hydrogen sulphide and the sulphur cycle
TRANSCRIPT
H2SMay 3, 2023 Copyright: BIO-H2-GEN Inc. ® 1
HYDROGEN SULPHIDE& THE SULPHUR CYCLE
BUSINESS OPPORTUNITYFROM
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THERE ARE ABUNDANT, RENEWABLE,
AND SUSTAINABLE SOURCES OF
HYDROGEN SULPHIDETHROUGHOUT THE WORLD
THE SULPHUR CYCLE
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THE SULPHUR CYCLEBEGINNING WITH
SULPHUR DIOXIDE ( SO2 )
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TONS of H2S and SO2 enter the atmosphere
to begin the “Sulphur Cycle” via volcanic eruptions
EACH YEAR
THE SULPHUR CYCLE
A NATURALSOURCE OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE
IN HARMONYWITH LIFE SUPPORT
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HUMANS CONTRIBUTE
MANY HUNDREDS OF
TONS OF SULPHUR
DIOXIDE INTO THE
ATMOSPHERE THAT BECOMES SULPHURIC ACID
(ACID RAIN)
ALL OIL REFINERIES AROUNDTHE WORLD HAVE H2S FLARES
THE SULPHUR CYCLE
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Methionine, Cysteine, homocysteine, and taurine are the 4 common sulfur-containing amino acids, but only the first 2 are incorporated into proteins.
Amino Acids play an important role in tissuetake up of oxygen and other substances thatare used to build cells and release energy.
Organic sulphur is found in high concentrations in our body tissue.It comprises 0 .25 % of our body weight.
SULPHUR IS ESSENTIALFOR LIFE ON THIS PLANET
Protein Structures
THE SULPHUR CYCLE
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_structure
1. Oxygen (65%)2. Carbon (18%)3. Hydrogen (10%)4. Nitrogen (3.0%)5. Calcium (1.5%)6. Phosphorus (1.0%)7. Potassium (0.35%)8. Sulfur (0.25%)9. Sodium (0.15%)10. Magnesium (0.05%)11. Copper, Zinc, Selenium, Molybdenum, Fluorine,
Chlorine, Iodine, Manganese, Cobalt, Iron (0.70%)
12. Lithium, Strontium, Aluminum, Silicon, Lead, Vanadium, Arsenic, Bromine (trace amounts)
Reference: H. A. Harper, V. W. Rodwell, P. A. Mayes, Review of Physiological Chemistry, 16th ed., Lange Medical Publications, Los Altos, California 1977.
THE HUMAN BODYIS MADE UP OF
THESE 12 ELEMENTS
Element % of body wt.
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THE SULPHUR CYCLE
!
Representative Protein Structures
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Our oceans are the largest reservoir of sulphur and, as such,the most significant contributor to life’s essential sulphur cycle
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THE SULPHUR CYCLE
Chloride, 55.03 %Sodium, 30.59 %
Sulfate, 7.68 %
Magnesium, 3.68 %
Calcium, 1.18 % Potassium, 1.11 %
Bicarbonate, 0.41 %
Bromide 0.19 % Borate,
0.08 % Strontium, 0.04 % Everything else, 0.01 %
Sea Salt Chemical Composition
ChlorideSodiumSulfateMagnesiumCalciumPotassiumBicarbonateBromideBorateStrontiumEverything else
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Our oceans are the largest reservoir of sulphur and, as such, the most significant contributor
to life’s essential sulphur cycle May 3, 2023 Copyright: BIO-H2-GEN Inc. ® 9
THE SULPHUR CYCLE
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NATURAL EUTRAPHICATION PRODUCES TONS OF
HYDROGEN SULPHIDE
THE SULPHUR CYCLE
WHICH FORMS SULPHUR DIOXIDE AND WATER ON CONTACT WITH THE OXYGEN IN AIR
SULPHURDIOXIDE
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At least one-quarter of the world's natural gas depositscontain Hydrogen Sulfide, which must be removed from the methane before the gas can be burned.
Removal of the H2S, from natural gas, cleans the fuel and, when just CH4 is burned, it does not produce the SO2 that leads to acid rain. More significantly, it produces less CO2 than other hydrocarbon fuels.
….SOME UP TO 90% !!
