human skeletal evidence of polynesian presence in south america? metric analyses of six crania from...

7/26/2019 Human Skeletal Evidence of Polynesian Presence in South America? Metric Analyses of Six Crania from Mocha Isla

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Polynesians in America: Pre-ColumbianContacts with the New World

Chapter January 2011

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4 authors, including:

Terry L Jones

California Polytechnic State University, San

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Lisa Matisoo-Smith

University of Otago

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Jose Miguel Ramirez-Aliaga

Playa Ancha University

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Retrieved on: 19 June 2016
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Journal of Pacific Archaeology Vol. No.

Human Skeletal Evidence of Polynesian Presence inSouth America? Metric Analyses of Six Crania from

Mocha Island, Chile

Elizabeth Matisoo-Smith & Jose-Miguel Ramirez

In the discovery of pre-Columbian chicken bones from Chile provided the first conclusive evidence for prehistoric

Polynesian contact with South America. When looking for further commensal data to address the issue of trans-Pacific

contacts, we found a museum collection of human remains recovered from Mocha Island, a small island located ap-proximately km off the Chilean coast. Te morphology of the crania suggests they may be of Polynesian ancestry.Here we present craniometric analyses for the six complete crania from Mocha Island, Chile and discuss the implica-

tions for further research into prehistoric trans-Pacific interaction.

Keywords: craniometric analyses, Polynesian prehistory, voyaging, trans-Pacific contact, South America

Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology and AllanWilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Univer-

sity of Otago, PO Box , Dunedin , New Zealand

Rapa Nui Studies Centre, Institute of History and SocialSciences, University of Valparaso, Via del Mar, Chile.

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Submitted .., accepted ..

Te issue of prehistoric trans-Pacific contacts has been atopic of scholarly debate since the first half of the thcentury (MacMillan-Brown , Buck , Emory), but it was the work of the Norwegian adventurerTor Heyerdahl that brought the issue of contact betweenPolynesia and the Americas to public attention. As partof research upon identifying population origins, Heyer-dahl suggested that Polynesian origins could be found inthe Americas and, to prove his point, constructed a balsawood ra and sailed from Peru to the uamotus (Heyer-dahl ). Archaeological and linguistic research in thesecond half of the century showed, however, that Polyne-sian origins were linked to the Lapita cultural complexand the Austronesian expansion which had its origins inthe west, in the islands of Near Oceania and further backto Island Southeast Asia (Kirch ). At the same time,archaeological theory shied away from ideas of diffusionand the idea of identifying evidence of contact betweenPolynesia and the Americas lost favour. Still, compelling

evidence for contact exists, most particularly in the pres-ence of not only American plants, the sweet potato (Ipo-moea batatas) and bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria), inpre-contact Polynesia (Hather & Kirch , Green ,

Clarke et al. ) but more importantly in the use ofthe South American name for the sweet potato, kumara,which relates to the Quechua word, kumar, for the sameplant (Scaglion ).

In , Ramirez (, ) conducted a formalinventory of Polynesian-like traits which had been de-scribed among the Mapuche, a pre-Hispanic culture incentral-south Chile located between and southlatitude (see Fig ). While some similarities such as theuse of the underground cooking oven (similar to a hangior umu) or stone fish weirs are clearly, based on theirantiquity, independent inventions, other similarities aremuch more suggestive of contactsuch as the Mapuchehand clubs which are remarkably similar to the Maori wa-haika, and polished stone adzes called toki and adze-likependants called toki kura the same name for the sameobjects in both Maori and Mapuche. Unfortunately all ofthe examples of these Polynesian like Mapuche artifactswere found and placed in museums prior to the develop-ment of modern archaeological practice, so there is nochronological information associated with them which

would be necessary to claim that they are evidence of pre-historic Polynesian contact.

In Storey et al. () proposed that the identifi-cation and radiocarbon dating of a pre-Columbian chick-en bone from the El Arenal site in south-central Chileconstituted the first scientific evidence for Polynesian con-tact with South America. Te El Arenal bone possesseda mitochondrial sequence identical to that of someancient chicken bones from the Pacific. Further analysesidentified two more chicken bones from the site with sim-ilar and pre-Columbian dates of at probability (Storey et al. ).
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Initial surveys by Ramirez and Atholl Andersonand Ramirez and Matisoo-Smith of faunal material heldin various Chilean museums failed to locate additionalchicken bones or other Pacific commensal remains (e.g.Rattus exulans) from archaeological sites on the Chileancoast. However, while studying collections at the Concep-cion Museum, Ramirez and Matisoo-Smith came acrossseveral boxes of human remains recovered from MochaIsland, located only km south of the El Arenal site.

