hydrolink 3 2012...hidraulica ina chile -national hydraulics institute of chile [email protected]...

NUMBER3/ 2012INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR HYDRO-ENVIRONMENT ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH

ADVANCES IN OIL SPILL MODELLINGSEE PAGE 88

TOWARDS FLOOD RESILIENT CITIESSEE PAGE 78

CHECK, CHECK AND DOUBLE CHECKSEE PAGE 68

hydrolink

SPECIAL ISSUEON URBAN FLOOD MODELLING

During the last four years and especially since

Prof. Michele Mossa took on the role of first

Editor of Hydrolink two years back you will

have noticed a radical improvement in the

technical content and presentation of what

used to be the "IAHR Newsletter": this process

of improvement has been further consoli-

dated this year with a doubling in size and

consequent increase in space available for

the special issues. Given the heavily scientific

content of our house journal - the Journal of

Hydraulic Research - and the many requests

we have received for using Hydrolink as a

vehicle for bringing the practice and

academic community closer, the Council of

IAHR has recently approved the estab-

lishment of an Advisory Board to be chaired

by Dr Angelos Findikakis of Bechtel, USA

THE ESTABLISHMENT OF AN ADVISORY BOARD EDITORIAL BY CHRISTOPHER GEORGE

66 hydrolink number 3/2012

Dr. Christopher GeorgeIAHR Executive [email protected]

Jaap C.J. KwadijkScientific director / expert onhydrology and floodmanagement DeltaresThe [email protected]

Yoshiaki KuriyamaDirector for Special ResearchDirector General of Asia-Pacific Center for CoastalDisaster ResearchThe Port and AirportResearch Institute, [email protected]

Ian TownendResearch DirectorHR Wallingford [email protected]

Ole MarkHead of Research [email protected]

Jing PengDivision of InternationalCooperationChina Institute of WaterResources andHydropower [email protected]

Luis Zamorano RiquelmeChief Engineering andDevelopment UnitInstituto Nacional deHidraulica INAChile -National HydraulicsInstitute of [email protected]

(and IAHR Council Member) composed of

representatives of several of our leading

Institute Members from around the world. This

Board will work with the Editor and the IAHR

Leadership to identify themes for future issues

which are of wide interest and relevance to

our community.

This special issue on Urban Flood Modelling

is a perfect example of this new approach and

is based on a seminar recently held in

Deltares in Delft coinciding with the retirement

of Dr. Adri Vervey - a very well known member

of our community! We hope that readers will

find the topic interesting and we would very

much welcome suggestions also from you our

readers!

H y d r o l i n k A d v i s o r y B o a r d

ChairAngelos Findikakis Senior Principal Engineerand Bechtel Fellow.Bechtel National Inc., [email protected]

Luis BalaironDirector of HydraulicsLaboratory CEDEX –Ministry [email protected]

Jean Paul ChabardProfessor at Ecole desPonts Paris TechProject Manager EDF Research &[email protected]

Michele MossaFull Professor of Hydraulics Technical University of BariEditor of [email protected]

67hydrolink number 3/2012

IN THIS ISSUEIAHRInternational Associationfor Hydro-EnvironmentEngineering andResearch

IAHR SecretariatPaseo Bajo Virgen del Puerto, 328005 Madrid SPAINTel. : +34 91 335 79 08Fax. : +34 91 335 79 [email protected]

Editor:Michele Mossa, Technical University of Bari, Italye-mail: [email protected]

Contact us:

Dr. Christopher George, Executive Directortel.: +34 91 335 79 64e-mail: [email protected]

Estibaliz Serrano Publications ManagerIPD Programme Officer tel.: +34 91 335 79 86e-mail: [email protected]

Beatriz ComesañaPublications AssistantHydro-environment Division Programme Officertel.: +34 91 335 79 08e-mail: [email protected]

Elsa IncioMembership and subscriptionsHydraulics Division Programme Officertel.: +34 91 335 79 19e-mail: [email protected]

Carmen Sanchez Accountstel.: +34 91 335 79 48e-mail: [email protected]

ISSN 1388-3445

Cover picture: Field inspection of a dikebreach along Chao Phraya River, ThailandAdri Verwey

EDITORIAL .................................................................................66

CHECK, CHECK AND DOUBLE CHECKAdri Verwey is looking back at a career of more that 40 years as a hydraulic software developer, modeller of rivers and urban drainage systems and advisor on flood management...........68

40 YEARS OF EVOLUTION IN SCIENCE-BASEDTOOLS FOR FLOOD AND WATER MANAGEMENTFinding the balance between managing floods, water security andenvironmental flows at physical scales from local urban totransboundary river basins has become a real concern for policymakers in recent years......................................................................72

FLOOD MODELLING – WHAT NEXT?What more do we need from our flood modelling systems? ..........75

TOWARDS FLOOD RESILIENT CITIESFlood disasters have had a major impact on human societies for many centuries already. However, in recent decades extreme flood events seem to be occurring more frequently and with greater intensity. ................................................................78

10 QUESTIONS TO... Professor Guus Stelling ....................................................................80

The contents are based on the presentations of the Seminar UrbanFlood Modelling, on the ocassion of the retirement of Adri Verwey.

To watch the presentations click here !

35TH IAHR WORLD CONGRESS, CHENGDU, CHINASEPTEMBER 8-13, 2013Dujiangyan Irrigation System: History and Challenge ......................84

ADVANCES IN OIL SPILL MODELLINGConference Report on IAHR Kuwait International Summit on Advances in Oil Spill Modelling (November 8-9th, 2011) ............88

IAHR AWARDS CALL FOR NOMINATIONS 2013 ......................................91

COUNCIL ELECTIONS 2013 – 2015 ...............................93

PEOPLE & PLACES .................................................................94

NUMBER 3/ 2012

IAHR

68

75

78

84

URBAN FLOOD MODELLING SPECIALURBAN FLOOD MODELLING SPECIAL

Abstracts submission deadline: December 1, 2012

!


CHECK, CHECK AND DOUBLE CHECK BY ADRI VERWEY

Field inspection of the impacts of a sand bag barrier proposed to protect Bangkok from further flooding



trap of immediate turn around time remains. Isometimes hear programmers using theexpression: “I am going to “tap in” a code”. Thelesson I learnt is that thorough designs andthorough checks before submitting runs save alot of time in code development and lead tomore robust software products.

Checking system performance aftercompletion of worksAnother lesson learnt about the need for doublechecking resulted from code development atEDF in France. The closure of one of the Phénixnuclear reactors at the end of the seventies ledto the need to develop a numerical model tosimulate the heat exchange process. Veryexciting work and state-of-the-art at that time.However, the model did not lead to animmediate explanation of how temperaturedifferences caused cracks in the mantle of theheat exchange vessel. As part of the checks,the pressure differences, set as boundarycondition along the return chamber of the heatexchanger, were increased. This providedtemperature differences high enough to explainthe emergence of cracks. But what was thecause of such differences? The functioning ofthe return chamber had been tested thoroughlyby simulations with a hydraulic scale model.The picture became clear when further checkswere made. During the design process of thereactor the need had come up to reduce theheight of its return chamber. Apparently no newmodel tests were made to check the newconditions, possibly based upon the jugdementthat the changes were too insignificant to causemuch impact. Maybe it also played that noinformation was available to calibrate themodels used. Also this last aspect is verycommon in our engineering practice. In floodmanagement, for example, it is more or lessimpossible to calibrate models for the purposefor which these are developed. One does notoften monitor 1 in 100 year floods. Both modelapplication areas show the need to check theperformance of a system by monitoring andrecalibration of models used, once the workshave been completed. Check, check anddouble check. However, this is rarely planned.The job is considered to be finished, theconsultant has gone and the authorities incharge find other focus areas.

Model developmentAt various stages the development of a mathe-matical model requires systematic checking.Most important is the check on the correctrepresentation of the system behaviour. Such

checks, partly done before the model is evenconstructed, vary from simple hand calculationsto a complex model calibration and validation.The development of a pilot model can beextremely helpful as it provides a quick insightinto data needs and system behaviour. This wasclearly demonstrated during the 2011 floods inThailand, where I advised the Thai Governmenton handling the floods. The first days afterarrival at the flood centre the highest priority wasthe development of understanding of the floodbehaviour. Slowly progressing from the north,the city of Bangkok was threatened by aprogressive flood wave front. Simple calcula-

When my retirement from Deltares in Delftapproached, I had to prepare for my ownpresentation at the Urban Flood ModellingFarewell Seminar held on April 24 this year. Thequestion came up: “What will be your mostimportant message to be passed on to a newgeneration of engineers?” This led to the issueexpressed by the title of the presentation:“Check, check and double check”. Lookingback at a career of more that 40 years as ahydraulic software developer, modeller of riversand urban drainage systems and advisor onflood management, checking has become aguiding principle and lessons were learnt by eyeopeners while working on projects.

Software development Working as a young engineer on the devel-opment of the MIKE 11 modelling systempredecessor (System 11) at the DanishHydraulic Institute, testing the codes waspainstaking because of the long turn aroundtimes for compilations and test runs. Eachmistake was punished heavily in terms of lack of

progress. Jobs were submitted via a terminalconnection from Hørsholm, Denmark to the newIBM 370 main frame computer at LyngbyUniversity. One can imagine my joy when I wasinvited to spend the Sunday at the computercentre, right between all these blue boxes thatprocessed my instructions. Turn around of jobswas immediate and I expected great progress.When I made up the balance at the end of theday I had a great disappointment. No moreprogress than on ordinary week days. Myconclusion was that on weekdays I double-checked or even triple-checked my codesbefore submitting the jobs and I took no time forthat on that particular Sunday. These days themain frame computer is on our desk, but the

IAHR

Dr. Verwey, recently retired from IAHRInstitute Member DELTARES, hasbroad experience in river and urbanflood management both throughfundamental research and softwaredevelopment in these fields andthrough consultancy projects. Duringthe Bangkok floods of 2011 headvised the Thai authorities onemergency flood management opera-tions. Activities included the devel-opment and application of a floodmodel to study the flooding of theBangkok area. On this basis he gaveadvice to the Thai Ministry of Scienceand Technology, the Army and PrimeMinister Yingluck Shinawatra. He isalso playing a leading role in thedevelopment of drainage masterplans for (parts of) large cities, suchas Hong Kong, Ho Chi Minh City,Singapore and São Paulo. Recentlyhe was advisor to the World Bank inthe preparation of the drainagemaster plan for the City ofBarranquilla. Currently he is aministry appointed special advisor onflood protection in Singapore. AtDeltares he has been for many yearsresponsible for the further devel-opment of the SOBEK modellingsystem.

