hydrogen hebrides - orkney renewable energy forum · pdf filepurity 99.99%, dew point

Hydrogen Hebrides An integrated low carbon transport vision

Dr Ruairi MacIver

Research Fellow, Lews Castle College UHI ex Project Manager (Renewable Energy), Comhairle nan Eilean Siar

Hydrogen

Hydrogen is an energy carrier, not an energy source … just like electricity.

Compared to other common fuels hydrogen’s energy content is the highest by weight, but the lowest by volume.

Production requires the separation of hydrogen molecules from its compounds with other elements

Majority is currently produced from hydro-carbons …

steam reformation of methane (CH4)

by-product of petro-chemical processes

… and involve greenhouse gas production

But …

hydrogen obtained by water electrolysis is clean if renewable electricity is used.

Comhairle nan Eilean Siar

The Outer Hebrides (Population c.27,000)

Energy Landscape

Almost total reliance on imported energy (electricity, oil, LPG, DERV & petrol).

High energy consumption & costs.

Community land-ownership & community-led energy generation projects (on-shore wind & hydro).

Commercial energy generation projects (on-shore wind & marine).

Constraints & limitations

Weak grid & interconnection issues.

Hydrogen opportunities

Energy capture avoiding grid (potentially).

Indigenous fuel for heat, power & transportation.

Community benefits.


The Outer Hebrides Energy consumption


• Renewable electricity is fine but …

• How to decarbonise the heat and transport sectors?

151.06

14.19 312.39

35.58

Total energy consumption by fuel source Total 513.2GWh (2008)

[Source: DECC]

Electricity

Manufactured Fuels

Petroleum Products

Coal

127.52

226.18

159.51

Total energy consumption by consuming sector Total 513.2GWh (2008)

[Source: DECC]

Industry & Commercial

Domestic

Road Transport

Domestic Energy End Use Proportion

Space heating 57.7%

Hot water 23.6%

Cooking 2.9%

Lighting & appliances 15.9%

End use categories and proportions for 2008 (Source DECC, March 2011)

H2seed Facility A renewable hydrogen production, storage and distribution facility

Compressed air supply for

compression system Electrolyser

High pressure storage

Low pressure storage

Refueller

AD of organic waste (biogas)

Renewable electricity generation

Electricity distribution

network

On-site demand

Alkaline Electrolysis

Low pressure buffer storage

Compression High pressure

storage

H2 vehicle refuelling

Water

Control system

H2 vehicles

H2seed Facility Installation completed May 2010 Budget: £720k Funding: CnES & Scottish Government

Electrolysis system

Alkaline electrolyser & gas purifier

rated @ 31kW, 5.3 Nm3/h (~0.45kg/h), 12 bar

H2 purity 99.99%, dew point <-45°C

O2 vented to atmosphere

H2O 4.6 litres per hour

Low pressure buffer storage

96 ‘k’-type cylinders (rated @ 200 bar)

Nominal volume: 4512 litres

Stored mass (@ 15°C): 4.5 kg at 12 bar

3.4 kg at 9 bar

High pressure storage

15 composite cylinders (rated @ 480 bar) steel lined, carbon fibre wrapped

Nominal volume: 1230 litres

Stored mass (@ 15°C): 34.1kg at 420 bar

29.5kg at 350 bar

Compression

Pneumatically driven booster pump

15kW air compressor delivering 1.85 m3/min at 10 bar

Estimated hydrogen transfer rate: 2 Nm3/h

H2seed Facility Royal Mail Hydrogen Vehicle Trial 6 June 2010 to 27 August 2010

Revolve Technologies’ 1st generation Ford Transit bi-fuel conversion (petrol/H2)

2.3 litre, four cylinder, internal combustion engine, independent hydrogen injection system

187 litre hydrogen storage (3 cylinders), 4.5 kg @ 350 bar and 15°C

Rated engine power 104 kW (petrol), 75 kW (hydrogen)

Range (claimed) 80 miles (urban), 135 miles (motorway)

H2seed Facility Royal Mail Hydrogen Vehicle Trial 6 June 2010 to 27 August 2010

Stornoway - Shawbost duty route (~110km) 1157km operation on hydrogen 30 successful refuelling operations supplying 71kg of hydrogen with an average refuelling time of 3.5 minutes

Driver observations generally positive, but … Reduced power required altered driving style Additional procedures cumbersome Range not sufficient for duty route

max 106km/h, mean 47km/h max 58km/h, mean 23km/h

H2seed Facility Vehicle Refuelling – Thermal Effects

Air Products S100 refuelling unit protocol

‘Cascade’ fill – relies on pressure difference between facility storage and on-board storage

Non-communicative fill (no feedback from vehicle storage to refuelling unit)

Transfer rate controlled to preset values

Refuelling Revolve Ford Transit

Standard S100 procedure

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Tank volume: 187 litres

Transfer: 3.7kg in 228s

Pressure rise: 10 – 350 bar

Temperature rise: 20 – 70°C

Initial pressure decay: ~12 bar/min

Stabilised pressure ~300 bar @ 20°C

H2seed Facility Operational Economics

Electrolysis

• Electricity: 6 kWh/Nm3 or 71.4 kWh/kg

• Water: 10 litres/Nm3 or 119 litres/kg (est.)

