HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES

BY:

SADAF NIDAH 133T1A0223

IV EEE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

SEMINAR ON

CONTENTS Introduction Why fuel efficiency is important? History of HEV Components of HEV Configurations of HEV Modes of operationHow hybrid saves fuel? Advantages Commercial model Conclusion Bibliography

INTRODUCTION Any vehicle that combines two or more sources of power is said to be hybrid. A Hybrid Electric Vehicle(HEV) augments an electric vehicle with a second source of

power( alternate power unit- petrol, diesel etc.) Combines a conventional internal combustion engine propulsion system with an electric

propulsion system.A hybrid can achieve the cruising range and performance advantages of conventional

vehicles with the low noise, low exhaust emission.Modern HEVs make use of efficiency-improving technologies such as regenerative brakes,

which converts the vehicle's kinetic energy into electric energy to charge the battery, rather than wasting it as heat energy as conventional brakes do.

Provides better mileage and less use of fuel.

WHY IS FUEL EFFICIENCY IMPORTANT?World energy shortage and growing demand have caused energy crises.

The reserves are decreasing at an alarming rate where as the demand is increasing day by day.

Fuel price increasing day by day.Pollution increasing creating severe impact in the world.

According to the Institute of Mechanical Engineers, there are 1.3 trillion barrels of proven oil reserve left in the world's major fields, which at present rates of consumption should last 40 years.

Thus to reduce consumption many mitigating ways and technologies are used.

As automobile sector uses the most fuel, hence fuel must be used efficiently and should not increase pollution.

HISTORY OF HEV1825

Steam Engine Car, British inventor Goldsworthy.85 miles round trip took 10 hours (14 km/h).

1870 First electric car was build in Scotland.

1897 The London Electric Cab Company used a 40-cell battery and 3 horsepower electric

motor.Could be driven 50 miles between charges.

1898The German Dr. Porsche, at age 23, Built the world's first front-wheel-drive.Porsche's second car was a hybrid, using an internal combustion engine to spin a

generator that provided power to electric motors located in the wheel hubs. On battery alone, the car could travel nearly 40 miles.

1900US car companies made 1,681 steam, 1,575 electric and 936 gasoline cars. In a poll, electric was the first choice, followed by steam.

1904Henry Ford overcame the gasoline engine issues: noise, vibration, and odor Produced low-priced, lightweight, gas-powered vehicles. Within a few years, the electric vehicles failed. A hybrid combination came in existence.

1997-99Hybrid electric vehicles did not become widely available until the release of the Toyota Prius in Japan in 1997,

followed by the Honda Insight in 1999.Toyota, Audi, Honda, Ford, followed by other main car manufactures introduced new generation of

electric and hybrid cars.

2004The Toyota Prius II won 2004 Car of the Year Awards from Motor Trend Magazine and the North

American Auto Show. Toyota was surprised by the demand and pumped up its production from 36,000 to 47,000 for the

U.S.

THE LOHNER-PORSCHE MIXTE HYBRID WAS THE FIRST GASOLINE-ELECTRIC HYBRID AUTOMOBILE

COMPONENTS OF HEVComponents used in hybrid electric vehicles are given below:Gasoline engine - The engine on a hybrid will be smaller and lighter, and is more

efficient than the engine in a conventional vehicle. Use advanced technologies further reduce emissions.

Fuel tank - The fuel tank in a hybrid is the energy storage device for the gasoline engine.

Electric motor - The electric motor on a hybrid car is very sophisticated. Electric motor used in hybrid cars are usually dc series motor since it’s versatile.

Generator - It acts only to produce electrical power. It is used mostly on series hybrids.

Power split device –The power split device is a clever gearbox that hooks the internal combustion engine and D.C.motor together.

Batteries - The batteries in a hybrid car are the energy storage device for the electric motor. The batteries used in HEV is Ni-Cd cells since its lighter than the lead acid cells and its also mechanically strong and can stand very rough use.

COMPONENTS OF HYBRID ELECTRICAL VEHICLE

CONFIGURATIONS OF HEV

This is called a series hybrid system because the power flows to the wheels in series. A series hybrid system can run a small-output engine in the efficient operating region relatively steadily, generate and supply electricity to the electric motor and efficiently charge the battery. This system is being used in the Coaster Hybrid.