“The lesson I learntis that thoroughdesigns andthorough checksbefore submittingruns save a lot oftime in code devel-opment and lead tomore robustsoftware products”



tions on the basis of the Manning equationshowed the unbalance between flood volumescoming down by gravity and the dischargecapacity of Chao Phraya River and the largenumber of irrigation and drainage canalsaround Bangkok. As a result, the first conclusiondrawn was that there was a high risk of furtherprogressing overland flow. Within a few days,backed up by colleagues at Deltares, anintegrated 1D2D pilot simulation model wasdeveloped based upon the SOBEK modellingsystem. Due to continuous time pressure, themodel could only partly be refined. However,even so the model showed its tremendousvalue in understanding the flood mechanism.Systematic checking also showed its impor-tance when combining model development withextensive field visits. On various occasions themodel had to be corrected on the basis of ownfield observations. My former students knowthat I always stressed the importance of fieldvisits in model development, but in this case itsimportance surprised even me. For example, aspart of the hectic flow of information it was firsttold that at a crucial pumping station at KhlongBang Sue 5 out of 8 pumps had failed, followedthe next day by a message that all 10 pumpshad failed, whereas a subsequent field visit tocheck conditions showed that all 15 pumpswere functioning perfectly well. Once again,check, check and double check informationwhile constructing a mathematical model.

in existing drainage channels tend to increase,resulting in new flood prone areas. The basicprinciple of reducing these peak flows again isdelaying runoff from upstream and speeding uprunoff at the downstream end of the system.Stretching the runoff hydrograph results inbringing its peak value down. Looking around innew urban developments, the use of glasslining of buildings is striking. So, why not applythis material as well in drainage canals? Glassinstead of (weathered) concrete lining ofchannels brings Manning numbers down bynearly a factor two. The Manning equationshows that for the same cross-section the useof smooth material along the walls may increasethe discharge capacity substantially. This iswhat I suggested to the Public Utility Board inSingapore in 2011 and it was taken up bycovering walls of some of the existing drainagecanal sections with epoxy-based material.However, such measure requires very thoroughchecking. Can downstream sections of thechannel handle the increased flows? How is theenergy of increased flow velocities handled?Nature has its ways of dissipating energy. In thefirst place wall friction takes care of it. However,if this is insufficient the flow will generatehydraulic jumps with localized production ofturbulence and subsequent erosion capacity.Can the canals stand this? Checking of theadapted system design cannot just be basedon standard simulation models and the use ofcommon sense. Introducing new concepts inhydraulic design also provides a new challengeto research and education.

Concluding remarksMany more examples could be given of caseswhere extensive checking appeared to beessential in my work as a practicing engineer.Checking becomes a second nature whenapplied systematically. This is a challenge forthe new generation of engineers, disturbed by acontinuous flow of short messages, e-mails andused to abbreviating texts to short hand forms.An era with managers expecting continuouslythat projects can be handled in shorter andshorter times. However, this last point may alsobe an extra impulse to the new generation ofengineers to check, check and double checktheir work right from the beginning of a project,whether it is software development, modeldevelopment, creative engineering, or otherwork. There is a good chance that thisawareness avoids loss of own valuable time orthat of other professionals at a later stage of aproject or thereafter.

The responsible role of educationThe design and application of simulationmodels requires a good understanding of theunderlying physical principles. The devel-opment of such understanding is a clearresponsibility of university teaching staff. Duringmany years of teaching at UNESCO-IHE inDelft, I had to spend quite some time to showmy students, arriving from many differentcountries of the world, that much of the flow inrivers and canals is of unsteady nature. Theireducation had not gone beyond the pointwhere steady flow principles were taught. Onthis basis, how can they understand thefunctioning of an urban drainage system? Thedesign of a good urban drainage system isbased on the art of reducing peak dischargesand this requires orchestring the best systemcomposed of storage and conveyanceelements. Having only steady flow principles athand, the urban drainage engineer iscompletely lost. Without a focussed universitycurriculum, the principle of check, check anddouble check is beyond reach.

Thinking out of the boxThorough checking becomes even moreimportant when leaving traditional paths.Concrete lining of urban drainage channels isthe traditional way to enhance channelconveyance. With the current expansion ofmany large cities in the world, peak discharges

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Further, the emergence of proprietary softwaremodelling platforms has to some extentconstrained functionality and created a timinglag between new knowledge and mainstreamadoption that weakens the credibility of modelsto represent truly integrated planning based onlatest science. This paper explores ideasaround new combinations of community-basedmodel development in combination withbusiness models which may offer a newparadigm for integrated water resourcesplanning.

Models as Decision Support Systems - What Happened toArtificial Intelligence?What we commonly refer to as computationalmodelling can be traced back to developmentsin computational hydraulics in the 1960’s and70’s. Abbott (1991) identified several genera-tions of modelling from the first use ofcomputers to solve analytical equations to thefinal (5th) generation which was foreseen toinvolve artificial intelligence (AI) to bring theseby now highly sophisticated numerical tools intothe realm of decision-makers. While it could beargued that by the early 1990’s that Abbot’sthird generation of generalised modelling

systems was well underway and the 4th of dataintegration was largely foreseeable as a naturalprogression, the 5th generation was stillsomewhat ‘out there’ and held great promise.However looking from where we are today some20 years later after Abbot’s paper, the mergingof advanced hydrological and hydraulic modelswith AI technologies has largely failed to deliveron the promise for a number of reasons. n The underpinning science is still notcomplete. New methods are constantly beingdeveloped and new science developedwhich causes any decision to be subject toquestion if not able to adapt. We are living ina world of a deluge of information (Attwood,2009) which implies that models also need toadapt quickly to retain the trust of the publicand policy-makers.

n Decision makers perceive the world differ-ently from model developers and indeedthose who apply the codes to solve real-world problems. Models need to adapt todecision makers perception and compareapproaches rather than be locked into one ortwo methods. Rule-based approaches do notrepresent reality, where decisions areultimately made on the basis of complexhierarchies of influences.

Dr. Robert Carr is Deputy CEO ofeWater Ltd Australia with specialisttechnical skills in Hydrologic andHydraulic Modeling including flood-plain and water management, waste-water and bulk water supplyinvestigations and design. Robertgraduated from Civil Engineeringfrom the University of Queensland in1980 and MSc and PhD from IowaState University USA in 1982 and 1985respectively. Robert has worked inAustralia, New Zealand, Singapore,Thailand and North America and beeninvolved in projects and research formore than 25 years mainly acrossAsia and North America. His presentrole at eWater involves transitioningfrom a cooperative research centre(CRC) which has developed modelsto express Australia’s uniquecapability in water sharing policy intoa self-managed independentmodelling centre focussed on thetools and associated communities ofpractice.

40 YEARS OF EVOLUTION IN SCIENCE-BASED TOOLS FOR FLOOD AND WATER MANAGEMENT BY ROBERT CARR

Finding the balance between managing floods, water security andenvironmental flows at physical scales from local urban totransboundary river basins has become a real concern for policymakers in recent years, particularly when climate change andmegacity growth are brought into the conversation. Computer-based modelling systems are considered by many technicalexperts to be a reliable method of analysis to support decisions inwater management, but with the science and engineering methodsunderpinning these models constantly shifting, decision and policymakers have tended to use other methods to reach consensus.



human knowledge required to operate andmaintain them. There is a tendency todevelop models to reflect the scale of thedata rather than the scale of decision orsupporting science. All these factors lead tomodels that are slow, over-parameterized andunsuited to AI applications and have unfortu-nately become largely Data Support Systemsrather than Decision Support Systems.

The conclusion is that after 40 years ofmodelling platform development, best availablescience coupled with Human Intelligenceremains the best combination and clearly anadaptable flexible platform is required to facil-itate the process in a way that appeals todecision makers rather than replace them withAI.

So the challenge is to find a way of connectingthe various communities that interact withmodels together in such a way that supports theconcept that water is a public good necessaryfor life, is self-sustaining from a businessperspective and innovative to the extent thatnew knowledge can be integrated andmainstreamed with minimal delays.

Innovation Management via OpenSource VariantsThere are many challenges to developing andmaintaining water management models giventhe requirements for constant innovation:Innovation is made even more difficult becausethe basic IT platforms won’t stop moving. Forexample new computer hardware and operatingsystems appear regularly, and programminglanguages are constantly under revision as newstandards are developed. Data storagesystems, Geographical Information Systems,SCADA and Web-based sources of informationare also constantly changing as those fieldsprogress and improve their own technologiesand approaches.

Users have become accustomed to workingwith sophisticated packages with intuitive inter-faces and there is an expectation that watermanagement tools will follow a similar devel-opment path even though this may notrepresent fundamentally new science andknowledge. It is uneconomic to constantlyimplement new science before some level ofmainstreaming already exists, butmainstreaming cannot occur unless newscience is tested in real world applications.

n Some AI Tools (artificial neural networks,genetic algorithms, chaos theory, modeltrees, fuzzy logic, intelligent agents etc) werefound to require a significant amount oftailoring and judgement to ensure that optimi-sation outcomes were practical. Sometechniques have been found to be useful intradeoff analysis to help decision makersvisually appreciate the implications of choicebut the vision of generalised AI linkagesbetween water models and AI has largelystalled in practice.

n In an attempt to define more and more detailthrough more detailed theoretical processdescriptions, models have become very dataintensive despite inconsistencies in thequality of the underlying data sets. Differentmodels require different types and density ofdata due to the level of conceptualization ofthe model. Models have generally been ‘outin front’ of the underlying data sets and whilesome models delve into considerable detailin conceptualizing physical processes, thedata and process knowledge required tosupport those models is prohibitivelyexpensive to collect and maintain. The truecost of these models is not in the softwareitself, but in the investment in data and

IAHRIAHR


This paradox is the fundamental reason whyproprietary systems lag the public researchinnovation front and is further compounded bythe need for the self-validating proprietarysoftware organisations to be conservative intheir approach to new methods.

Open Source is a development method forsoftware that has the promise to deliver reliable,flexible, high quality products at relatively lowcost compared to other approaches. There areseveral variations on the theme ranging fromessentially public domain to commercial groupswhich may approach vendor lock-in models byoffering limited access to proprietary systems.Open Source conceptually is ideally suited tothe concept of a platform that encouragesinnovation and comparison of methods, leadingto rapid mainstreaming of new knowledgewithout the time lags associated with proprietarysystems. As an innovation platform it has thefurther benefit of distributed peer review andtransparency of process (www.opensource.org).

Innovation Opportunities in Business ModelsWe find ourselves in a challenging fundingenvironment where the sponsors of researchdemand that the link between research andpractical outcomes is made clear and apathway to mainstreaming is considered. It isalso increasingly important to appeal to thewidest possible range of stakeholders to rapidlydeploy the outcomes of research. The challengeis to find a business model that self-supports theresearch mission but at the same time providesfinancial stability and a sense of moral purposeand direction in an increasingly globalcommercial business environment.

A Business Model can be defined generically asdescribing “the rationale of how an organizationcreates, delivers, and captures value (economic,social, or other forms of value) (Osterwalder,2010). In the context of the above, any businessmodel which has at its core the improved under-standing of a public good element such aswater needs to have at its an element of ‘Free’.In this context (Oserwalder, 2010) a ‘Free’business model does not necessarily mean thatthere are no revenue streams for the organi-zation, it means that “at least one substantialcustomer segment is able to continuously benefitfrom a free-of-charge offer”. One configuration ofbusiness model which could supportsustainable open innovation around a publicgood element such as advances in policy-drivenwater management tools is described below:

1 Community. The core values acknowledgethat the community is working towardsimproving our ability to manage water for thebenefit of the public good. The CommunityBusiness Model relies on user loyalty, socialnetworking and user-generated content todeliver innovation and his heavily reliant onthe :network effect”, “crowdsourcing” andother approaches to generating content andknowledge. This model is also attractive toadvertisers because it is a place whereconversations are taking place betweenpotential consumers. WikipediaTM andFacebookTM are examples of communities.

2 Membership. The membership model canbe used to reinforce the theme of communitythrough a subscription fee which is appliedon the basis of the ability to pay. Such amodel removes many of the elements ofcommercial negotiation because unlimitedaccess to a set of tools and forums iscontained within the subscription (all you caneat model) Users may be charged a periodicfee to subscribe, while knowing that someother users are offered the same access butwithout a fee due to their special status. Inthe membership model, subscription fees areincurred irrespective of actual usage ratesand subscription and advertising models arefrequently combined. Some level of adver-tising is often permitted within themembership model because it supports thecommunity (also integratedadvertising/product listing). An example ofthis business model is online newspapers.

