hyponatremia: approach & management
TRANSCRIPT
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Hyponatremia: Approach & Management
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Objectives
• Define Hyponatremia
• 6 step approach and management of Hyponatremia
• Complications of Hyponatremia
• What to do if you over-correct Na?
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What is Hyponatremia?
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• Most common electrolyte disorder
• Occurs in about 20% of all Hospital admissions
• 30% of ICU admissions
• Levels <135 is directly associated with ↑ed in Hospital mortality (acute>chronic)
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Hyponatremia
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• Mild: 130 – 135 mmol/L
• Moderate: 125 – 129 mmol/L
• Severe: < 125 mmol/L
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Hyponatremia
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• Acute (<48 hrs) vs Chronic
• By Symptoms:
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The Traditional Approach
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The Traditional Approach
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• Calculations… Calculations… & Calculations:
– Estimated osmolality
– Corrected Na & glucose
– Corrected Na & lipids
– Corrected Na & protein
– Expected change in Na deficit… & many more
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New Hip Simple Approach
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6 Steps to Approach Hyponatremia
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1) Start with ABCs (priority)
2) Immediately Treat Neurological Emergencies (Seizures, coma or cerebral herniation/oedema)
– Administer 3% hypertonic saline 100-150cc IV over 5-10min
– repeat a second bolus if no improvement
– Stop all fluids after the second bolus (don’t over-correct)
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6 Steps
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3) Intravascular Volume: Assess & Address
– Hypovolemic: priority is to restore adequate circulating volume
– Euvolemic: volume status normal, no treatment
– Hypervolemic: sodium restriction, water restriction and diuretics
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Hypovolemia
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Euvolemic
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Hypervolemic
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6 Steps
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4) Prevent further Hyponatremia
– strict fluid restriction
– saline locking the IV Cannula (NO FLUIDS)
– It is extremely important to tell the patient, his family and healthcare team “Water can literally kill you!”
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6 Steps
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5) Prevent Over-Correction “Rule of 100s” & “Rule of 6s”
– Rule of 6s:
• “Six in six hours for severe symptoms, then stop.
• Six a day makes sense for safety.”
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6 Steps
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5) Prevent Over-Correction “Rule of 100s” & “Rule of 6s”
– Rule of 100s:
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6 Steps
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6) Find out the Cause of Hyponatremia
– Look at chief complaint: vomiting, diarrhea, pain or altered level of awareness
– Review Medication List: causes of SIADH (thiazide diuretics and SSRIs), chronic steroids (adrenal imp)
– Evaluate PMHx: Hx of end organ failure (CHF, liver failure and renal failure) or cancers
– Lab work: hyperglycemia, potassium (hyperkalemia → adrenal insufficiency), TSH (hypothyroidism)
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Complications of Hyponatremia
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1) Cerebral Edema:
Severe Hyponatremia
+Altered level of consciousness
Rapid Hyponatremia
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Complications of Hyponatremia
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2) Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome (ODS)
– Formerly known as Central Pontine Myelinolysis
– Affects pons, cerebellum and basal ganglia
– Occurs with Over-Correction of Hyponatremia
– Clinical Dx (ataxia, quadriplegia, cranial nerve palsies, and the ‘locked-in’ syndrome)
– Presents up to 7 days after rapid correction of Na
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Complications of Hyponatremia
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2) Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome (ODS)
– Risk Factors:
• Elderly
• Malnourished
• Chronic Hyponatremia
• Hyperkalemia
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What to do in Over-Correction?
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• repeat serum sodium ↑↑↑↑ dramatically higher than expected
• Over-Correction approach:
1. Assess & correct intravascular volume
2. Prevent ↑ in Na:
A. Fluid restriction: make the patient NPO and stop IV fluids
B. Give DDAVP 1 microgram IV
3. Consult Nephrology
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Thank you!