METHANE [CH4]THE SULPHUR
CYCLE
HOWEVERBURNING IT DOES PRODUCETHE GREENHOUSE GAS [CO2]
AND THE TOXIC CARBON MONOXIDE [CO]
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• pH growth range 5.5 to 8.7• at a pH of 7 H2S is 50% of dissolved sulphides• at a pH of 9 H2S is 100% of dissolved sulphides• exists in a temperature range of 0o to 100oC• 30min. exposure to 0.1% in Air can be fatal• highly soluble in water at 1 atm. & 20o C H2S can reach 4000mg/litre at 20oC (4 grams per
litre)
In ANAEROBIC environments
Desulfovibrio desulfuricansTHE SULPHATE REDUCING BACTERIUM (SRB)
PRODUCEHYDROGEN SULPHIDE ( H2S )
THE SULPHUR CYCLE
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FERROUS SULPHATEFeSO4
CALCIUM SULPHATECaSO4
Sulfates promote the growth of the sulfate-reducing bacteria:
Desulfovibrio Desulfuricans
In anaerobic aqueous environments these bacteria split oxygen off sulfate
ions; utilizing them chemically as their oxygen source.
That bacterial process results in the formation of::
HYDROGEN SULPHIDE ( H2S )
sH
H
THE SULPHUR CYCLE
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SIGNIFICANT & GLOBAL RENEWABLE SOURCESFOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION (to name a few)
1. MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT INFRASTRUCTURE
2. LARGE “FACTORY FARMING” (CATTLE, HOGS)
3. ABONDONED MINES (WASTEWATER RICH IN SULPHATES)
4. MUNICIPAL LAND-FILL SITES (construction drywall CaSO4·2H2O )
5. INLAND FISH FARMING SEDIMENT PONDS
7. ~8.0 % of all OCEAN WATER ( sulphate concentration) utilizing the sulphates and SRB bacteria in an anaerobic environment.
6. WASTEWATER FROM “FRACKING” SHALE Methane CH4 DEPOSITS
THE SULPHUR CYCLE
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THE MARKETABLE COMMODITY SULPHUR
Elemental sulphur is found in volcanic regions as a deposit formed by the emission of HYDROGEN SULPHIDE GAS.
The element was recovered by the Frasch process, named after German-born U.S. chemist Herman Frasch.Now the oil industry is the major supplier.
9,000,000 tons of sulphur are REQUIRED in the United States alone each year. Most comes from natural gas, petroleum refinery gases, pyrites, and smelter gases. In most cases sulphur is separated from other gases as hydrogen sulphide and then converted to elemental sulphur by the Claus process
BIO-H2-GEN Inc. COULD FILL THE GROWING DEMAND FOR SULPHUR AS THE OIL INDUSTRY DIMINISHES PRODUCTION
THE SULPHUR CYCLE
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GLOBAL SULPHUR MARKETSPigments
Pulp & Paper
Rubber & Plastics
Petroleum Refining
Ore Leaching
Agriculture
Chemicals
Phosphate Fertilizer
USES2 % 3 % 4 %
6 %
7 %
10 %
11 %
~90 % of sulphur use STARTS as production of H2SO4
known as Sulphuric Acid a world commodity
57 %PhosphateFertilizer
THE SULPHUR CYCLE
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• TREATMENT COSTS INCLUDE CHEMICAL CONTROLOF HYDROGEN SULPHIDE e.g. with HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
• THESE COSTS CAN AMOUNT TO HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS FOR SMALL TO MEDIUM SIZED COMMUNITIES
• FOR LARGER CITIES THE COSTS RUN INTO MILLIONS OF DOLLARS EACH YEAR TO PRECLUDE THE FORMATION AND
REPAIR OF THE DAMAGE CAUSED BY THE HYDROGEN SULPHIDE CHANGING FIRST TO SULPHUR DIOXIDE THEN TO SULPHURIC ACID
THE INCENTIVES FOR MUNICIPALITES TO SECURE THE BIO-H2-GEN Inc.’s TECHNOLOLGY
1. REDUCTION OF THE ABOVE COSTS2. SIGNIFICANT PERMANENT & PRIVATE
EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES 3. SUPPLIMENT THEIR BASIC ENERGY
REQUIREMENTS
REDUCE MUNICIPAL TREATMENT COSTS BY ADDING OUR TECHNOLOGY
WASTEWATER TREATMENT
CITYWASTEWATER
IS ASIGNIFICANT
SOURCEOF
HYDROGENSULPHIDE
THE SULPHUR CYCLE
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H2S H2SO4
RESPIRATION OFTHE BACTERIUM
Desulfovibrio DesulfuricansSulphate reducing bacteria
(SRB) produce H2S
Sulphuric Acid Hydrogen Sulphide
Sulphur Dioxide
SO2
FeSO4Ferrous Sulphate
VULCANOESALSO PRODUCE
ANAEROBICENVIRONMENT
AEROBICENVIRONMENT
THE SULPHUR CYCLE
“ACID RAIN”FORMS MINERAL SULPHATES
e.g. FeSO4
H2S REDUCES TO SO2
ON CONTACT WITH AIR
SO2 FORMS H2SO4 ONCONTACT WITH AIR & H2O
IN 3 STEPS
1 2
34
1
2
1 2
34
Fe