One business model pattern which offers anopportunity to combine Community andMembership offerings is known as “Freemium”(Osterwalder, 2010). The Freemium model canbe adapted to combine some free content with"premium" (i.e., subscriber- or member-only)content. Advertising and product listing can bebrought into the business model where itsupports the community and is understood tobe there to lower the cost of membership,particularly for those members who have littleaccess to funds. Such approaches arecommon for example in social media, a goodexample being the forum hosting sitening.comTM where the basic services areprovided with advertising, the user pays foradditional functionality and removal of adver-tising.

The Freemium business model offers the oppor-tunity to apply a commercial open sourceapproach with open innovation as anengagement model and has a number ofbenefits towards achieving the goal of a finan-cially sustainable independent enterprise.Freemium can be tailored to create and capturevalue by providing a collaboration environmentfor those partners who are of a similar missionand vision, and are prepared to join asmembers of the community. It is attractive toexternal parties who can benefit from sharedideas or assets. It also allows “Outside In”innovation by adopting external contributionsthrough two-way conversations (a kind ofKnowledge broker role) and ultimately fosters atrue Community of Practice around the publicgood water management mission.

ConclusionIn response to the ever-increasing deluge ofliterature and innovation in Integrated WaterResource Management, the need for trans-parency of process and best practice scientificfoundation for decisions is driving newparadigms in how to structure modelling frame-works, communicate with stakeholders andfund the necessary research and maintenanceof a community of practice. If successful, thesenew combinations can deliver the necessarylinking of sophisticated modelling with humanintelligence and deliver the next generation ofwater modelling advances.

References[1] Abbott, M B (1991) Hydroinformatics: Information technology and

the aquatic environment. Avebury Technical, Aldershot, UK, p 145 [2] Attwood, T.K. (2009) Calling International Rescue: knowledge lost

in literature and data landslide! Biochem J. 2009 December 15;424(Pt 3): 317–333.

[3] A. Osterwalder, Yves Pigneur, Alan Smith (2010) Business ModelGeneration’ John Wiley and Sons, Inc New Jersey



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(1)Select the optimum modelling approachgiven the specific project objectives, dataavailability and time/modeller resources

(2)Build the initial model (collecting new data where required and feasible)

(3)Test, calibrate and validate the model (4)Undertake production runs and provide

quality-controlled processed resultsEach of these main steps could be made moreefficient and some examples are provided below.

An ‘expert system’ could be provided to guidemodellers through the modelling approachselection process (step 1) – this would requireresearch on which modelling approaches areappropriate for each type of study given theavailability of data and other project constraints.Benchmarking studies, such as [1], can providesome of the evidence.

Step (2), the model build process, could beimproved through standardisation of dataformats. Working with software developers,survey organisations and modellers, theEnvironment Agency (EA) has recognised thisand has developed a ‘universal transfer format’(called EACSD) to improve the efficiency of datatransfer from surveyors into flood modellingpackages. There is the opportunity to developautomated model building modules based onthis new format.

Step (3), testing, calibration and validation,could be speeded up through the developmentof tools that identify common issues and helpresolve them, and through automatedcalibration/validation processes. The danger

The marketing material associated with thecurrent commercially-available flood modellingsystems paints the picture of comprehensive,integrated, fast and easy-to-use systems thatfully meet user needs. However, userexperience suggests that this is not the caseand further development, underpinned byacademic research, is needed as the needs ofusers continue to evolve.

So, what more do we need from our floodmodelling systems? We need them to be fasterfor building models and faster and more robustfor running models. The systems needextended functionality to generate the outputsthat the decision makers need now and in thefuture. The results need to be more accurate,more detailed and easier to use. The modellingprocess needs to be more efficient and themodelling systems more intelligent so that only‘fit for purpose’ results are generated. Thewhole life cost needs to be controlled and thesoftware must run well on standard IT hardwareand use available input data.

These issues are discussed in more detailbelow from the perspective of a practitionerdelivering flood modelling projects. Possibleresearch opportunities to help address theseissues are suggested. It is hoped that thisarticle is a useful contribution to the ongoingchallenge of aligning IAHR activities withindustry needs.

Faster to build and runThe standard flood modelling process includesthe following main steps:

Dr. Jon Wicks Dr. Jon Wicks is theCH2M HILL and Halcrow GlobalTechnology Leader for hydrologicmodelling. He has over 20 yearsexperience of the application anddevelopment of modelling anddecision support tools in waterresources and flood risk management.In the UK he has worked extensivelyon the River Thames, leading highprofile projects covering floodforecasting, flood mapping andappraisal of strategic options for futuremanagement of flood risk throughLondon. Internationally, he has workedin South America, Europe and Asia onmajor river systems such as theMekong in Laos, Thailand, Cambodiaand Vietnam. He has published over 30papers and regularly presents at majorconferences.

FLOOD MODELLING –WHAT NEXT?BY JON WICKS

Computational flood modelling has been in use for some fifty years toinform decision making in flood management. Over this time therehave been significant improvements in the modelling systems as theyevolved from standalone simulation codes representing specific rivers,into generic modelling systems combining model building, simulationmanagement and results presentation within a GIS-like framework.

here is that model parameters are automaticallyadjusted beyond physically realistic limits inorder to produce a good fit to calibration data.In many instances a better solution may havebeen to change the modelling approach, modelschematisation or question the accuracy of thecalibration data. Research is needed oncombining automated calibration with strategiesfor identifying deficiencies in the modellingapproach, schematisation or calibration data.

Faster run times, step (4), can be achievedthrough a range of measures. Many of theestablished modelling systems use numerical


solvers that were designed many years agowhen computer memory restrictions were a keyconstraint – RAM is now plentiful and differentsolvers are likely to be more appropriate.Similarly, the ready availability of parallelprocessing hardware is a recent change and thetraditional solvers may need replacing to makeuse of parallelisation on either the GPU or CPU.Commercial modelling system developers arealready making good progress in this area, butother approaches exist for improving run times;it would be useful if all approaches wereassessed systematically and independently toidentify which approaches are most likely tomake the largest positive impact on run times.

Extended functionalityFlood modelling is used to inform a large rangeof types of flood management decisions,including issue of flood warnings, setting designlevels for new flood embankments, and under-standing how plausible ranges in future climateswill impact on flood risk. Each of the types offlood decisions may require different functionalityin the flood modelling systems. The mostcommon requirements of maximum water levelsand flood inundation extent for single events arewell catered for by the established modellingsystems. However, user needs are evolving andmay require new functionality informed byresearch activities. Examples are provided below.

Traditionally, flood mapping shows singlesources of flooding (e.g. fluvial flooding, coastalflooding or surface water flooding). However,there is a growing understanding that ‘allsources’ mapping is required that enablesstakeholders to understand the likelihood offlooding (from any one or multiple sources).There is thus the growing need for practicalmodelling approaches to generate this ‘singlevalue’ of flood risk at a point. Interactionsbetween different sources need to be includedas does joint probabilities. A step towards an ‘allsources’ method was made by the EnvironmentAgency [2] and the method (called MAST) isnow implemented in the ISIS modelling system.However, further research is required, forexample, to improve the method used foraccounting for dependencies. Flood depth and inundation extent will remaincore outputs from flood modelling, howeverother outputs are required in order to betterunderstand and manage the impacts of floodingon people, property, infrastructure and theenvironment. Risk to life is a key factor and whilesome modelling systems already generate a‘hazard rating’, there is much more that should


Figure 1. FORPAST- a Halcrow tool to calculateand communicate how forecastmodel accuracy varies with lead time

Figure 2. 3D visualisation of flooding (ISIS 2D)

be done to improve the predictions of flood riskto life – particularly as in some countries flood-related deaths tend to be related to car travel.The debris carried by flood water is a key hazardin itself and also affects the flow paths (forexample bridge openings blocked by trees orcars). Pollutant transport and morphologicalchange during flood events are further poten-tially important factors which are usually ignoredin flood modelling. While some methodsalready exist to enable simulation of theseprocesses, standard practical approaches donot exist and therefore these are likely to beuseful areas for research.

There is a growing need to better understandand communicate uncertainty in modellingoutputs - improved methods are required tounderstand how the uncertainties in input dataand modelling processes affect the outputs.This is an active research area (e.g. [3]) but nopractical approaches have yet become standardin flood modelling practice. Methods to commu-nicate uncertainty information targeted atdifferent types of users are also required.

More accurate The most important requirement is that themodelling results are of sufficient accuracy tosupport robust decision making. For someuses, relatively low accuracy is sufficient (e.g.broad scale analysis of future climates to helpunderstand the potential magnitude of futureflood risk). Whereas for other uses much higheraccuracy is required (e.g. setting of crest levelsfor new structures designed to control floodflows). The challenge is to identify the situations(physical processes and flood managementdecisions) where the current flood modellingmethods are not sufficiently accurate and thendevelop methods that provide the requiredaccuracy. Figure 1 shows an example of how tocommunicate the variation in forecasting modelaccuracy with lead time.

In many cases it may not be appropriate toimprove the representation within the base floodmodelling system and a better approach wouldbe to link through to different solvers. TheOpenMI (www.openmi.org) standard has beendeveloped to facilitate the simulation of inter-



IAHR

Figure 3. FloodViewer – making flood mapping data easier to use in emergency situations (www.halcrow.com/floodviewer)

acting processes through enabling differentmodels to exchange data as they run. OpenMIprovides opportunities for researchers todynamically link their research codes through tocommercial modelling systems.

Easier to use and more intelligentsystemsCommercial flood modelling systems arecapable of producing vast amounts of differenttypes of outputs. For end users, it can bechallenging to extract from this mass of data thekey information that is required to inform thedecision. Another challenge can be to presentthe information in a way that is easy for thedecision maker to understand (where the under-standing needs to also cover the confidencethey should have in the information).Visualisations using 3D photorealistic anima-tions can be a very accessible way to presentflood simulation data to non-modellers (e.g.Figure 2). A research area which would requirecollaboration between different academicdepartments would be to develop such 3Dvisualisation methods that also enable theuncertainty information to be communicated tostakeholders. A more general need is the devel-opment of guidance on how best to presentflood modelling outputs for specific floodmanagement decisions. An example of aproduct specifically developed for one use (realtime flood incident decision making by non-modellers, thus focusing on ease of use andresilience) is FloodViewer (Figure 3). The concept of an expert system to help decideon the overall modelling approach was intro-duced earlier. This could be extended tosupport the full modelling process and couldcover aspects such as: suitable grid sizes andtime steps, advice on suitable parameterselection including roughness (e.g. www.river-conveyance.net), and advice on how to decideif the outputs are sufficiently accurate for theintended use. Some of these aspects wouldrequire further research and development.

Best use of available IT technologyand dataMaking best use of modern IT and data acqui-sition technologies are two key ways to improvethe flood modelling process and manage wholelife costs. New IT technologies, such as cloudcomputing, GPUs, mobile devices and touchscreen devices, provide opportunities for stepchanges in flood modelling. Perhaps even moresignificant change will be provided through newdata acquisition technologies. The ready avail-ability of terrain data from LIDAR has already

transformed flood modelling in the UK where2D modelling of floodplains is now the norm.Data from satellites and from widespreadterrestrial sensors may have the same transfor-mational impact in the future (perhaps a Google‘River View’ for all water courses and includingelevation data). While some of these new datasources will be high cost, others may be free touse (such as Google Earth, Google Street Viewand OpenStreetMap).

