i can describe capacity and length of ltmdescribe capacity and length of ltm describe the 4 types of...

I CANI CAN• Describe capacity and length of Describe capacity and length of

LTMLTM• Describe the 4 types of LTMDescribe the 4 types of LTM

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007


The Three Stages of The Three Stages of MemoryMemory

Sensory Memory

Working Memory

Long-term Long-term MemoryMemory

Stores material organized according to meaning, also called LTM


Capacity and Duration:Capacity and Duration: • Largest capacity and durationLargest capacity and duration

• Capacity is unlimitedCapacity is unlimited • Lasts a lifetimeLasts a lifetime unless damaged/dementiaunless damaged/dementia

• Unknown why it has unlimited capacity Unknown why it has unlimited capacity • Stores information according to meaning Stores information according to meaning

The Third Stage:The Third Stage:Long-Term MemoryLong-Term Memory


Parts of the Brain Associated with Long Parts of the Brain Associated with Long Term MemoryTerm Memory

Amygdala and HypothalamusAmygdala and Hypothalamus Strengthens memories that have strong Strengthens memories that have strong

emotional associations…. Posttraumatic Stress emotional associations…. Posttraumatic Stress DisorderDisorder

Visual Cortex Visual Cortex Generating visual imagesGenerating visual images

HippocampusHippocampus• Deterioration of the hippocampus the cause of Deterioration of the hippocampus the cause of

Alzheimer’s DiseaseAlzheimer’s Disease• Long term memories make a stop here before going Long term memories make a stop here before going

into long term storageinto long term storage


The Third Stage:The Third Stage:Long-Term MemoryLong-Term Memory

Procedural Procedural MemoryMemory Division of LTM Division of LTM that stores that stores memories for how memories for how things are donethings are done

Example: How to tie Example: How to tie a shoea shoe

Declarative MemoryDeclarative Memory Division of LTM that Division of LTM that stores explicit stores explicit information information (also known as (also known as fact memoryfact memory))

Requires some conscious Requires some conscious

mental effortmental effort

Example: The capital Example: The capital of Bostonof Boston

Yes…this was intentional


Subdivisions of Declarative Declarative MemoryMemory

Episodic MemoryEpisodic Memory Memory that stores Memory that stores personal events, or personal events, or

“episodes” “episodes”

Semantic MemorySemantic Memory

Memory that stores general knowledge,

including meanings of words and concepts

Google-able Memory


Please read the following story, and be prepared to have your memory tested for one of its sentences.

This is an interesting story about the telescope. In Holland, a man named Lippershey was an eyeglass maker. One day his children were playing with some lenses. They discovered that things seemed very close if two lenses were held about a foot apart. Lippershey began experimenting, and his “spyglass” attracted much attention. He sent a letter about it to Galileo, the great Italian scientist. Galileo at once realized the importance of the discovery and set about to build an instrument of his own. He used an old organ pipe with one lens curved out and the other in. On the first clear night he pointed the glass toward the sky. He was amazed to find the empty dark spaces filled with brightly gleaming stars! Night after night Galileo climbed to a high tower sweeping the sky with his telescope. One night he saw Jupiter, and to his great surprise discovered near it three bright stars, two to the east and one to the west.


Now decide which one of the following sentences was in the story

A. He sent Galileo, the great Italian scientist, a letter about it.

B. A letter about it was sent to Galileo, the great Italian scientist.

C. Galileo, the great Italian scientist, sent him a letter about it.

D. He sent a letter about it to Galileo, the great Italian scientist.


Semantic memory

Includes memory for:language, factsgeneral knowledge

Episodic memory

Includes memory for:events, personal experiences

Includes memory for:motor skills, operant and classicalconditioning

Long-term memory

Declarative memory Procedural memory


Eidetic Memory• The so-called “photographic” memory• An "unfounded myth?????" • Evidence of it is found more often in children than adults

Eidetic memory as observed in children is typified by the ability of an individual to study an image for approximately 30 seconds, and maintain a nearly perfect photographic memory of that image for a short time once it has been removed


The Biological Basisof Long-Term Memory

• Engram or Memory TracePhysical change in the brain associated with memory

Where are memories held????…Probably anywhere

• Long-term Potentiation (po-TEN-she-a-shun)

The long-lasting improvement in communication between two neurons that results from stimulating them simultaneously


Consolidation The process by which short-term memories are changed to long-term memories

The Biological Basisof Long-Term Memory


AmnesiaAnterograde Amnesia Inability to form memories for new information (Anterograde=Acquire new)

Retrograde Amnesia –Inability to remember information previously stored in memory (Retrograde=Remember old)


50 First Dates Trailer

Watch 50 First Dates trailer• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ErjP5xMTc8I


Flashbulb Memories

Clear, vivid long term memory of an especially meaningful and emotional event

Usually accurate for at least the first year after the event

Information can be lost, but not destroyed or deleted


9/11 Flashbulb Memories

• Watch 9/11 Flashbulb Memories on Youtube• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=evj6q0eCdd8


Long-term memory

Working orShort-term

Memory

Sensory

Input

Sensory Memory

Attention Encoding

Retrieval

Maintenance Rehearsal

¼ of a second 20 seconds Forever?

Forgetting


Ways to use deep processing• Actively question new info• Relate info to things you already know• Generate own examples of concepts• Think about its implications• Don’t highlight passages as you read

• Focus on the ideas in the text


Which level is more effective in recalling words?

Deep processing leads to better recall than shallow processing

Percent of words recalled

Type

of P

roce

ssin

g

Shallow - Visual

Visual(written in capitals?)

Acoustic(rhymes with...)

Semantic(type of…)

Shallow - Acoustic

Deep

CAN I?

• Describe capacity and length of LTM• Describe the 4 types of LTM


i can describe capacity and length of ltmdescribe capacity and length of ltm describe the 4 types of...

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