now called, to remind them that they were the sons of the bond-woman, that was cast out. We are not told when this victory was obtained: whether it be the same with that of the Reubenites (which is said 1Ch_5:10 to be in the days of Saul), or whether that success of one of these tribes animated and excited the other two to join with them in another expedition, is not certain. It seems, though in Saul's time the common interests of the kingdom were weak and low, some of the tribes that acted separately did well for themselves. We are here told,1. What a brave army these frontier-tribes brought into the field against the Hagarites, 44,000 men and upwards, all strong, and brave, and skilful in war, so many effective men, that knew how to manage their weapons, 1Ch_5:18. How much more considerable might Israel have been than they were in the time of the judges if all the tribes had acted in conjunction!

JAMISON 18-22, "Hagarites or, Hagarenes, originally synonymous with Ishmaelites, but afterwards applied to a particular tribe of the Arabs (compare Psa_83:6).

Jetur His descendants were called Itureans, and the country Auranitis, from Hauran, its chief city. These, who were skilled in archery, were invaded in the time of Joshua by a confederate army of the tribes of Reuben, Gad, and half Manasseh, who, probably incensed by the frequent raids of those marauding neighbors, took reprisals in men and cattle, dispossessed almost all of the original inhabitants, and colonized the district themselves. Divine Providence favored, in a remarkable manner, the Hebrew army in this just war.

K&D 18-22, "War of the trans-Jordanic tribes of Israel with Arabic tribes. - As the half-tribe of Manasseh also took part in this war, we should have expected the account of it after 1Ch_5:24. Bertheau regards its position here as a result of striving after a symmetrical distribution of the historical information. In the case of Reuben, he says, the historical information is in 1Ch_5:10; in the case of the half-tribe of Manasseh, in 1Ch_5:25, 1Ch_5:26; as to Gad, we have our record in 1Ch_5:18-22, which, together with the account in 1Ch_5:25, 1Ch_5:26, refers to all the trans-Jordanic Israelites. But it is much more likely that the reason of it will be found in the character of the authorities which the author of the Chronicle made use of, in which, probably, the notes regarding this war were contained in the genealogical register of the Gadites.1Ch_5:18

belongs to the predicate of the sentence, They were the sons of Valour, i.e., they belonged to the valiant warriors, men bearing shield and sword (weapons of offence and defence), and those treading (or bending) the bow, i.e., skilful bowmen. people practised in war; cf. the portrayal of the warlike valour of Gad and ,

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Manasseh, 1Ch_12:8, 1Ch_12:21. The number 44,760 must be founded upon an accurate reckoning (Berth.); but in comparison with the number of men capable of bearing arms in those tribes in the time of Moses, it is somewhat inconsiderable: for at the first numbering under him Reuben alone had 46,500 and Gad 45,650, and at the second numbering Reuben had 43,730 and Gad 40,500 men; see on Num 1-4 (1:2, S. 192).

BENSON, "Verses 18-201 Chronicles 5:18-20. The sons of Reuben, &