IAHR roleFurther advancements in flood modellingsystems are inevitable. The commercialsoftware developers will be leading many of theadvancements but there are clear roles forother members of the IAHR community toensure developments are aligned with userneeds and are scientifically robust. Some endusers are seeking to drive the underlying

research through publication of researchstrategies (e.g. [4]). Other developments will beon the back of external catalysts (such assatellite data or IT industry breakthroughs).Modellers themselves are also introducinginnovation as they use available systems anddata to meet the needs of their internal orexternal clients. Academics are looking for bothchallenge-led and discovery-led researchopportunities in flood modelling.

IAHR has an important role in disseminatingresearch outputs and, perhaps more impor-tantly, encouraging collaboration between thevarious stakeholders to ensure advances inflood modelling meet the evolving needs ofdecision makers. IAHR can help develop ideasand new ways of thinking while ensuring that thehydraulic fundamentals are not forgotten. Welive in a connected world which is becomingeven more connected - IAHR has the oppor-tunity to play a pivotal role in steering furtheradvances in flood modelling which can lead tobenefits for communities at risk of floodingthroughout the world.

References[1] Environment Agency (2010) Benchmarking of 2D hydraulic

modelling packages, SC080035/SR2, Heriot Watt University forEnvironment Agency (available from publications.environment-agency.gov.uk).

[2] Environment Agency (2010) Developing a prototype tool formapping flooding from all sources, phase 1: scoping andconceptual method development. SC080050/R1 (available frompublications.environment-agency.gov.uk)

[3] Beven, K et al (2011) Framework for assessing uncertainty in fluvialflood risk mapping, Flood Risk Management ResearchConsortium Research Report (available from www.floodrisk.org.uk)

[4] Moores, A.J. and Rees, J.G. 2011 UK flood and coastal erosionrisk management research strategy. Living With EnvironmentalChange available at http://www.lwec.org.uk/activities/uk-first-flood-research-strategy

“IAHR can helpdevelop ideas andnew ways ofthinking whileensuring that thehydraulic funda-mentals are notforgotten”


things are likely to get worse over the next fewdecades.As of the year 2008 more than half the worldpopulation is living in large urban conglom-erates. If the global population continues togrow towards 9 billion in the middle of thecentury, the world will consist of an increasingnumber of mega-cities of 20 million inhabitantsor more. Mumbay in India, Shanghaj in China,Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam are just a few top-ranking examples. Quite often these cities aresituated in low-lying delta areas where the rivermeets the coast. With increasing riverdischarges, intensifying precipitation and risingsea levels, these cities may be in for major flooddisasters in the not too distant future.

Adequate protection levelsMany of the coastal megacities of today werenot designed with high safety levels in mind.


Floods on the rise … !Flood disasters have had a major impact onhuman societies for many centuries already.However, in recent decades extreme floodevents seem to be occurring more frequentlyand with greater intensity. Whether this iscaused by climate change impacts or due toanthropogenic (man-made) effects need not beof considerable concern: all indications are that

TOWARDS FLOOD RES FROM FLOOD RISK TO WINDOW BY ARTHUR MYNETT

“Many of the coastal megacitiesof today were notdesigned with high safety levels in mind”


Often originating from small settlements nearriver mouths where ships would come in andtrade goods, these cities have vastly expanded– and so have the value of their economic activ-ities. Typical values for protection standards (ifat all) range from 1/100 to 1/1000 in terms ofdesign return periods; only in low lying delta’slike the Netherlands, design values of 1/10000are used as protection levels against coastalflooding.

But in cities like Bangkok, much lower valuesare used. As a result, extreme river dischargesdue to prolonged rainfall in combination withhigh tidal levels at the river mouth already led tosevere flooding that made world news in thesecond half of 2011 – and more is yet to come.Meanwhile the economic value of urban devel-opments and manufacturing industries hasmultiplied by various orders of magnitude.


IAHR

Prof. Arthur Mynett is a member of theIAHR Council. He holds a position asfull Professor of HydraulicEngineering and River BasinDevelopment at UNESCO-IHEInstitute for Water Education where heis Head of the Department of WaterScience and Engineering. He haspreviously worked for DelftHydraulics (now part of Deltares) forover thirty years and served onseveral international panels related toflood risk management.

ILIENT CITIES S OF OPPORTUNITY

One such example in the Netherlands is the cityof Dordrecht which is in open connection to theNorth Sea and exposed to storm surges as wellas effects of sea level rise. The houses in theinner city have recently been flood-proofed andcan withstand serious inundation levels withoutexperiencing much damage, if at all. Suchadaptive measures are presently being exploredboth in research and in pilot projects. In fact, theentire concept of adaptive management isreceiving considerable attention, since it allowsfor implementing actual measures only whenreally needed, while at the same time allowingmultiple (real) options for future decisionmaking, depending on changes in externalconditions and internal needs.

The multi-level safety conceptRather than relying on one superstructure toprotect the hinterland, the concept of multi-levelsafety is receiving considerable attention atpresent, certainly within the European Union. Inthe Netherlands, this concept involves: (i) anouter dike system intended to provide the first‘line of defence’ against potential flooding; (ii)spatial planning and lay-out of roads and trans-portation infrastructure in such a way thataccess is assured to shelters and safe havens;(iii) emergency planning including early warningsystems to provide advanced notice foremergency response units and for the public atlarge. This approach is very much in line withthe recently developed EU Flood Directivewhich propagates three major levels:‘Protection-Prevention-Preparedness’.

Windows of opportunityThe number of large flood disasters isincreasing each year and flood damages rise byabout 5% annually. Yet urban development inthe expanding (mega)cities of the world islargely unplanned (UN, 2007). Urban settle-ments predominantly grow ‘organically’ andeven if spatial planners are involved, they by-and-large ignore flood risk and are not devel-oping urban expansions with flood resilience inmind. This is where economic investments areat steak and the potential for severe disastersbecomes a serious threat.

At the same time, dealing with possible effectsof climate change can provide windows ofopportunity for urban re-development. Followingthe concept of ‘Living with Water’ in cities likeBoston and Rotterdam, former harbour areashave been transformed into attractive waterfronthousing with valuable property that is in greatdemand. New concepts like Water ShoreHabitats provide opportunities for urbanredevelopment ‘shaped by the water’.

There is even an increasing trend towards‘farming in the city’ by developing UrbanAgriculture as an integrative factor of climate-optimised urban development. The city ofCasablanca in Maroc provides such example.Health food production and peri-urban tourismare other examples of reducing the waterfootprint and global carbon emissions. The‘Green Roof Concept’ in cities like Singaporeaims to reduce urban flooding by temporarilystoring water on rooftops covered withvegetation, at the same time making tropicalurban cities more pleasant for living by loweringthe temperature and reducing urban hotspots –yet another example of turning flood risk into awindow of opportunity.


Clearly some fundamental changes are requiredproviding adequate protection levels and safetystandards against flooding.

From flood risk assessment toadaptive managementDuring the past decades considerable effortwas spent on developing the concept of floodrisk assessment, i.e. taking into account theconsequences of flooding rather than merelyprotection levels. In doing so, it becomespossible to quantify the trade-offs betweeninvestments required to increase safety levelsand the implications of economic damage andloss of lives. This trend is reflected in the EUresearch programmes on flood risk: rather thanassessing and quantifying the risk of inundationwithout proposing solutions, the focus is shiftingtowards preparing actual measures that canavoid or reduce the consequences of flooding.


10Professor Guus Stellingabout 3Di Water Management

Since January 2002 Prof. Stelling is professor of fluidmechanics in the Civil Engineering and Geosciencesfaculty of the Technical University in Delft. Until July2010 he was the head of the environmental fluidmechanics section. Presently professor Stelling isalso visiting professor at the National University ofSingapore in the Faculty of Engineering. In addition he is senior advisor at Deltares.

slow down the current. It makes sense physically too, as phenomena likehydraulic jumps are also accounted for. So in order to calculate a flood,the landscape is divided up into small blocks where water flows in andout. The 'accounting' is the water balance: incoming minus outgoing =increase in storage. There is accounting at system level and accounting atblock level. Both of them have to add up. Nothing new so far, as thiscalculation method has long been used in the Sobek calculation models.What's new is the block pattern. Until recently, blocks of equal size wereused in calculations, and a fixed ground level per block. In the case of thelatter, that was the only possibility, with the poor ground-level dataavailable.”

4. So the new elevation data is the trigger?“Certainly for the innovations concerning the calculation grid. Thanks tothe laser altimetry technology, much more detailed information is nowavailable. And I use this data to determine a more complex block pattern.Rather than refining the whole block pattern, we work more intelligently. AsI have said, we refine only those places where the current is complex, andthose are the locations with greater height differences. The result is that aflat area like a field becomes one large cell while the blocks are divided upin larger so called ‘quadtrees’ around a dike or a discharge channel. Withthe old-style calculations, the field would have comprised too manyblocks, while the defining elements like dikes would be contained entirelywithin a single block, rendering them 'invisible' for the purposes of calcu-lation. Height differences used to be averaged within the block, giving riseto unrealistic flood zone forecasts. The new approach is more complex foreach calculation stage but, as larger areas are calculated more quickly,the calculation as a whole is ready much more quickly. That's our big

1. What is 3Di Water Management?“3Di Water Management is an ambitious 4-year research programmethat started in 2009. The challenge is to use detailed digital elevationmaps (with a resolution of 0.5 x 0.5 m) for detailed flood computationson a large scale. While existing mathematical flood models can deal withschematisation of 1 million cells, the 3Di algorithm currently deals withschematisations consisting of more than 1000 million cells. Normallymodels of this scale would require calculation times of days, weeks ormonths. With the newly developed flexible mesh technique, however,computation times can be restricted to minutes or hours.”

2. What’s the secret?“The crux is focussing on the important details: the locations in which theflow patterns are complex. In these areas the free water surface can berepresented with far less grid points than the bottom bathymetry. This isthe crucial component of the sub-grid approach. So although weprocess much more elevation information and generate high resolutioncalculation grids, the hydrodynamic 1d/2d calculations with our proto-types are still faster than the models currently available.”

3. How do you do that?"We simply keep an accurate record of how much water and how muchmomentum comes in and how much flows out. The accounting is veryprecise, despite the non-linear volumes. You see, if the amount incomingdoes not tally exactly with the amount outgoing, that's when accountantscry 'fraud'. In order to keep this water account, geographical areas aredivided into blocks. This enables you to take into account fast streamsthrough narrow streets and the influence of dikes and obstacles that

INTERVIEWED BY ELGARD VAN LEEUWEN PHD. 3DICONSORTIUM AND SENIOR RESEARCHER AT DELTARES WYTZE SCHUURMANS PHD. 3DICONSORTIUM AND CEO AT NELEN EN SCHUURMANS

QUESTIONSTO...

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81

7. What has been achieved so far?“Well, apart from the 3Di algorithm I mentioned before, the Delft Universitydeveloped a 3D environment based on the mapping of detailed elevationdata, in which the results of our high resolution flood simulations can beprojected. The result is a 3D stereo visualisation of floods. Believe me, it’squite impressive to see how the water visibly swirls through the streets in3D, accumulating on the left and accelerating to the right, flowing aroundbuildings and under sheds. You can even determine waves from avantage point directly above the action. And all with respect to the under-lying physics. Another interesting innovation is the possibility of interactivemodelling. Because the presentation of simulation results and modeladaptations can be made during the actual simulation, the tool isespecially suitable for decision support in calamity situations and designtable situations. With three mouse clicks, the dikes can be raised whilethe effect on the course of the flood is visualised immediately. In projectson land-use, planning the possible interaction and advanced visualisationcan be used to show policymakers, governments and water boards theeffects and consequences of improvement works. Especially for theidentification of climate adaptation measures such as green roofs andother forms of retention measures, interactive modelling has proved to bevery effective. And it is also a way of enthusing the public. The tool willcontribute to the public being progressively more aware of watermanagement problems and possible solutions.”

