Hypochromic Microcytic Anemia's

Blood

• Liquid connective tissue• 3 general functions1. Transportation

Gases, nutrients, hormones, waste products

2. Regulation pH, body temperature, osmotic pressure

3. Protection Clotting, white blood cells, proteins

Components of Blood– Blood plasma – water liquid extracellular matrix

• 91.5% water, 8.5% solutes (primarily proteins)• Hepatocytes synthesize most plasma proteins

– Albumins, fibrinogen, antibodies• Other solutes include electrolytes, nutrients, enzymes,

hormones, gases and waste products– Formed elements – cells and cell fragments

• Red blood cells (Erythrocytes)

• White blood cells (Leukocytes)

• Platelets (thrombocytes)

Blood Cell Production :Hematopoiesis

Red blood cells (Erythrocytes)

• Oxygen-transporting cells Females: 4.3 – 5.2 million cells/mm3

Males: 5.2 – 5.8 million cells/mm3

• Average lifespan 100 – 120 days and then destroyed in spleen• Have no organelles or nuclei • Hemoglobin –quaternary structure, 2 chains and 2 chains

– Each RBC has about 280 million hemoglobin – molecules

• Biconcave shape – 30% more surface area • Erythropoiesis: red blood cell production

White Blood Cells (Leukocytes )

• Protect the body from infectious microorganisms• 4,800 – 11,000 cells/mm 3 • Function outside the bloodstream in loose connective

tissue • WBCs have a nucleus and are larger than RBCs• Lifespan of 12 hours to several years

• Two types of leukocytes : Granulocytes (Neutrophils,Eosinophils,Basophils)

Agranulocytes (Monocytes ,Lymphocytes)

Types of White Blood Cells

Platelets (thrombocytes)

• Myeloid stem cells develop eventually into a megakaryocyte

• Splinters into 2000-3000 fragments• Each fragment enclosed in a piece of plasma

membrane• Disc-shaped with many vesicles but no nucleus• Help stop blood loss by forming platelet plug

(Homeostasis)

• Short life span – 5-9 days

Homeostasis

1. Vessel injury

2. Vascular spasm

3. Platelet plug formation

4. Coagulation

What is Anemia

• Definition of Anemia : a decrease in the amount of red blood cells(RBCs) or hemoglobin in the blood. It can also be defined as a lowered ability of the blood to carry oxygen

• Normal ranges of Hb (in general are) :• Men: Hb 13.5 -17.5 g/dL• Women: Hb 11.5-16 g/dL• Infants : Hb 16 -22 g/dL• Newborn: 14 to 24 g/dL

Classification of anemia

On the basis of underlying cause :• Erythrocyte loss (bleeding)• Decreased Erythrocyte production

– low erythropoietin – Decreased marrow response to erythropoietin

• Increased Erythrocyte destruction (hemolytic) On the basis of morphology of RBC :• Normocytic (MCV 80 – 100 fl)

• Macrocytic (MCV < 80 fl )

• Microcytic (MCV >100 fl)

Classification of anemia by RBC size

• Microcytic anemia's :– iron deficiency anemia.– Thalassemia.– sideroblastic anemia.– anemia's of chronic disease.

• Macrocytic anemia :– megaloblastic (folate or vitamin B12 deficiency).– nonmegaloblastic causes.

• Normocytic anemia's :– aplastic anemia.– bone-marrow replacement.– pure red-cell aplasia.– anemia's of chronic disease.– hemolytic anemia, and recent blood loss.

iron deficiency anemia

Why is iron deficiency important? • Remains most common nutrient deficiency in

developing countries• Over 1 billion people affected, nearly half of the world’s

young children• In US, most common in lower income infants and

toddlers 12-36 months of age and teenage girls• Over 700,000 toddlers affected in the US, 1/3 with

anemia, over 7.8 million adolescent females/women• Long term effects on neurodevelopment, behavior,

neurotransmitter myelination, energy metabolism • Increased susceptibility to lead toxicity