Series configuration:

In a parallel hybrid system, both the engine and the electric motor drive the wheels, and the drive power from these two sources can be utilized according to the prevailing conditions. This is called a parallel hybrid system because the power flows to the wheels in parallel.

Parallel configuration:

This maximizes both series and parallel systems, it has two motors, and depending on the driving conditions, uses only the electric motor or the driving power from both the electric motor and the engine, in order to achieve the highest efficiency level.

Series/Parallel configuration:

USAGE OF ENGINE AND MOTOR IN DIFFERENT CONFIGURATION

MODES OF OPERATION

Motor

Transmission

IC Engine

Generator Battery

Wheel

Wheel Motor

Transmission

IC Engine

Generator Battery

Wheel

Wheel

Motor

Transmission

IC Engine

Generator Battery

Wheel

Wheel

Scenario 1: Low speed - Power is provided by electric motor using energy supplied by the DC battery

Scenario 2: Braking – Kinetic energy is converted to electric energy during regenerative braking by electric motor and supplied to battery.

Scenario 3: High speed – Power is provided by IC engine and electric motor via generator. Generator also charge battery during high speed.

BLOCK DIAGRAM REPRESENTATION OF MODES OF OPERATION

HOW HYBRID SAVES FUEL? Engine is turned off at:

Stops Lower speed (say less that 15 km/h), an electric motor drives the

car until speed reaches a certain limit, then engine kicks in When vehicle is stopping or going downhill, engine is turned off,

Regenerative braking is applied When engine operates in an inefficient mode(e.g. at very high or very

low engine speeds), the electric motor kicks in and assists engine. Engine is driven to its optimum operating zone

Engine can be made smaller, due to electric motor assistance

18

ADVANTAGES OF HEV• Use less oil than ICE.• Emits less CO2 than ICE.• Fuel efficiency increased.• Regenerative braking.• Reduces the size of ICE.• Quiet operation.

COMMERCIAL MODELS• Toyota Prius• Toyota Highlander• Toyota Auris Hybrid• Ford Escape• Honda Insight• Honda Civic Hybrid• Honda Accord Hybrid

Vehicle Yearmodel

EPACombined

mileage(mpg)

EPACity

(mpg)

EPAHighway

(mpg)

Annualfuel

cost (1)

(USD)

Tail pipeemissions

(grams per

mile CO2)

EPAAir Pollution

Score(2)

AnnualPetrolem

Use(barrel)

Toyota Prius Eco 2016 56 58 53 US$650 158 NA 5.9

Toyota Prius (4th gen) 2016 52 54 50 US$700 170 NA 6.3

Toyota Prius (3rd gen) 2015 50 51 48 US$700 179 7/9* 6.6

Toyota Prius c 2015/16 50 53 46 US$700 178 7/8* 6.6

Honda Accord (2nd gen) 2015 47 50 45 US$750 188 7/8* 7.0

Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid 2016 46 47 46 US$750 212 7/8* 7.8

Economic and environmental performance comparison among EPA's top ten 2015/16 model year most fuel efficient hybrid models available in the U.S. market

CONCLUSIONS

• Using the concept of hybridization of cars results in better efficiency and also saves a lot of fuel in todays fuel deficit world.

• A hybrid gives a solution to all problems to some extent.• Hybrid vehicles promises a practical ,efficient, low pollution vehicle for the

coming era.• One can surely conclude that this concept and the similar ones to follow with

even better efficiency and conservation rate are very much on the anvil in todays energy deficit world.

BIBLIOGRAPHY• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle#Electric_machines• http://www.ucsusa.org/clean-vehicles/electric-vehicles/how-do-hybrids-work

#.WJCO8Pl97IU

• http://www.autonews.com/article/20130930/OEM06/309309954/how-the-honda-accords-innovative-hybrid-system-works

• https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/hybridtech.shtml • http://www.slideshare.net/AbR211_United/hybrid-electric-vehicles-seminar• https://www.google.co.in/search?q=hybrid+electric+vehicle