8. Who benefits from 3Di?“The real beneficiaries are the water authorities, who can save billions.How is that possible? If we don’t know what happens, civil engineers tendto overdimension dikes, water retention basins, drainage channels, etc.With more accurate models, we are able to design tailor made solutions.The Eiffel tower is more than 100 years old. If we were to design the sametower today, I am sure we could save more than 30% on the amount of

secret. For instance in practice, it provides a better grasp of the escaperoutes that will remain available during a flood, which is essential infor-mation for safe evacuation. And everyday water management benefits,too. Investments can now be made in exactly those places whereflooding would cause the greatest damage. Tailored work for focussedinvestment."

5. Who is involved in the 3Di programme?“The nice thing about the 3Di project is the close and inspiring collabo-ration between the scientists, consultants and water managers involved.The core of the project team is a small group of creative professionalscovering different fields of expertise such as computational hydraulics,software development, virtual reality and water management. In this teammy ideas are developed further and translated into software prototypes.The latter is done by Deltares engineers. Next, these prototypes aretested in case studies in two waterboards by the consultants of Nelen &Schuurmans. These waterboards ‘Hollands Noorderkwartier’ (the regionalwater board for North Holland province) and ‘Delfland’ (the regional waterboard for South Holland province) are our launching customers. Theysupport the research programme, and, as members of the steeringgroup, play a part in deciding the desired functionalities.”

6. You describe the 3Di team as ‘inspiring’, how doyou build such a team?

“By working with people, professionals as well as students and PhD’s,who do their work with passion, because they love their job and are reallycurious as to what we can achieve together. These people with theirdifferent backgrounds, ages and experience form a colourful smallcommunity with an amicable but professional way of doing things. Thereis plenty of room for laughter but in the end we all focus on creatingsoftware with an outstanding performance.”

hydrolink number 3/2012

IAHRURBAN FLOOD MODELLING SPECIALURBAN FLOOD MODELLING SPECIAL

Example of a quadtree grid for calculating a flood in polderWatergraafsmeer. Around flood defencestructures and discharge channels amuch higher resolution is used than forthe flat areas in between them. In these areas the free water surface can be represented with far less gridpoints than the bottom bathymetry.


On the occasion of the retirement of Adri Verwey, Deltares is organizing an international seminar Urban Flood Modelling on Tuesday, 24 April 2012: trends in hydroinformatics to support urban flood management.

Urban Flood Modelling

Visions emerging from the past 40 years

On the occasion of the retirement of Adri Verwey

24 April 2012Colloquium hall 12.30-18.00 hrs

Please register via [email protected]

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Visualisation of an historic inundation of the polder Wieringermeer during the second world war (1945). The 3Di model was calibrated on the basis of written eyewitness information. With a space mouse the user can ‘fly’ over the inundated area and zoom in on specific locations.

video of the presentations:Click hereor scan the QR-CODE

steel used. Simply because we now know more precisely where extrastrength is needed en where not.”

9. What is the philosophy behind 3Di?“In the early days, computer programmers made simulation models andused the models. Later on, the computer programmers made moresophisticated programs and specialists used these programs to makecomplex models. In 3Di we go one step further, we want other people touse these complex models to discover for themselves the impact ofextreme storms, or man made measures.”

10. And the danger for improper use of models?“We must not be too afraid for that. Focussed investments in infra-structure is very important nowadays. This means more flexible andintegrated measures: not simply rigid dikes, but measures integrated inthe public space. Not merely raising the dikes, but also changing streetprofiles, building retention basins, beach replenishments, emergencyoverflow zones and the like. Safety is combined with requirementsconcerning the environment and creating pleasant living spaces. All thesethings are interdependent. Processing detailed information is a prereq-uisite. 3Di is part of that.”


IAHRIAHR


Mingjiang River, Tuojiang River, and FujiangRiver. DIS is planned to extend to a totalirrigation area of 1.01 million ha, based onactual irrigation area of 0.68 million ha atpresent.The ancient headwork structure of Dujiangyanwas a non-dam intake project. It is located onthe top of an alluvial fan where the MinjiangRiver exits from the Longmen Mountains. Thehydraulic headwork structure of ancientDujiangyan was essentially composed of threemain components: (1) Fish Mouth, a diversionembankment diverting flow to the intake stemchannel; (2) Flying Sand Sluice, a flood andsediment sluice; and (3) Baopingkou (Top ofPrecious Vase), a water intake with a floodcontrol function. A series of data analyses,

Chengdu is the capital of Sichuan Province,which is the venue of the 35th IAHR WorldCongress in 2013. The ancient DujiangyanIrrigation System (DIS) in Chengdu was listedas a World Cultural Heritage Site by the WorldHeritage Center, UNESCO in 2000. DIS stillplays a crucial role in flood control, irrigationand water supply for Chengdu Plain in SichuanProvince. The immense advances in scienceand technology achieved in ancient China aregraphically illustrated by the DIS. The system isappropriately arranged in accordance with theterrain and topography of the river andChengdu plain, thus successfully solving theproblem of sand discharge, flood control, andwater distribution. Consequently the task ofgravity diversion could be fulfilled over a longperiod and across the whole irrigation district.Since the 1940s, series of prototype observa-tions, hydraulic physical model experiments,and numerical modeling, have been conductedto explore the design philosophy, new planningschemes and key techniques for modernreconstruction. At the same time, sciencemechanisms and river dynamics of this Wonderare being discovered. It is interesting to learnthe recorded history of the original constructionand sustainable development, engineering andscience values, and regular restoration experi-ences, and a new understanding to the originalheadwork structure of the DIS.

1 Hydraulic Miracle The ancient Dujiangyan irrigation systemcontrols the waters of the Minjiang River anddistributes it to the fertile farmland of theChengdu plain. The system is a major landmarkin the development of water management andtechnology. As shown in Fig.1, DIS covers twomain components. One is the headworkstructure, the key control for water division andintake at Dujiangyan City (Fig. 2), and the other

is the water distribution system itself in 7 citiesand 37 counties (Fig. 3). For over two thousandyears the whole system has functionedperfectly, serving flood control, irrigation,navigation and wood drifting. It has contributedgreatly to the wealth of the Chengdu Plain andhelped to earn its reputation as "The Land ofAbundance". The system is appropriately arranged in accor-dance with the terrain and topography of theriver and Chengdu plain, thus successfullysolving the problem of sand discharge, floodcontrol, and water distribution. Consequentlythe task of gravity diversion could be fulfilledover a long period and whole irrigation district.The irrigation district covers 3 watersheds with atotal area of 23.2 by 103 km2 today, namely

DUJIANGYAN IRRIGATION SYSTEM: HISTORY AND CHALLENGE A UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE IN CHENGDU, THE SITE OF IAHR CONGRESS 35TH IN 2013BY CAO SHUYOU, LIU XINGNIAN, HUANG ER

Fig. 1. Location of Dujiangyan Irrigation System (DIS) in Sichuan Province

Abstracts submission

deadline: December 1, 2012!


Fig. 4. Undistorted model of DIS

mathematical modeling studies, prototypeobservations and hydraulic physical modelexperiments have been conducted since the1940s. The purpose of this research is: (1) toinvestigate the scientific principles corre-sponding to modern fluid mechanics, includingeffects of headwork hydraulic structures on floodcontrol, sediment exclusion, and managementschemes; and (2) to study the scientific basesfor modern sustainable development of thesystem, including the construction of areinforced concrete checkgate on Outer Riverand the water regulation project, Zipingpureservoir. In spite of the headwork of the DISbeing modified over time since the originalconstruction, modern research reveals that theeffective sediment exclusion is attributed to thegeneral layout of the three main head hydraulicstructures, the utilization of secondary currentsin channel bends, and the annual maintenance.

2 History of the original constructionand sustainable developmentThe construction and sustainable developmentof DIS is an outstanding example of keepingabreast with the times and promoting harmonybetween mankind and nature. The processes ofthe original establishment and long perioddevelopment of DIS can be divided into threemain periods: the original construction period,the development period, and the modern period.The original construction of DIS was firstlyrecorded in a famous book titled as “theHistorical Records” by Sima Qian (91 B.C.) inthe Han Dynasty more than 2100 years ago.After Sima, numerous historical records ofDujiangyan can be found in history. To under-stand the Chinese hydraulic civilization one

should start from Dujiangyan. As a result theDujiangyan Study in order to save this civilizedheritage based on Dujiangyan’s great historicalvalue and modern function is establishment inChina.

2.1 Original construction (256B.C. – 206 B.C.)During the Warring States period of ancientChina, the Qin Kingdom conquered the ShuKingdom in 316 B.C. On the basis of theprevious water conservancy project, Li Bing, thegovernor of the Shu Shire under the Qin State,built a diversion embankment called Yuzui (front-end look like a fish mouth) in the middle part ofthe Minjiang River at the upper end of theChengdu Plain where the river just runs out fromthe mountainous region in 256 B.C.. The divisionembankment was constructed to stabilize thecourse of the main flow (the Outer River).Meanwhile, a new channel, the Inner River, wasdug out by the side of the hill to divert water.Moreover, Baopingkou (throat of the intake likethe tap of a precious vase) was excavatedthrough the hard conglomerate rock mass inorder to divert water and also to control flooding.Then, at the upstream of Baopingkou on theside next to the Outer River, Feishayan (asediment and flow spillway) was built usingwoven bamboo baskets filled with local pebblesand boulders to discharge the surplus floodwater and sediment into the Outer River,assuring the irrigation demand and domesticsupply, and eventually, to prevent droughts andfloods in the Chengdu Plain. Since then, theproject has been honored as the 'Treasure ofSichuan', which played a crucial role in floodcontrol, irrigation and water supply for Chengdu

Fig. 2. Overview of the headwork of Dujiangyan (Li & You, 2007)

Fig. 3. Irrigated district of DIS

plain. On the other hand, as a part of theDujiangyan water distribution system, thechannel system of Chengdu plain wasimproved, especially towards river of ChengduCity. As a key river training project, MingjiangRiver, Fu Jiang River and Tuojiang River wereconnected.

2.2 Development period(206 B.C. – 1930s)The DIS experienced a period of ceaselessdevelopment from the Han Dynasty to the early20th century, over 2100 years. The head controlwork was improved gradually, and the irrigationarea increased step by step. Irrigation channelsextended to Chengdu plain quickly to establish amult-benefit channel network, which ensuredirrigation; flood control and navigation in theChengdu Plain. As a result, Chengdu becamethe economic center of South-western China.Unfortunately, the DIS was destroyed seriously atleast four times owing to historical wars ornatural hazards: (1) The headwork wasdestroyed and washed downstream for 1 km byan extreme flash flood on June 26, 910; (2)During the war of Mongolia China wasconquered (1235-1267); (3) During the Sichuanwar the Ming Dynasty fell to the Qing Dynasty(1644-1681); and (4) by a flash flood on October9, 1933, which was induced by the bursting ofblock-lakes formed by the Diexi earthquake150km upstream of Dujiangyan on August 25,1933. In spite of being destroyed a few times,the DIS was recovered quickly. The name“Dujiangyan” first appeared in a historical recordin Yuan Dynasty, and the title of the permanentwater intake, “Baopingkou” first appeared in theMing Dynasty.