Abrief look at these remains suggested that they might be

of Polynesian origin, as they possessed a number of non-metric traits which, while not exclusive to Pacific popula-tions, are in frequency and combination typical of Pacificand particularly Polynesian populations. Tese include:an apparent pentagonal shape to the crania when viewedfrom behind with flattening of the temporal fossae; thepresence of a rocker jaw, but more specifically the lack ofan antegonial arch and the near vertical orientation of theramus of the mandible; and an oval shaped fovea capitis inthe head of the femur (Houghton , , ). Metricanalyses of the remains were conducted at the museum in. Te results of our work are reported here.

Mocha Island is located approximately km off thesouthern coast of the Arauco region of south centralChile. Te island runs in a - direction and is approxi-mately km long and . km wide with a total area of km. Archaeological survey and excavation indicates that

Mocha Island has been sporadically populated for about years and permanently occupied for approximately years (Quiroz & Sanchez , , ; Quiroz &Vasquez , Vasquez , Sanchez , Goicovich &Quiroz ). Te indigenous population was removedin (Sanchez et al. ) and in the island wasresettled by farmers and cattle ranchers from the main-land. oday, approximately people live on the islandand are settled primarily around the coast, which has beendivided up into a total of individually owned parcelasor sections. Te mountainous interior, which makes upnearly of the island, is part of the Mocha Island Na-

tional Reserve, which is administered by the CorporacionNacional Forestal de Chile ().

Material and Methods

wenty-seven boxes of human remains from Mocha Is-land were found in the Concepcion Museum. Te materialwas recovered from a range of contexts, from chance findsmade by locals to material recovered during archaeologi-cal excavations on the island. Much of the archaeologicallyrecovered material was studied and described by Constan-tinescu (), but she did not conduct any craniometricanalyses. Te Concepcion Museum collection includes six

complete adult crania found in boxes labelled , , , , and ; some of these were associated with post-cranialmaterial, most of which was fragmentary. In addition tothe Mocha Island material, we also found another box ofskeletal material labelled Coronel which came from a siteon the mainland near the town of irua, just across fromMocha Island. Unfortunately the Coronel cranium wasincomplete, missing a significant amount of the right pari-etal region so it could not be included in the craniometricanalyses conducted on the Mocha material. Te completecrania are described and shown below.

Box contained a single cranium, of slightly rounded

pentagonal shape when viewed from behind (Figure ).We noted that there appeared to be a slight flattening ofthe le posterior portion of the skull. Te morphologi-cal characteristics suggest it belonged to a female. It wasfound on Parcela , but no other information was avail-able for this sample.

Box included a complete cranium, with some post-cranial material that was recovered from excavations ofParcela -, located on the northeast coast of Mocha. Con-stantinescu ()describes the material as female aged years. She noted that it appears to have Mongoloidcharacteristics and also recorded flattening on the le side

Figure 1. Map of South America with Mapuche region

identied.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292256890_The_early_human_biology_of_the_Pacific_Some_considerations?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285309613_La_presencia_del_arcaico_tardio_en_Isla_Mocha_Excavaciones_preliminares_del_sitio_P27-1?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285309613_La_presencia_del_arcaico_tardio_en_Isla_Mocha_Excavaciones_preliminares_del_sitio_P27-1?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251068375_Domesticacion_de_plantas_y_animales_en_la_Araucania_Datos_metodologias_y_problemas_Chungara_361_365-372?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251068375_Domesticacion_de_plantas_y_animales_en_la_Araucania_Datos_metodologias_y_problemas_Chungara_361_365-372?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251068375_Domesticacion_de_plantas_y_animales_en_la_Araucania_Datos_metodologias_y_problemas_Chungara_361_365-372?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285900980_Reconstruir_un_antiguo_modo_de_vida_un_nuevo_desafio_desde_la_Bioantropologia?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285900980_Reconstruir_un_antiguo_modo_de_vida_un_nuevo_desafio_desde_la_Bioantropologia?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285900980_Reconstruir_un_antiguo_modo_de_vida_un_nuevo_desafio_desde_la_Bioantropologia?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285900980_Reconstruir_un_antiguo_modo_de_vida_un_nuevo_desafio_desde_la_Bioantropologia?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285309613_La_presencia_del_arcaico_tardio_en_Isla_Mocha_Excavaciones_preliminares_del_sitio_P27-1?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285309613_La_presencia_del_arcaico_tardio_en_Isla_Mocha_Excavaciones_preliminares_del_sitio_P27-1?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285900980_Reconstruir_un_antiguo_modo_de_vida_un_nuevo_desafio_desde_la_Bioantropologia?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285900980_Reconstruir_un_antiguo_modo_de_vida_un_nuevo_desafio_desde_la_Bioantropologia?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285900980_Reconstruir_un_antiguo_modo_de_vida_un_nuevo_desafio_desde_la_Bioantropologia?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285900980_Reconstruir_un_antiguo_modo_de_vida_un_nuevo_desafio_desde_la_Bioantropologia?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292256890_The_early_human_biology_of_the_Pacific_Some_considerations?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251068375_Domesticacion_de_plantas_y_animales_en_la_Araucania_Datos_metodologias_y_problemas_Chungara_361_365-372?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==