• Stage efficiency: 55%

• Cost: £2.60 / kg

Compression

• Transfer rate ~2 Nm3/h (for 12/420bar input/output pressures)

• Electricity: 16.5kWh / h or 97kWh / kg

• Stage efficiency: 41%

• Cost: £3.40 / kg

Refuelling

• Energy cost: 1kg @ 420bar requires ~170 kWh

• System energy efficiency: 23%

• Economic cost: £6 per kg (or 18p per kWh) compare to petrol at £1.46/litre (16p per kWh)

Large scale electrolysers have stack efficiencies of 75%-84% (UKHFCA, 2011).

Compression efficiency particularly poor as compressor was specified on the basis of a

30bar electrolyser.

H2 energy density 39.4 kWh/kg (HHV) Utility costs

Electricity: £0.035/kW Water: £0.75/m3

UKHFCA (2011) Did you know …, UK Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Association. http://www.ukhfca.co.uk/did-you-know/ (accessed 9 September 2011)

H2seed Facility Capital cost

Item Budget Project Cost

Capital Equipment £497,110 £478,596

Electrolyser (30kW) £256,000 £245,224

Storage & Fuelling Station £156,110 £217,924

Compressed Air Supply - £11,033

Vehicles £85,000 £0

Misc - £4,415

Land Acquisition £21,000 £21,000

Civil Works £13,600 £76,240

Consultancy Fees £80,680 £80,631

Maintenance (5 years) £81,000 £77,801

Project Management Fees £27,610 £96,613

Contingency - -

Total £721,000 £830,881

Funding

CnES £450,000 £559,881

Stornoway Trust £21,000 £21,000

Renewable Hydrogen & Fuel Cell

Support Scheme £250,000 £250,000

£721,000 £830,881

Initial budget poorly prepared with no contingency provision.

Underestimated items Site preparation Storage and fuelling station Project management fees

Level of intervention (internal and external) required was excessive.

Budget overspend prevented procurement of vehicles!

H2seed Facility Lessons

Facility design Lack of definitive design guidelines & specific regulations.

Procurement Inadequate understanding of EU public procurement procedures.

Sequential procurement process.

Public body issues Inflexible committee approval procedure – additional funding opportunities lost.

Highly risk-averse attitude – doesn’t fit well with innovative demonstration/pilot projects.

Staff turnover @ CnES & NTDA Energia Loss of project champion at senior level.

Knowledge / experience / enthusiasm residing in individuals.

Equipment supply Damage sustained during shipment.

Grant funding Rigid expenditure requirements.

Hydrogen Hebrides H2growth

Comhairle nan Eilean Siar &

Lews Castle College UHI project supported by

European Regional Development Fund

Capital Investment (£700k)

Deploy two hydrogen vehicles.

Establish low-carbon vehicle workshop-garage facility for local maintenance training & support.

Enhance the H2seed Facility capability.

Portable hydrogen energy system.

Revenue (£176.5k)

Personnel to retain local expertise.

Develop and deliver relevant training.

Dissemination and project development support.

Hydrogen Hebrides H2growth economics

CEP wind turbine – 300kW Enercon E33 Straight-to-grid connection under the Outer Hebrides Connect & Manage derogation. Export capacity contacted at 225kW.

Business case robust in this configuration with an estimated net annual production of 914,780kWh

Releasing constrained capacity (roughly 17% increase) provides additional income @ FiT rate (£0.175/kWh) with marginal increase in operational cost.

Peak-lopping mode realises £22,312pa & subsidises hydrogen production (electricity consumption no longer a cost).

Hydrogen Hebrides H2growth Storage requirements

CEP wind turbine – 300kW Enercon E33 Straight-to-grid connection under the Outer Hebrides ‘connect & manage’ derogation. Export capacity contacted at 225kW.

Peak Lopping Mode Rated Power (kW) 300 kW

Export Capacity (kW) 225 kW

Mean Wind Speed – hub height (m/s) 8.12 m/s

Annualised Production (gross) 1,145 MWh

Annualised Load factor 39.0%

Mean Power (kW) 131 kW

Non-exportable production 171 MWh

Electrolyser rated power (kW) 75 kW

Operation load factor 29.6% (based on time)

Production load factor 26.0% (based on kWh)

Production 2,607 kg

Supportable daily use 7.1 kg (365 day pa demand)

Storage required 688 kg

Storage pressure 420 bar

Pressurised storage volume 19.5 m3 19,500 litres

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Hydrogen Hebrides H2growth – H2 vehicles

Purchase two hydrogen vehicles for use in CnES fleet Project budget £240k

Market appraisal - limited availability One OEM – Hyundai ix35 FCEV Two 3rd party adaptions – PEC/SymbioFC HyKangoo & Revolve Technologies Ford Transit One niche manufacturer – Microcab

Performance specification procurement process (above-threshold open tender published in OJEU Sept-Oct 2012)

Evaluation criteria: Quality (70%) / Price (30%)

Tender A Tender B Tender C Tender D

Base vehicles £61,728 £90,000 £42,500 £49,152

Hydrogen fuel systems £106,000 £90,000 £130,000 £210,372

Certification & delivery Included £2,800 £20,000 included

Training & support £36,200 £26,410 £5,000 £3,582

Additional costs £9,000 1 £ - £14,904 2 £ -

Evaluated tender amount

£212,928 £209,210 £212,404 £263,106

1 Specific training required for maintenance provided by third party [Swagelok]. 2 Two year fuel cell warranty, documentation and estimated battery lease costs.