2.3 Modern times (since 1940s)The DIS started its modern period in the 1940s.The symbol of the beginning of the modernperiod was the first planning of permanentsolutions and the first modern physical scalemodel experiments for the DIS in 1941. TheChengdu Hydraulic Laboratory was establishedin 1941. Three modern experiments on DIS wereconducted at the laboratory in 1940s, whichare:(1) Scour experiment on Yuzhui (Fish Mouth)and Inner Channel of DIS; (2) Study onbackwater of Inner Channel of DIS; and (3)Study on hydropowers of upstream MingjiangRiver. A British historian of Chinese science,Joseph Needham, visited Dujiangyan in 1943.He visited the hydraulic model of Dujiangyan.He met the head of the experiments, Dr. ChangY. L., who got his Ph.D. degree at the Universityof Manchester. Dr. Chang was a professor ofSichuan University at that time. JosephNeedham was excited by those modern experi-ments during the Second World War, andpresented the DIS to the west as a typicalexample of the rice-based irrigation systems ofSouth China in both its history and its size. Fromthe point of view of management, he noted thata government-managed irrigation system wasconstructed around 2200 years ago.

Large scale reconstruction of the DIS includesmainly the checkgate at Outer River finished in1974 to replace temperate water adjust work,wood-tripods (macha) with bamboo-cages(Zhulong), into a permanent reinforced concretecheckgate, which makes a new development ofthe DIS. At the onset of the new millennium, Dujiangyanirrigated 0.668 million hectares of farmland in 7

cities and 37 counties of the Sichuan province(in 2004). Zipingpu reservoir, the second gener-ation project of Dujiangyan was finished in 2006.

3 Scientific and engineering valuesof DISA series of data analyses, prototype observa-tions, mathematical modeling studies andhydraulic physical model experiments havebeen conducted since the 1940s, to explore thedesign philosophy, new planning schemes andkey techniques for modern reconstruction. Aseries of physical models was conducted atSichuan University to study the influences ofZPP dam on DIS (Fig.4). Concepts of modernscience in Dujiangyan are summarized ashydrology conditions for the guarantee of watersupply, unique topography conditions, scientificlayout of headwork, and earthquake resistanceability. Based on analysis of well-established literature,the headwork system of Dujiangyan has alwaysbeen a checkgate dam water diversion system.The difference between ancient and modernDujiangyan is just construction materials andstructures. The checkgate dam was constructedby bamboo-cages with wood-tripods in theancient project as a cofferdam, and byreinforced concrete with steel gate today!The prototype-model correlation study onDujiangyan Project shows that the rationalgeneral layout of the three main hydraulic headstructures function well for flood control andsediment exclusion. The strong secondarycurrents caused by meandering channels canexclude intensive sediment to maintain the waterintake project effectively. Based on modernhydraulics studies, the building of the OuterRiver checkgate dam improves the environmentof water conduction and sediment exclusionsince 1974. As the second generation of Dujiangyan, theZipingpu reservoir functions mainly for irrigationand water supply, with comprehensive benefitsin power generation, flood control, environmentprotection and tourism. The water supplyguarantee rate will be improved by 10percentage points in the Dujiangyan areas. TheZipingpu reservoir will raise the flood controlstandard of the downstream Dujiangyan and thewhole Chengdu plain, from once every 10 yearsto once every 100 years. A 100-year frequencyflood (6030 m3/s) from upstream of the reservoircan be reduced by the reservoir to 2390 m3/s,

less than a 10-year frequency flood (3760 m3/s).As a result, the great Dujiangyan is protected bythe Zipingpu dam!

ReferencesCao Shuyou, Liu Xingnian, Huang Er，Dujiangyan irrigation system -a world culture heritage corresponding to concepts of modernhydraulic science，Journal of Hydro-environment Research, 4 (2010)3-13，doi:10.1016/j.jher.2009.09.003Needham Joseph, 1945. Chinese Science, London. In: Yu Tingming etal (translation), Needham's travels in China (1942–46), GuizhouPeople’s Press, ISBN 7-221-04544-5/C·62, p356. (in Chinese)Pierre Louis Viollet/ Forrest M. Holly Jr. (Translator), Water engineeringin ancient civilizations 5,000 years of history, IAHR, 2007, ISBN: 978-90-78046-05-9

Cao Shuyou, Professor of State KeyLaborotory of Hydraulics and MountainRiver Engineering, Sichuan University,China; Vice Chair of ScientificCommittee, 35th IAHR World Congress.

Liu Xingnian, Professor and Vice Director of State Key Laborotory ofHydraulics and Mountain RiverEngineering, Sichuan University, China

Huang Er, Professor and Head of RiverEngineering Group, State KeyLaborotory of Hydraulics and MountainRiver Engineering, Sichuan University,China

IAHRIAHR




Dr. Bruce Hollebone (Oil Research Laboratory,Emergencies Science and TechnologySection of Environment Canada.)

• Using marine environmental risk concepts toevaluate alternative spill response strategies Dr. Mark Reed (Senior Scientist, SINTEF,Trondheim, Norway)

• Oil spill modeling and risk managementsystems in the Atlantic Mr. Rodrigo Fernandes (Researcher,MARETEC - Institute Superior Técnico Lisboa– Portugal)

• Computational-based decision supportsystems for risk assessment andmanagement of sea oil spillsDr. Augusto Maidana (Scientist, InternationalCenter for Numerical Methods in Engineering(CIMNE), UPC, Spain)

• Model uses during oil spill emergencyresponseDr. Bill Lehr (Senior Scientist, Office ofResponse and Restoration, National Oceanicand Atmospheric Administration (NOAA),USA)

• An application of oil spill modeling on smart


A workshop was held in November 2011 underthe sponsorship of Kuwait Oil Company and theKuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR),Kuwait and was held at the latter location. It wasa two-day workshop (open to the public),bringing together an international panel ofleading experts on oil spill modelling to givepresentations sharing their many years ofexperience on the topic and aimed at achievinga common viewpoint on where oil spillmodelling stands. Expertise of the panelmembers covered a broad range of topicsrelated to oil spill modeling that included areasof fluid mechanics and hydraulics, chemicalengineering and chemistry, environmentalengineering, and biology.

The purpose of the workshop was to presentand discuss the state-of–the-art in modelling ofoil spills and identify key needs for futureresearch from a multi-disciplinary standpoint tosatisfy the requirements of the oil industry andgovernmental organizations in preparingadequate emergency oil spill contingencyplans. The Workshop was to serve as the

“kickoff meeting” for the interdisciplinaryWorking Group (WG) with clear outputs whichwill constitute a roadmap for the Oil SpillModelling WG.

The workshop was opened with the remarksfrom Dr. Naji Al-Mutairi, Director General ofKISR, Dr. Christopher George, IAHR ExecutiveDirector, Prof. Poojitha Yapa, Chair IAHRWorking Group on Oil Spill Modeling, and Dr.Khaled Al-Banaa, Vice-Chair IAHR WorkingGroup on Oil Spill Modeling. The following presentations were given:• Overview of Current state of the art in oil spillmodelingProf. Poojitha Yapa (Chair, IAHR WorkingGroup on Oil Spill Modelling, Professor of Civiland Envir. Engrg.,Clarkson University, USA)

• Modeling ocean/coastal hydrodynamics foroil spill simulations. Prof. Peter Sheng (Professor, Department ofCivil and Coastal Engineering, University ofFlorida)

• The effects of oil weathering on theproperties and behavior of oil

CONFERENCE REPORT

ADVANCES INOIL SPILL MODELLINGBY POOJITHA D. YAPA

Conference Report on IAHR Kuwait International Summit on Advances in Oil Spill Modelling(November 8-9th, 2011)


phones Dr. Khaled Al-Banaa (Vice Chair, IAHRWorking Group on Oil Spill Modelling,Research Scientist, KISR, Kuwait)

• Oil spill modeling activities in Japan Mr. Hiroshi Yamada (Chief Consultant,Environment and Energy Division 1, MizuhoInformation and Research Institute, Inc.,Tokyo, Japan

• Oil shoreline interactions Dr. Eric Gundlach (ETech International, USA)Recorder: Bassam Shuhaibar Researcher,KISR, Kuwait

Collectively the presentations made by thedistinguished speakers discussed the impor-tance of water hydrodynamics, processes thatoil undergo when spilled on or near the watersurface, and oil spill modeling for emergencymanagement as well as risk management incontingency planning.All important physico-chemical processes thatoil undergo (called oil spill processeshereinafter) after an oil spill that are needed tobe included in an oil spill model and their

IAHR

relative importance in different time scales wereidentified. These processes are Advection,Mechanical spreading, Turbulent diffusion,Evaporation, Dissolution, Vertical mixing, Oilshoreline interaction, Emulsification, Bio-degra-dation, Photo-chemical reactions, Oil SedimentInteraction. In addition to identifying theprocesses, these talks covered how thesedifferent processes would play roles in affectingeach other. For example evaporation may affectdissolution as well emulsification. Emulsificationmay affect the oil transport as well as furtherevaporation. Oil sediment interaction may affectthe transport of oil as well as sediments. Thismay also lead to oil sedimentation as well.Regarding the hydrodynamics the presenterswere of the view that in the past it has notreceived the attention it deserves and only thewater velocity has been taken into account. Forexample, how a massive amount of oil in thewater affects the water transport has not beenmodeled. The need for models to forecastunder extreme weather conditions like hurricaneconditions was also stressed. Langmuir circu-lation may also affect the oil transport and

Poojitha D. Yapa, a Professor of Civil andEnvironmental Engineering at ClarksonUniversity, Potsdam, NY, USA has B.Sc(Honors) in Civil Engineering and M.Scin Hydraulic engineering. He receivedhis Ph.D. in Civil and Environmental En-gineering from Clarkson University in1983. His research has focused on “en-vironmental hydraulics problems”. Forover 25 years his research has been fo-cused on oil spill modeling. This in-cludes not only trajectory modeling, butmodeling physico-chemical processesoil undergo when spilled in the ocean orrivers. In the last 15 years his modelinghas been on deepwater oil, gas, and hy-drates, studying the complex processesthey undergo during the travel fromdeepwater to the surface. Prof. Yapa andhis students developed computer mod-els such as CDOG, MEGADEEP, andADMS for modeling the behavior of oiland gas when released in deepwater.The work has been published in leadingjournals.