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Matisoo-Smith & Ramirez Human Skeletal Evidence of Polynesian Presence in South America?

of the skull possibly associated with cradle board deforma-tion. We noted that the cranium was distinctly pentagonalin shape when viewed from behind (see Figure a), andthat the mandible was of the rocker form (Figure b). Tehead of the femur possessed an oval shaped fovea capitis(on the right of Figure c), and the articular surfaces wereparticularly robust for a female femur. Te material is as-sociated with dates from the El Vergel period () of Southern Chilean prehistory (Constantinescu ).

Box contained material identified by documenta-

tion in the box as belonging to individual recoveredfrom Parcela - and were apparently found with cultur-al material belonging to the Pitren complex of SouthernChilean prehistory (Early Ceramic Period: ).Te box included a complete male cranium, mandible andportions of the post-cranial skeleton including vertebrae, aproximal femur and a complete pelvis. All of the materialwas particularly robust, but this individual also showedsigns of anaemia (cribra orbitalia), generalised infection inthe maxillary region and had severe osteoarthritis in the

vertebral column, particularly in the lumbar region. Tecranium was pentagonal in shape (Figure a), the fovea

capitis was round (see Figure c, le side) and though themandible was not of clear rocker form, it did have a broadand vertical ramus (Figure b). Te posterior portion ofthe cranium appeared to be artificially flattened on theright side, which was also recorded by Constantinescu()who determined the remains belonged to a Mon-goloid male, aged between and years who stood .metres tall.

Box , also from Parcela -, was recovered from thesame multiple burial as the individual in Box , whichincluded at least adults and children. Box containeda cranium, mandible and most of the postcranial skeleton

Figure 2. Box 5 cranium, posterior view.

Figure 3. Box 10 material

a) posterior view of cranium; b) lateral view of mandible;

c) head of the femur showing oval fovea capitis from box 10

(on right), compared with fovea of box 11 femur.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285900980_Reconstruir_un_antiguo_modo_de_vida_un_nuevo_desafio_desde_la_Bioantropologia?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285900980_Reconstruir_un_antiguo_modo_de_vida_un_nuevo_desafio_desde_la_Bioantropologia?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285900980_Reconstruir_un_antiguo_modo_de_vida_un_nuevo_desafio_desde_la_Bioantropologia?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285900980_Reconstruir_un_antiguo_modo_de_vida_un_nuevo_desafio_desde_la_Bioantropologia?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285900980_Reconstruir_un_antiguo_modo_de_vida_un_nuevo_desafio_desde_la_Bioantropologia?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285900980_Reconstruir_un_antiguo_modo_de_vida_un_nuevo_desafio_desde_la_Bioantropologia?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==


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except for a missing le femur. Te cranium was pentago-nal in shape (Figure a), showed flattening on the rightposterior portion, and the mandible was not of the rockerform but like the mandible from box was very robustand had a broad, vertical ramus (Figure b) . Te foveacapitis of the right femur was round in shape. Constan-tinescu () described that material as coming from a year old male with an estimated stature of . metres.

Box

contained a complete cranium, mandible andportions of a damaged pelvis and femur. Te cranium wasof pentagonal shape (Figure a), and while the mandible

did not appear to be rocker in form, it was again quite ro-bust with a vertical ramus (Figure b). Te tooth wear wasextreme with all molars except the le first molar missing.Te cranium appeared to have some flattening of the rightoccipital region. Te material was recovered from Parcela- and based on characteristics of the cranium and thepelvis, probably belonged to a middle-aged or elderly male.

Box

contained only a cranium and mandible re-covered from Parcela -. Documentation with the mate-rial indicates it was discovered by a local resident in .Te cranium appeared to belong to a female and was not


a) posterior view of cranium; b) lateral view of mandible.