Renewable Energy Storage

Energy (Electricity) Storage Benefits of Energy Storage

• Commercial scale – Reduce fixed operational costs.

– Improve dispatch characteristics.

– Reduce infrastructure reinforcement.

• Domestic/Community scale – Increase network independence.

– Balance local supply vs demand.

• End-use diversification – Transport

– Heat … also heat.

Source: Energy Storage and Management Study, AEA Technology (2010)

HYDROGEN HEBRIDES An Island Hydrogen Network

THE OUTER HEBRIDES VISION A regional network of community operated energy centres using

hydrogen to link local renewable electricity generation with

transport, heat and power requirements.

The flexibility of hydrogen can increase the value to a community

of their renewable energy resources.


Electricity Generation Conventional Fuels

Fuel Commodity

Price Energy Price

(Net CV)

Grid Electricity - 12.0p/kWh

Petrol £1.46/litre 16.0p/kWh

DERV £1.54/litre 15.5p/kWh

Heating oil £0.70/litre 6.3p/kWh

LPG (bulk) £0.57/litre 8.8p/kWh

Incentive Payments (Generation)

Feed-in-Tariff Technology dependent. 9.4p/kWh to 34.5p/kWh (Community & domestic wind)

Renewable Obligation

Typically 9.0p/kWh (small-scale generation)

Export Payments

Deemed 3.1p/kWh (Feed-in-Tariff)

Power Purchase Agreement

Variable, 4.0p/kWh representative

Storing energy to displace conventional transport fuels can provide greater social & economic benefit than simply exporting electricity.

HYDROGEN HEBRIDES Adding Value Locally



STEPPING STONE PROJECTS

H2Lab: Skills Development .

Training & Research centre at Lews Castle College, UHI.

H2seed: The Hebrides’ first renewable hydrogen fuelling station.

Commissioned May 2010.

Fuelled Royal Mail Group’s hydrogen delivery vehicle trial.

H2growth: Deploy hydrogen vehicles in the Local Authority fleet.

Invitation to Tender to be issued end of May 2012.

Hydrogen Skills Development. Hydrogen Lab, Lews Castle College, UHI

Renewable Energy Resource Hydrogen Fuelling Infrastructure. H2seed Facility, Stornoway, CnES

Hybrid Inter-island Ferry Services



NEXT STEPS

HIGH2WAY: Establish hydrogen production at key locations supporting renewable electricity generation projects.

Provide the nodes of a road & marine transport network.

Optimising connection capacity.

Diversify into heat through stand-alone gas networks.

Hydrogen Skills Development. Hydrogen Lab, Lews Castle College, UHI

Renewable Energy Resource Hydrogen Fuelling Infrastructure. H2seed Facility, Stornoway, CnES

Hybrid Inter-island Ferry Services




150 passengers, 23 cars or 2 HGVs. Diesel generator sets supply power to electric propulsion motors/units. Lithium-ion battery banks (700kWh)

Caledonian Maritime Assets Ltd’s hybrid ferry design is basis for (hydrogen) fuel cell design.

Marine transport

Lews Castle College UHI, Alasdair Macleod & Arne Vogler.

Co-combustion of hydrogen/diesel in marine diesel engines. Engine performance study using a static Perkins engine. Funded by European Fisheries Fund.

Bristol Hydrogen Boats - Hydrogenesis

Commissioned in 2010, 12kW fuel cell, 12 passengers (www.bristolhydrogenboats.co.uk/index.html)

http://www.bristolhydrogenboats.co.uk/index.html

Get in touch…

Dr Ruairi MacIver

[email protected]

01851 770326


mailto:[email protected]

Some technologies are here now …

Hydrogen Hebrides The next steps …

and could be replicated in the Outer Hebrides,

making more effective use of imported hydro-carbon fuels

Palestra,

Transport for London:

200kWe / 263kWth FC

fuelled by natural gas

System efficiency 36%

Financial savings £90k pa

CO2 emission reduction 40%

Hebridean Hydrogen Park Phase 1: Capacity Building (2006)

• Lews Castle College, UHI Hydrogen Laboratory (H2lab)

An R&D Lab & Teaching Facility

– Engineering skills training • HNC/HND Engineering courses

• BSc Engineering courses

• Renewable Energy PDA

– Research capability • MSc & PhD level studies

• Collaboration opportunities

– Support for later phases • Training material

• Schools Hydrogen Teaching Packs

Small 1W

Electrolyser

& Fuel Cell

Systems

Fully

Integrated

Fuel Cell

Teaching

Systems

High Power

Fuel Cell

Systems

Hebridean Hydrogen Park

Hydrogen Lab, Lews Castle College

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