HYDROGEN BASED FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY

PRESENTED BY : ZEESHAN ALI

ROLL NO : 3806 (2016)GOVERNMENT COLLEGE UNIVERSITY FSD

HISTORY The concept of the fuel cell was first demonstrated by Humphry Davy in

1801. William Grove, a chemist invented the first working fuel cell in 1839. First commercial use of fuel cells was in NASA space

programs to generate power for probes, satellites and space capsules

In 1966, General Motors developed the first fuel cell road vehicle, the Chevrolet Electrovan. It had a PEM fuel cell a range of 120 miles and a top speed of 70 mph.

Fuel cell stacks were still limited principally to space applications in the 1980s, including the Space Shuttle by NASA.

WHY WE NEED FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY

WHY WE NEED FUEL CELL

Cars and trucks using petroleum fuels are one of the leading causes of air pollution.

Air pollution is single handedly responsible for up to 30,000 premature deaths each year.

In 2013, transportation contributed more than half of the carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides, and almost a quarter of the hydrocarbons emitted into our air.

Ozone depletion which can impair vision and breathing. From 1979 to the present, the hole has deepened within which ozone concentration has fallen by almost 40%.

Global warming due to continuous increase in temperature.

Getting hard to fulfill the increasing fuel requirements.

Acid rain which is harmful for humans and plants equally.

WHAT IS FUEL CELL? A fuel cell is a device that generates electricity by a

chemical reaction. Every fuel cell has a electrolyte, two electrodes, one positive and one negative, called, respectively, the anode and cathode. The reactions that produce electricity take place at the electrodes.

WORKING A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that combines

hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity, with water and heat as its by-product. In its simplest form, a single fuel cell consists of two electrodes - an anode and a cathode - with an electrolyte between them.

• At the anode the oxidation reaction occur and at the cathode the reduction reaction occur.In the oxidation reaction, the H convert into –ve and +ve ions.In the reduction reaction, the O convert into ions.

Chemistry of a Fuel CellAnode side: 2H2 4H+ + 4e-

Cathode side: O2 + 4H+ + 4e- 2H2O

Net reaction: 2H2 + O2 2H2O

Hydrogen ?? What is it ?

Hydrogen gas glows purple when

ionized.

H2

I am the lightest element and am gas at normal temperature and pressure. I condenses to liquid at temperatures of -253° Celsius.

Hydrogen ?? What is It ?In Greek, hydrogen means "water-former".

NGC 604, a giant region of ionized hydrogen in the

Triangulum Galaxy

Hydrogen is not a fuel…it is a way of storing and transporting energy , similar to a battery.

But, Why Hydrogen ??

FORMATION OF ELECTROLYTE The electrolyte material is considered to be the heart of a

Fuel cell. It can be prepared by co-precipitation or Sol-gel method

but the co-precipitation method is so suitable. Because for fuel cell the electrolyte must be dense. If the electrolyte more dense them the ions pass more quickly from them.

The selection of the material for the electrolyte must be based on that the electrolyte must be stop the flow of electron and only ions pass from them. And mostly it is based on Cerium oxide and zerconia oxide.

The nanocompsite are placed on electrolyte for improving the working of fuel cell.

Formation of electrodes In fuel cell, anode electrodes are prepare by NiO , ZnO, CuO etc

and noble material but mostly used NiO due to low cost. The following property must be in our mind for selecting anod

material1- stability in reducing environment.2- sufficient electronic and ionic conductivity.3- porous structure.4- thermal expansion coefficient matching electrolyte.5- higly catalytic activity.

The anode electrodes are mostly prepare by using the Sol-gel method.

The cathode electrodes are prepare by (Sm, Sr)CoO3, (Ba,Sr)(Co,Fe)O3-δ , (GdBaCoO5+δ), (La1-xSrxMnO3) etc.

The following property must be in our mind for selecting cathode material

1- stability in oxidizing environment.2- sufficient electronic and ionic conductivity.3- porous structure.4- thermal expansion coefficient matching

electrolyte.The mostly cathode electrodes are prepared by Sol-gel method .

COMMON FUELS Hydrogen Hydrazine Ammonia Hydrocarbon(gases) Hydrocarbon(liquid) Synthesis gases Methanol

ENERGY FLOW DIAGRAM

FUEL PROCESSOR

FUEL CELL

POWER CONDITIONER

FUELHYDROGENFROM FUEL

DC INPUT AC

OUTPUT

OXYGEN FROM AIR

WATER VAPOUR AND HEAT

Hydrogen Technology Development In India

Production of hydrogen by photo electrolysis of water using solar energy

Production of hydrogen by blue green algae & by certain bacterial species

Storage of hydrogen through metal hydride / non metal hydride

Problems relating to utilization of hydrogen as a fuel,that is developed for certain engines and fuel etc.

Liquid hydrogen production, storage and utilization.

Types of the fuel cell There are many types of the fuel cell on the basis of electrolyte materials.

HYDROGEN FUEL CELL VEHICLE

MERITS Fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) powered by pure hydrogen emit no GHGs

from their tailpipe, only heat and water. FCVs could reduce our dependence on foreign oil since hydrogen can

be derived from domestic sources, such as natural gas and coal, as well as renewable resources such as water, biogas, and agricultural waste. That would make our economy less dependent on other countries

Fuel cells have a higher efficiency than diesel or gas engines. Hydrogen is a renewable fuel source as it is very plentiful. The trick is

to break the water molecules down to release it.

MERITS(CONTINUED)

Unlike all-electric vehicles (EVs), FCV’s hold a comparable distance range and refueling time to gasoline vehicles.

Unlike vehicles which have internal combustion engine, FCV’s require less maintainance.