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clearly pentagonal in shape (Figure a), however the man-dible was of the rocker form (Figure b). Again, there wassome suggestion of artificial deformation resulting in the

flattening of the le occipital region.In addition to the complete crania described above,

we also found a particularly unusual skull in box . Tisbox contained a cranium and mandible that were recov-ered by locals from a location on Isla Mocha known as LosChinos. Te cranium was missing the le portion of theface, but it was pentagonal in shape and extremely robust,particularly in the nuccal region with very large tuberos-ities located on the occipital and parietal bones (Figure ).

Te Coronel cranium is shown in Figure . Te mate-rial belonged to a middle aged female and both the cranialand post-cranial remains were particularly gracile. Te

cranium and mandible showed none of the Polynesian-like characteristics seen in the Mocha remains. Figure shows the Coronel mandible (on right), compared to themandible from Box .

Analysis

A total of standard craniometric measurements weretaken on the six complete adult crania from Mocha Island(from boxes , ,,, and ) with spreading, slidingand modified coordinate callipers (as described by Wright). Te measurements taken and values recorded areshown in able . Each measurement was taken threetimes to check for consistency.

Linear discriminant () and nearest neighbourdiscriminant analyses () were conducted on the






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craniometric data using the programme (Wright). uses the database of W. W. Howells ()

combined with additional data (most importantly for thisstudy is the inclusion of Patagonian samples) resulting in adatabase consisting of , crania from sample popula-tions from around the world. Te program evaluates mor-phological similarity of an unknown skull to those in thedatabase to help determine likely ancestry (Wright ).

Te method for data reduction was applied toboth size and shape and shape only to examine the likelyancestry of the six crania. In addition, was appliedto data to determine which of the individual craniain the database is the actual nearest neighbour of theunknown skull, again based on both size and shape and

shape only. A final analysis using only the first two canoni-cal variants was also conducted and the position of each ofthe six crania was compared to the database. Additionalmetric data were collected for some of the post-cranialmaterial. In particular we measured the characteristicsof the complete femora in boxes and and the fromCoronel material.

Results

According to the analyses, the morphology of thecrania contained in boxes , and could all be classi-fied with high probability (above .) as South American,specifically Patagonian, based on both the and of size and shape. Te box cranium was most closely re-lated to Peruvian samples based on of size and shapeand shape only, but its nearest neighbour in both size andshape and shape alone was with female crania from theSanta Cruz Islands in California (distance from its nearest

neighbour = .; mean for the database = .).wo crania, those from boxes and , produced unu-sual results given their geographic location. Te craniumin box , in terms of both size and shape, and by shapealone, produced a high probability of belonging to theBuriat sample from Siberia (probability = . and .respectively). Its nearest neighbour is also a female Buriatskull (distance to nearest neighbour ., which is betweenplus and standard deviations for the mean). Te re-sults for the analysis of the box crania were particularlyinteresting. Based on of size and shape, the highestprobability (.) placed it with a Latte period femalesample from Guam which according to Howells (: )dates to about , but is certainly pre-Spanish. Te

Figure 8. Box 23

a) Los Chinos posterior view of cranium;

b) Note large tuberosies, inferior posterior view.

Figure 9: Coronel cranium posterior view.


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able . Values for the standard craniometric measurements taken on the six complete adult crania fromMocha Island. All measurements are in millimetres.