Property Relevance Predictability*

Density Physical transport Good

Viscosity • Increases surface slick lifetime Poor without empirical data• Potential for injury to birds, marine mammals and shorelines

• Affects "windows of opportunity" for different response actions

Pour Point • Spreading Poor without empirical data• As for viscosity

Evaporation potential Mass balance, density, emulsion stability Good

Interfacial tension Spreading dispersion & droplet sizes Poor

Table 1: Physical properties of crude oils determined by composition

Natural weathering processes Predictive ability

Evaporation Very good

Water-in-oil (w/o) emulsification and viscosity Fair-to-poor without empirical data

Oil-in-water (o/w) dispersion Fair for fresh oils, poor for emulsions

Oil droplet formation and size distribution Poor

Dissolution of oil components into water Fair-to-good

Photo-oxidation Poor

Biodegradation Good for dissolved, poor for droplets/tar-balls

Table 2: Weathering processes affecting oil spills

Physical processes Predictive ability

Advection Very good

Oil stranding Fair

Remobilization from shoreline Poor

Re-suspension Poor-to-fair

Surface spreading Fair

Langmuir circulation Poor

Turbulent mixing (vertical & horizontal) Poor (with LC)-to-good (without LC)

Oil-SPM Poor

Interaction with Bottom Sediments Poor

Current-wave interaction Fair-to-good

Oil effects on hydrodynamics Poor

Table 3: Physical processes affecting oil spills

Response Actions Modelling Capability

Surface application of dispersants Fair

Injection of dispersants at source Poor

Mechanical response Fair-to-good

Controlled burn Fair-to-good

Booming & containment Good

New techniques (solidifiers; herders; etc.) N/A

Table 4: Response Actions

needs to be included in the models in a morecomprehensive way. Presentations alsodiscussed how water velocity and turbulenceaffect not only the horizontal and verticaltransport of oil but also the emulsificationprocess. The water turbulence (including thatinduced by the winds) need to be included inmodels to simulate oil break up and coales-cence, and vertical mixing,On the model application side the presentationsincluded past cases of simulating actual majorspills, how models were used duringemergencies as well as for risk management.Model capabilities are addressed later in thisarticle in tabular form. On the second day there were two extensivepanel discussions on “modeling needs anddata availability” and “what needs to be done toimprove our current practices?” The two paneldiscussions were moderated by Prof. PoojithaYapa and Dr. Bruce Hollebone respectively.During the panel discussions needs for models,model use, and data requirements and avail-ability were identified. The tables below presenta summary of the panel discussions.

For more information on the IAHRWorking Group on Oil Spill modeling visit www.iahr.org

The author would like to thank the sponsors

for their support

CONFERENCE REPORT

* Predictability based on oil properties alone

www.kockw.com www.kisr.edu.kw/

Oil swirls in the Gulf of Mexico currents May 6 AP. Photo: Dave Martin


IAHR

The Founding Statement and the Rules forAdministration of the Award are as follows:

Founding StatementThe Ippen Award was established by the IAHRCouncil in 1977 to memorialise Professor Ippen,IAHR President (1959-1963), IAHR HonoraryMember (1963-1974), and for many decades aninspirational leader in fluids research, hydraulicengineering, and international co-operation andunderstanding. The Award is made biennially byIAHR to one of its members who has demon-strated conspicuously outstanding ability, origi-nality, and accomplishment in basic hydraulicresearch and/or applied hydraulic engineering,and who holds great promise for continuation of ahigh level of productivity in this profession. Theawards are made at the biennial congresses ofIAHR, where the most recent recipient delivers theArthur Thomas Ippen Lecture. The Award fund,which was established by Professor Ippen's family,is authorised to receive contributions from associ-ation members and friends of Professor Ippen.The 2011 Award was made to Prof. XavierSánchez-Vila, Spain.

Rules for the administration of theaward1. The Arthur Thomas Ippen Award (hereinafterreferred to as the Award) will be madebiennially, in odd-numbered years, to amember of IAHR who has developed aconspicuously outstanding record of accom-plishment as demonstrated by his research,

publications and/or conception and design ofsignificant engineering hydraulic works; and whoholds great promise for a continuing level ofproductivity in the field of basic hydraulic researchand/or applied hydraulic engineering.

2. In selection of awardees candidates must beIAHR members of not more than 45 years of ageat the time of presentation.

3. Each awardee will be selected by the IAHRCouncil from a list of not more than threenominees submitted to the Council by aCommittee (hereinafter referred to as the AwardsCommittee) composed of the Technical DivisionSecretaries and chaired by IAHR Vice President,Prof. Jean-Paul Chabard. The Awards Committeewill actively seek nominations of awardees fromthe IAHR membership, and will publish at leastannually in the IAHR Newsletter an advertisement,calling for nominations. The advertisement willinclude a brief description of the support materialwhich is to accompany nominations.

4. The awardee for each year will be selected by theCouncil by mail ballot in January of the year of theCongress.

5. The award need not be made during anybiennium in which the Council considers none ofthe nominees to be of sufficient high quality.

6. The awardee will present a lecture, to be knownas the Ippen Lecture (hereinafter referred to asthe Lecture), at the IAHR World Congressfollowing his election. The subject of the Lecturewill be agreed upon by the awardee and the IAHRPresident. The Lecture will be published in theCongress Proceedings. Public presentation of the

18th Arthur Thomas Ippen Award For outstanding accomplishment in hydraulic engineering and research

Award will be made by the President during theopening ceremonies of the Congress.

7. The awardee will be given a suitable certificatewhich will state the purpose of the Award andindicate the specific contribution(s) of area(s) ofendeavour for which the awardee is recognised.The awardee also will receive a monetaryhonorarium upon presentation of the Lecture.The terms of the honorarium will be published inthe announcement of each biennial Award. Themonetary honorarium for the Award isUS$1,500.

8. Wide distribution of awardees among differentcountries and different areas of specialisation isto be sought by the Award Committee and bythe Council.

9. No individual shall receive the Award more thanonce.

Previous WinnersX. Sanchez-Vila, Spain (2011) for his outstandingcontributions in the field of groundwater flow andcontaminant transport with application to flowmodeling in heterogeneous porous media.Y. Niño, Chile (2009) for his outstanding basiccontributions in fluid mechanics with applicationsto sediment transport and environmental flowprocesses.M. S. Ghidaoui, HK China (2007) for hisoutstanding contribution to research in environ-mental fluid mechanics.A. M. Da Silva, Canada (2005) for her outstandingcontributions in the area of fluvial processes and inparticular, sediment transport.

IAHR members are invited to submit nominations for the Arthur Thomas Ippen Award, Harold JanSchoemaker Award, and M. Selim Yalin Award. These awards will be presented at the 35th IAHR WorldCongress, Chengdu, China, September 8-13, 2013.

IAHR AWARDS CALL FOR NOMINATIONS 2013


IAHR members are invited to submitcandidates for nomination for theM.Selim Yalin Award. This Award will be madefor the 4th time at the 35th IAHR World Congress,Chengdu, China, September 8-13, 2013. TheFounding Statement and the Rules forAdministration of the Award are as follows:

Founding StatementThe M. Selim Yalin Award was established by theIAHR Council in 2006 to honour the memory ofProfessor M. Selim Yalin, Honorary Member (1925-2007), and Fluvial Hydraulics Section Chairman(1986-1991). Professor Yalin is remembered for hisprolific and pioneering research contributions influvial hydraulics and sediment transport, and forhis inspirational mentoring of students and youngresearchers.

The Award is made biennially by IAHR to one of itsmembers whose experimental, theoretical ornumerical research has resulted in significant andenduring contributions to the understanding of thephysics of phenomena and/or processes inhydraulic science or engineering and who demon-strated outstanding skills in graduate teaching andsupervision. The awards consisting of a certificateand cash prize are presented during the IAHRWorld Congresses. The Award fund, which was

IAHR members are invited to submitcandidates for nomination for the HaroldJan Schoemaker Award. This Award will bemade for the 18th time at the the 35th IAHR WorldCongress, Chengdu, China, September 8-13,2013. to the author(s) of the paper judged themost outstanding paper published in the IAHRJournal of Hydraulic Research in the issues,starting with Volume 48 (2010) no. 5 up to andincluding Vol. 50 (2012) no. 4. A proposal fornomination shall be completed with a clearargumentation (maximum one page) regarding itsoutstanding quality and why the paper is of such aspecific quality that it outweighs the other papersof the considered series.

Founding StatementThe Schoemaker Award was established by theIAHR Council in 1980 to recognise the effortsmade by Professor Schoemaker, Secretary (1960-1979), in guiding the Journal of HydraulicResearch in its formative years. The Award is madebiennially by the IAHR to the author(s) of the paper

judged the most outstanding paper published in theIAHR Journal.

Rules for the administration of the Award1. The Harold Jan Schoemaker Award (hereinafterreferred to as the Award) will be made at eachbiennial IAHR Congress, to the author(s) of thepaper judged the most outstanding and publishedin the IAHR Journal during the preceding two-yearperiod.

2. The awardee will be selected by the IAHR Councilfrom a list of not more than three ranked nomineessubmitted to the Council by a Committee(hereinafter referred to as the Award Committee)composed of the Technical Division Secretaries andchaired by Prof. Jean-Paul Chabard. The AwardCommittee will actively seek nominations ofawardees from the IAHR membership (also non-members whose employers are corporatemembers will be considered)

3. The awardee will be selected by the Council byballot. The awardee(s) shall be notified immediatelyby the Executive Director.

4. An award need not be made during any biennium in

which the Council considers none of thenominees to be of sufficient high quality.

5. The award will consist of a bronze medal and acertificate.

Previous WinnersU. Chandra Kothyari, H. Hashimoto and K. Hayashi(2011) for the paper “Effect of tall vegetation onsediment transport by channel flows” (Volume 47,2009, Nº 6)H. Morvan, D.W.Knight, N.Wright, X.Tang (2009) forthe paper “The Concept of Roughness in fluvialhydraulics and its formulation in 1D, 2D, and 3Dnumerical simulation models” (Vol. 46, 2008, Nº.2) K.Blankaert and U.Lemmin (2007) for the paper“Means of noise reduction in acoustic turbulencemeasurements” (Vol. 44, 2006, Nº 1) E.J. Wannamaker and E.E. Adams (2007) for thepaper “Modelling descending carbon dioxide injec-tions in the ocean” (Vol. 44, 2006, Nº 3) A. Carrasco and C. A. Vionnet (2005) for the paper“Separation of Scales on a Broad ShallowTurbulent Flow” (Vol. 42, 2004, Nº 6)

18th Harold Jan Schoemaker Awardfor the most outstanding paper in the Journal of Hydraulic Research

3rd M. Selim Yalin Award for significant and enduring contributions to the understanding of the physics of

phenomena and/or processes in hydraulic science or engineering, and demonstratedoutstanding skills in graduate teaching and supervision

established by the family and friends of Professor Yalin,is authorised to receive contributions from associationmembers and friends of Professor Yalin.

Rules for the administration of the award1. The IAHR M. Selim Yalin Award (hereinafter referredto as the Award) will be made biennially, in odd-numbered years, to a member of IAHR whoseexperimental, theoretical or numerical research hasresulted in significant and enduring contributions tothe understanding of the physics of phenomenaand/or processes in hydraulic science orengineering and who has demonstratedoutstanding skills in graduate teaching and super-vision.

2. Each awardee will be selected by the IAHR Councilfrom a list of not more than three nomineessubmitted to the Council by a Committee (hereinafterreferred to as the Award Committee) composed ofthe Technical Division Secretaries and Chaired by aCouncil Member. The Award Committee will activelyseek nomination of awardees from the IAHRmembership, and will publish at least annually in theIAHR Newsletter an advertisement, calling fornominations. The advertisement will include a briefdescription of the support material which is toaccompany nominations.

3. The awardee for each biennium will be selected bythe Council either at its meeting during the

preceding even-numbered year or by mail ballotin January of the year of the Congress.

4. The award need not be made during anybiennium in which the Council considers none ofthe nominees to be of sufficient high quality.

5. Public presentation of the Award will be made bythe President during a public ceremony takingplace within the Congress.

6. The awardee will be given a suitable certificatewhich will state the purpose of the Award andindicate the specific contribution(s) of area(s) ofendeavour for which the awardee is recognised.The awardee also will receive a monetaryhonorarium, the terms of which will be publishedin the announcement of each biennial Award.

7. Wide distribution of awardees among differentareas of specialisation is to be sought by theAward Committee and by the Council. Efforts willalso be made to ensure a wide geographicaldistribution.

8. No individual shall receive the Award more thanonce.

Previous WinnerProf. Ian Wood (2011) for outstanding contributionsin the field of hydraulic engineering and especially inthe experimental research of hydraulic structures, aswell as in the teaching and supervision of graduatestudents from around the world.