Low noise pollution and thermal pollution.Unlike electric vehicles FCV’s does not require recharging.

CHALLENGESFCVs are currently more expensive than conventional

vehicles and hybrids, but costs have decreased significantly and are approaching to more affordable rates till 2017.

The current infrastructure for producing, delivering, and dispensing hydrogen to consumers cannot yet support the widespread adoption of FCVs.

Warranty issues on major electric components. Dealership and repair shop not familiar with new components.

Great amount of policy support and investment is essential to achieve market readiness.

CHALLEHGES (CONTINUED)

Fuel cell technology must be embraced by consumers before its benefits can be realized. They must become familiar with a new kind of fuel. Public education can accelerate this process.

Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are the lack of sufficient infrastructure for hydrogen refueling, and the cost of the catalysts. Platinum is one of the most commonly used catalysts for fuel cells, but it's very expensive.

WHY THEY ARE BEING DEVELOPED

COMPARISON WITH BATTERIES

Challenges to Fuel Cell Technology

Durability and Reliability Durability of fuel cell systems have not yet been

adequately established The durability standard for automobiles is

approximately 150,000 miles and the ability to function under normal vehicle operating conditions

For stationary systems 40,000 hours of reliable operation in a temperature range of -35 degree Celsius to 40 degrees Celsius will be required for market acceptance

Disadvantages Activation losses

These losses are caused by the slowness of the reaction taking place on the surface of the electrodes.

Ohmic losses The voltage drop due to the resistance to the flow of electrons

through the material of the electrodes. This loss varies linearly with current density.

Concentration losses Losses that result from the change in concentration of the

reactants at the surface of the electrodes as the fuel is used. Fuel crossover losses

Losses that result from the waste of fuel passing through the electrolyte and electron conduction through the electrolyte.

(a) Stationary energy resources:•Power for municipalities, rural areas and industries.•Heat and electricity for homes.•Long-lasting mobile power for computers, cell phones and other electronics(b) Transportation:•Non polluting automobiles•Inexpensive fuels (c) Military applications:• Fuel cells could significantly reduce deployment costs

Other Applications

93% 0.3%

0.7%

2.7%

0.2%1.5%

Present uses of hydrogen

Application type portable stationary TransportDefinition Units that are built into,

or charge up, products that are designed to be moved including auxiliary power units(APU)

Units that provide electricity(and sometimes heat)but are not designed to be moved

Units that produced propulsive power or range extension to a vehicle

Power range 5W to20KW O.5 KW to 400KW 1KW to 100KW

Technology PEMFCDMFC

PEMFC PAFCMCFC SOFC

PEMFCDMFC

examples Non-motive APUMilitary applications(portable soldier-borne power)Portable products(torches, battery chargers)

Large stationary combined heat and power(CHP) Small stationary micro-CHPUninterruptible power sources(UPS)

Fuel cell electric vehicles(FCEV)Trucks and buses

PRESENT STATUS Fuel cell industry began its road to commercialisation in 2007

An 11.2 MW installation in Korea is the world’s largest fuel cell power plant till today

In Germany more than 250 fuel cell micro-CHP system have been installed under the callux programme

Commercial production of fuel cell scooters has started in Taiwan in 2012

At the end of 2011, 215 hydrogen refuelling stations was in operation worldwide. The stations are located in Europe (85), North America (80), Asia Pacific (47) and the Rest of the World (3).

In USA, at the end of 2011 Clear Edge has over 100 installations of its 5 kW ClearEdge5 HT PEMFC unit in California

Hyundai ix35 FCEV, Mercedes-Benz B-Class F-CELL Mercedes-Benz Citron fuel cell buses

In May 2012, the world’s largest platinum producer Anglo American Platinum launched a fuel cell powered mine locomotive prototype.

Some of the agencies involved in development of fuel cells in India are Ministry of New and Renewable Energy Sources (MNES)

Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC)

Indian Railways,

Indian Institute of Science and Central Glass & Ceramic Research Institute,

Tata Energy Research Institute (TERI), Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. (BHEL), and Reva Electric Car Company

At Vijayawada and Chennai hydrogen filling station are established

World Fuel Cell Activity

PWC Survey 2006

Bush Administration’s Hydrogen Commitment 500 meter tons of carbon saved each year by 2040 Reduce demand for

oil by 11 million barrels per day by 2040

Child born in 2003 to drive a hydrogen car at age 16

REFEreNCE Khan, B.H., Non Conventional Energy Resources,,New

Delhi: McGraw-Hill Third Reprint 2008 Kothari,D.P, Singhal K.C,Ranja,Rakesh,Renewable Energy Sources and

Emerging Technologies,New Delhi: PHI Learning Private Limited Second Edition Nov 2011

Nice,Karim and Strickland, Jonathan. "How Fuel Cells Work: Polymer Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells". How Stuff Works, accessed August 4, 2011

http://openaccesslibrary.org/images/HAR224_Adesh_Sharma.pdf

http://policy.rutgers.edu/ceeep/hydrogen/education/ThermodynamicsFuelCells.pdf

http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/media/1713685/fct_review_2012.pdf

http://www.fuelcellenergy.com/knowledge-library.php http://ezinearticles.com/?Disadvantage-of-Fuel-Cells&i

d=1788240 National Renewable Energy Laboratory

http://www.nrel.gov/hydrogen/proj_production_delivery.html

DoE Alternative Fuels Data Center http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/laws/epact_2005.html

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Realm http://www.geocities.com/aardduck/fc_basic.html

Non conventional energy source G D rai 2006 edition FuelCellWorks.com www.hydrogenhighway.ca.gov

Thank

you!