hunger
DESCRIPTION
Myers Chp 12TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 12
Motivation
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Motivation• Key Question:
– What motivates us to behavior &/or attitude?
WHY do we do what we do?
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Motive• A hypothetical state within an organism that activates behavior and motivates the organism toward a goal
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NEED• Any state of deprivation
– Physiological needs (air, food, water pain avoidance, temperature, etc.)
– Our state of deprivation of the comfort level of any need gives rise to drive to regain that level again
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HOMEOSTASIS• “The same state”
– Our comfortable level we try to maintain
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DRIVEA need gives rise to a drive
• A condition of arousal in an organism that propels it toward satisfying the need
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Physiological drives are the psychological
counterparts of physiological needs
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INCENTIVE• An object, person or situation perceived as being capable of satisfying a need.
• Incentives motivate behavior
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THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
IDEAS ABOUT WHAT MOTIVATES US TO DO WHAT WE DO…
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A) COGNITIVE DISSONANCE THEORY
• DR. FESTINGER (1956)• We are motivated to be sure our cognitions and beliefs are consistent, if not, we work until they are!– Dissonance - not in harmony– Cognitive - information processing
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B) INSTINCT THEORY (1900ish)
• William James– People inherit social behavior instincts
• William McDougal– 18 Basic Instincts
•Migratory & mating behavior (birds)•Rooting/Sucking (humans)
Darwin- behavior originates from instinctAdaptive survival behaviors
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INSTINCT THEORY - ideas
1. Species specific behavior
2. Releasers
3. Fixed-Action Pattern (FAP)
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• Ethologist - a scientist who studies the behavior patterns that characterize different species– Konrad Lorenz
•Baby goslings•Imprinting•Critical period
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Pheromones• Seemingly odorless and tasteless chemical secretions detected by members of the same species that, when released, stimulate stereotypical behavior
• What about in Humans??
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Sociobiology
• Herding Behavior as threat reduction
• Aged or nonproductive leave group to increase survival – (Theory of the Buffalo from Norm on Cheers!)
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C) DRIVE REDUCTION THEORY
• CLARK HULL• We are motivated to reduce the compelling drive that we are experiencing– State of Irritation
•We try to reduce tension where we no longer experience a “drive” because the “need” has been satisfied
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DRIVE REDUCTION THEORY
• Primary Drives– unlearned or physiological drives
• Acquired Drives– We learn to need them through experience
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D) OPPONNENT-PROCESS THEORY
• RICHARD SOLOMON• Emotional reactions are followed by their opposite emotion rather than a neutral emotion, when the conditions give rise to the original emotion change.
– Ex. •Afterimages•fearful soldier
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E. HUMANISTIC THEORY
• A DRIVE TO SELF-ACTUALIZATION• ABRAHAM MASLOW• Behavior is motivated by a conscious desire for personal growth
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of
Needs • Lowest level neeeds must be met first
• then higher-level safety needs become active
• then psychological needs become active
Self-actualization needsNeed to live up to one’s
fullest and unique potential
Esteem needsNeed for self-esteem,
achievement, competence,and independence; need for
recognition and respect from others
Safety needsNeed to feel that the world is organized and
predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable
Belongingness and love needsNeed to love and be loved, to belong
and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation
Physiological needsNeed to satisfy hunger and thirst
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F) COGNITIVE THEORY OF MOTIVATION
• Leon Festinger(1957) & Sandra Bem(1993)
• Cognitive consistency
1. Gender Schemas - expectations of “maleness” or “femaleness”
2. Expectancies - people motivated by what they expect will happen (Bandura,Rotter,Mischel)
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COGNITIVE THEORY OF MOTIVATION
3. Self-efficacy expectations - Julian Rotter’s idea that we are motivated or not by our own sense of how well we will perform at something
4. Cognitive Dissonance - (Festinger) we are motivated to maintain consistency*
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G) SOCIO-CULTURAL THEORY
• Covers all other theories• States that everything is within the “Filter” of a social or cultural context
• “Milieu” = environment– The sociocultural milieu influences motives such as aggressiveness, nurturance, etc. (M. Mead 1935)
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DRIVES:HUNGER & THIRST
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• SATIETY - The state of being satisfied or full
• LESION - and injury that relults in impaired or loss of function
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Motivation-Hunger• Set Point
– the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set
– when the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight
• Basal Metabolic Rate– body’s base rate of energy expenditure
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Motivation-Hunger
• The hypothalamus controls eating and other body maintenance functions
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PsychSim• Hunger & the Fat Rat
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Eating Disorders
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Eating Disorders• Anorexia Nervosa
– when a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly (>15%) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve
– usually an adolescent female• Bulimia Nervosa
– disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of highly caloric foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting or excessive exercise
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Eating Disorders:Anorexia Nervosa
• when a person is less than 85% of their normal body weight
• 95% of sufferers are female • most are between the ages of 18-30• 30% of persons diagnosed with anorexia nervosa die
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Women’s Body Images
Thinnest Women’sideal
What womenbelieved menpreferred
What menactuallypreferred
Women’scurrent
body image
Fattest
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Psych Quest• How do we control how much we eat?
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Motivation and Achievement
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Motivation•Achievement Motivation–a desire for significant accomplishment•for mastery of things, people, or ideas
•for attaining a high standard
–McClelland and Atkinson believed fantasies would reflect achievement concerns
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Motivation•Intrinsic Motivation–desire to perform a behavior for its own sake or to be effective
•Extrinsic Motivation–desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment
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Rewards Affect Motivation
Mom: “I’ll give you $5 for every A.’’Controlling reward
Child: “As long as she pays, I’ll study.’’Extrinsic motivation
Mom: “Your grades were great! Let’s celebrate by going out for dinner.’’Informative reward
Child: “I love doing well.’’Intrinsic motivation
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Motivation• Industrial/Organizational (I/O) Psychology– sub-field of psychology that studies and advises on workplace behavior
• I/O Psychologists– help organizations select and train employees, boost morale and productivity, and design products and assess responses to them
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Motivation• Task Leadership
– goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals
• Social Leadership– group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support
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Motivation• Theory X
– assumes that workers are basically lazy, error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money
– should be directed from above• Theory Y
– assumes that, given challenge and freedom, workers are motivated to achieve self-esteem and to demonstrate their competence and creativity