IAHR

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR HYDRO-ENVIRONMENT ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH

Individual membership benefits:� Journal of Hydraulic Research (bi-monthly)� Printed Hydrolink magazine (bi-monthly)� Newsflash (monthly electronic newsletter)� Members Directory� Members Area of website (Journals, proceedings...)� Suppliers Directory� Discount on publications (up to 20%)� Discounts on other journal subscriptions� Discounts on conference registration fees� Membership of technical committees

welcome toIAHRbecome part of the world hydro-environment engineering and research community!

� River and coastal hydraulics� Water resources management� Eco-hydraulics� Ice engineering

� Hydraulic machinery� Hydroinformatics� Hydraulic structures, marine

outfalls and urban drainage

� Education and Professional Development

� Fluid Mechanics� Groundwater

Membership Fees for different categories:Our two-tier fee structure reflects the countries economic standard

Country Base fee € (in 2012) Senior, Student fee € (in 2012)High income 74 37Low income 37 19

IAHR, founded in 1935, is a worldwide, independent organisation of engineers and water specialists working in fields relatedto hydro-environmental science and its practical application

Supported by

*For information on income level of country and benefits of different categories visit “About IAHR / Membership” on the IAHR website www.iahr.org (for information: 1 Euro is approximately equivalent to 1.25 US Dollars)

Join now atwww.iahr.org

How to nominateProf. Jean Paul Chabard (IAHR VicePresident) is co-ordinating nominationsreceived for the 2013 Award. Thenominations should consist of a concisestatement of the qualifications of thenominee, a listing of his/her outstanding

accomplishments, pertinent biographical data, and a proposed statement of theendeavours for which the nominatedawardee would be recognised. Eachnomination should not be more than twotypewritten pages in length.

Nominations for the three awards must besent by January 15, 2013 to:Prof. Jean-Paul Chabard

Chair IAHR Awards Committee

Project Manager

Professor at Ecole des Ponts ParisTech

Vice-President of the International Association

for Hydro-Environment Engineering and

Research (IAHR)

EDF R&D - 1, avenue du Général de Gaulle

92 141 – Clamart CEDEX , France

Tél. : +33 (0) 1 47 65 30 69

[email protected]

Alternatively you can also nominate throughthe IAHR Website www.iahr.org under About IAHR/Awards


IAHR

At its meeting in San Jose, Costa Rica inSeptember 2012, the IAHR Council hasidentified a Nominating Committee (NC 2013)for the next Council election ahead of the nextWorld Congress in Chengdu, China, September2013. The Nominating Committee will bechaired by Nobuyuki Tamai (Japan), formerPresident of IAHR, and comprises Rafael Murillo(Costa Rica), Phil Burgi (USA), Jiri Marsalek(Canada), Sundar Vallam (India), JoseRodriguez (Australia), Cristiana di Cristo (Italy),Paul Samuels(UK), and Pierre Louis Viollet,(France) . IAHR President Roger Falconer (UK)will serve as the Council contact person.

The NC collects proposals from individual andinstitute members, searches itself for candi-dates, and evaluates the performance ofpresent Council members in view of theirpossible re-election. It must consider thealignment of candidates with Council compo-sition requirements, including the question ofprogression of Council Members to VicePresidential positions or to the Presidency.

It is the task of the NC to propose a list of candi-dates for the 2013 Council election, whichincludes 5 Executive Committee positions(President, 3 Vice-Presidents and SecretaryGeneral) and 8 regular elected Councilmembers. This list must reflect a balancebetween the possibly conflicting requirements of:• world-wide representation of the IAHRmembership and yet at the same time a smallactive group which is capable to lead theAssociation, and to fulfil Council assignments;

• continuous renewal through new memberswhile assuring necessary continuity;

• adequate representation of hydro-environment engineering practice.

Invitation to the membership fornomination of candidatesThe Nominating Committee hereby invites allIAHR members to submit suggestions regardingnomination of possible candidates for Council.Please make your suggestions of potentialCouncil candidates to any member of the NC

2013 before the end of December 2012,including a rationale for the suitability of thecandidate proposed and an indication of thenominee’s willingness to accept if elected. TheNominating Committee will give due consider-ation to all suggestions.

NC 2013 slate of candidatesThe Nominating Committee will evaluate allproposed nominations with respect to theirqualification for fulfilling the major tasks of theIAHR Council.

The IAHR Council has the task to promote theinterests of the Association and co-ordinate theactivities of its members serving the interestsand needs of Hydro-environment Engineeringand Research, both at global and at regionalscale.

This includes long-range planning for thebiennial World Congresses as well as co-ordination and interlinkage of activities ofRegional and Technical Divisions andCommittees, e.g. conferences, IAHR publica-tions and Awards and promotion of continuingeducation, student chapters and short courses.Membership promotion, finances, IAHR secre-tariat liaison and links with institute members,industry and the profession are also importanttasks, as well as relations with governmentagencies and other professional/technicalsocieties and international organisations.

The Nominating Committee will develop a slateof candidates, which must be publishedaccording to the By-Laws by May 11th. Thisslate may contain up to two candidates for eachposition.

Any member wishing to receive a printed list ofthe slate of candidates should contact theSecretariat after this date.

Nomination by petitionIf the Nominating Committee has not includedyour suggestion in its slate or if you haveanother suitable candidate not hitherto

considered, all members have the option to filea nomination by petition within two months afterpublication of the NC 2013 slate. The newelection procedure gives any group of membersin the Association, which feels that its interestsare not properly taken into account by the NC2013 slate, the chance to submit nominations bypetition for any of the eight regular Councilmember positions. A valid petition requiressignatures of 15 members from at least fivecountries or from a group of countries repre-senting 10% of the IAHR membership. Thisassures that there is support for a candidatewhich goes beyond a personal or nationalinterest. All valid nominations by petition will beincluded in the ballot.

Nominations by Petition must be submitted tothe Secretariat within two months after publi-cation of the NC slate of candidates with astatement from the candidate, that she or he iswilling to accept the nomination, a resuméincluding professional career, involvement inIAHR, and a statement on the planned contri-bution as Council member.

BallotThe NC will submit its list of candidates to theSecretariat for publication together with anycandidates “by Petition”, reaching members atleast two months prior to the congress.Members will be invited to elect the new Councilthrough written or electronic ballot before and atthe Chengdu Congress, September 2013.

Contact:NC 2013 Chair:Prof. Nobuyuki Tamai, Past IAHR [email protected] contact person:Prof. Roger Falconer, IAHR [email protected]

COUNCIL ELECTION 2013 – 2015NOMINATING COMMITTEE 2013


PEOPLE &PLACES

Mustafa Altinakar, from The University of

Mississippi, USA has been recently appointed

as Chair of the Fluvial Hydraulics Committee

and he replaces Ana María Da Silva.

Andreas Dittrich from the Technical

University of Braunschweig, Germany has

been appointed Vice Chair.

For details of the other members of the new

Leadership Team please visit www.iahr.org

Deltares Scientific Director Deltares has appointed Dr. Jaap Kwadijk as Scientific Director in

succession to Huib De Vriend who retired in May this year. Dr Kwadijk

who is a specialist in hydrology and climate change is also Chair of the

Deltares Scientific Council which is a group of nine meading scientists

affiliated to Deltares and the Technical University of Delft.

Recent retirementsIAHR members, Ross Warren, Senior Project Manager from the Division

Water and Environment of COWI A/S , Denmark and Prof. J.K. (Han)

Vrijling of Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands have recently

being retired.

New Student Chapter in Spain!IAHR UPCT Cartagena Student Chapter

Dpto. Ingeniería Civil

Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena

EICM, Paseo Alfonso XIII, 52

30.203 Cartagena (España)

Teléfono: +34 696866407

web: www.upct.es/hidrom

www.upct.es/~ingcivil/

President

José María Carrillo Sánchez

IAHR UPCT Cartagena Student Chapter



www.upct.es/hidrom


[email protected]

Vice-President

Sebastián García Rivas

IAHR UPCT Cartagena Student Chapter



www.upct.es/hidrom


[email protected]

Secretary

Ana Vilaplana Domingo

Delft University of Technology

Hydraulic Engineering department

www.upct.es/hidrom


[email protected]

Treasurer

Luis Chaparro Carrasquel

Universidad Politécnica de Valencia

Departamento de Ingeniería Hidráulica y

Medio Ambiente

www.upct.es/hidrom


[email protected]

IAHR Member HYDROPROJEKT CZhas changed its name to Sweco Hydroprojekt Sweco’s engineers, architects and environmental experts are working

together to develop total solutions that contribute to the creation of a

sustainable society. Sweco delivers qualified consulting services with a

high knowledge content throughout the client’s project chain, from feasi-

bility studies, analyses and strategic planning to engineering, design and

project management. Sweco is among the largest players in Europe and

a leader in several market segments in the Nordic region and Central

and Eastern Europe. Sweco carries out about 30,000 projects for around

10,000 clients annually. Sweco has a local presence in 12 countries and

conducts project exports to some 80 countries worldwide.

Main research topics they are involved in: •Water Intake Systems in

Semiarid Regions •Physical and CFD • Numerical Modelling of free

overflow spillways and dissipation basins •Physical and CFD

Numerical Modelling of flow over racks •Dam Safety Evaluation

•Characterisation of Hydraulic Jumps •Physical Modelling of

Breakwaters •Calibration of flowmeters

95

PEOPLE &PLACES

Stockholm International WaterInstitute welcomes new ExecutiveDirectorThe Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI) has appointed

Mr. Torgny Holmgren as its new Executive Director. Mr. Holmgren will

lead the institute from September 15, 2012.

Mr. Holmgren is currently Ambassador and Head of the Department for

Development Policy at the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs, where he

is responsible for Swedish policy on global development and has

recently served at the United Nations Secretary General’s High-level

Panel on Global Sustainability. An economist by training, Mr. Holmgren

has also previously served at the Swedish Ministry of Finance, the World

Bank, and the Swedish Embassy in Nairobi, Kenya.

A sad moment

Prof. Stephen Coleman, New Zealand (1966-2012)Associate Professor Stephen Coleman of the University of Auckland

New Zealand, an active IAHR member and outstanding hydraulic

researcher, died on July 23, 2012 at the age of 46, after a short

battle with stomach cancer. Stephen has been a key player in

hydraulic research over the last decade, and had an exceptionally

high potential for significant new achievements in the forthcoming

decades.

For a full obituary go to the iahr website under “obituaries”

Enzo O. Macagno, Argentina-USA (1914-2012)Noted hydraulician Enzo Oscar Macagno died in Iowa City, Iowa, on

September 9, 2012, at the grand age of ninety-eight years. He was

professor emeritus at the University of Iowa’s well-known institute,

IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering (formerly known as the Iowa

Institute of Hydraulic Research).

For a full obituary go to the iahr website under “obituaries”

Edward Silberman, USA (1914-2012)Prof. Silberman has recently died after a record 60 years of IAHR

Membership. He was Director of the St. Anthony Falls Laboratory

between 1963-1974.

Prof. Vallam Sundar and Prof. Lianxiang Wang received the IAHR-APD

Distinguished Membership Award during the recent APD IAHR held in

Jeju, Korea (20-23 Aug 2012). Prof. Vallam is from ITTM Chennai, India

and former Chair of IAHR APD. Prof. Wang is from IWHR, China and is

Secretary of IAHR APD.

Statement of distinguished IAHR-APD Membership Award

IAHR

hydrolink number 3/2012

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