Measurement Code Box 5 Box 10 Box 11 Box 13 Box 18 Box 24

Glabello-occipital length GOL 160 176 175 170 168 165

Nasio-occipital length NOL 160 174 168 165 163 162

Basion-nasion length BNL 95 99 103 105 103 90

Basion-Bregma height BBH 130 140 140 145 145 130

Maximum cranial breadth XCB 141 135 138 145 142 144

Maximum frontal breadth XFB 122 110 108 116 118 120

Biauricular breadth AUB 121 120 124 128 134 125

Biasterionic breadth ASB 105 110 110 110 107 105

Basion-prosthion length BPL 98 96 103 107.8 102 95

Nasion-prosthion length NPH 65.7 64.3 65.9 69.5 66.4 68.4

Nasal height NLH 48 47.3 44.8 48 46.4 48

Orbital height OBH 34.4 38 32 34 33 35.8

Orbital breadth OBB 37.8 41 39 41 40 38

Bijugal breadth JUB 105 120 123 125 120 112

Nasal breadth NLB 24 24.2 24.7 26.3 24.1 22

Palate breadth, external MAB 62 60 63.8 68 63.8 65

Bimaxillary breadth ZMB 84 101.6 101 102 106 92

Zygomaxillary subtense SSS 17 22 28 25 24 17

Bifrontal breadth FMB 93.8 106.2 105 110 103 96

Nasio-frontal subtense NAS 15 17 17 20 15 15

Biorbital breadth EKB 90.7 102.7 102 106 101 93.5

Interorbital breadth DKB 17.6 22 27.9 25.8 25 18.7

Cheek height WMH 21.7 21.4 22.5 21.4 21 20.3

Frontal chord FRC 109.6 108.5 109.9 116.3 106.7 105.5

Frontal subtense FRS 24 25 20 24 19 25

Parietal chord PAC 98.3 108.5 98 107.7 108.7 109

Parietal subtense PAS 22 25 20 23 27 29

Occipital chord OCC 93 100 102 98.5 97.3 92.3

Occipital subtense OCS 22 31 32 27 26 25

Figure 10. Lateral view of Coronel mandible (on right) compared with mandible from box 10. Both belong to females.


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two highest scores for using size and shape wereagain a female cranium from Guam but also a male Maoricranium (distance from nearest neighbour = .). Whenconsidering shape only, the cranium was closest to SantaCruz Island crania (probability .).

A scattergram showing the estimated canonical vari-ate scores for the six complete crania analyzed from Isla

Mocha is shown in Figure . Where the and results used of the variance in the dimensionalcanonical variate space, the scattergram uses only the firsttwo canonical variates. Tese account for . of the

variance (R. Wright, unpublished report provided to theauthors). As can be seen, the crania fall into two clusters.Te crania from boxes , and cluster with Americansamples while those from boxes , and fall with Pa-cific and East Asian populations.

Discussion

Vergara () was the first to note the similarity betweenskulls from Mocha Island and Polynesian crania in hisstudy of three skull from the island. Te results of the and provided some general support for our initialreaction when viewing the Mocha Island human remainsin , identifying one cranium (box ) as most likelybelonging to a Pacific population. Interestingly, the Mochacrania were not unusual by the standards of the

database in that they generally had little difficulty in find-ing a nearest neighbour. However, they did provide someinconsistent geographic results. Based on the geographiclocation of Mocha Island, the crania found there could beexpected to relate most closely to other South Americanmaterial from the comparative dataset and, in particu-lar, most similar to the Patagonian material, if not the Pe-

ruvian sample. Indeed several of the crania, specificallythose from boxes , and , did clearly fit most closelywith the Patagonian sample. Individuals in Boxes and were members of a multiple burial associated with theEarly Ceramic Period, dated before , and the skullfrom Box was not associated with any dates.

Tree of the six crania, however, provided results thatwere geographically inconsistent with their Mocha Islandlocation in at least one or more of the analyses.Accord-ing to Wright () geographically inconsistent resultscould be the result of incorrect measurement of the skullin question; poor representation in the comparative da-

tabase of the region from which the sample came; atypi-cal morphological characteristics of the individual due tounusual growth or artificial deformation; or mixed ances-try of the skull in question. Several of these possibilitiescan be dismissed. Te issue of incorrect measurement wasconsidered at the time of study and that is why the meas-urements were taken several times for each skull. Lookingat the populations included in the dataset, poor

Figure 11. Scaerplot diagram of the six crania from Mocha Island compared to the R database, ploed in the space

of the rst two canonical variates (discriminant funcons).


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representation does not seem to be a likely problem, withboth Peruvian and Patagonian samples included.

Tis then leaves us with deformation and/or admix-ture as possible explanations for our results. In-deed, as noted by ourselves and Constantinescu ()there does seem to be some evidence of artificial defor-mation in much of the material we studied. We noted that

there was some clear flattening of the posterior region onmany of the crania which Constantinescu ascribes to cra-dle board deformation. We do not think, however, thatthe possible artificial deformation of the crania explainsthe results presented here. Te possibility of admixture ofthe Mocha Island samples is particularly interesting andwe suggest that admixture between indigenous Mapuchepopulations and Polynesian voyagers is worthy of consid-eration. In addition to the analyses, most notablythose results for the cranium in box , there were alsoother indicators that might suggest Pacific connectionsincluding discrete traits and post-cranial characteristics.

One of the striking observations made when lookingat both crania and post-cranial material from Mocha wasthe extreme robusticity. Tis characteristic is not unique toPacific populations, and it has indeed been a noted charac-teristic of Patagonian and other southern South Americanpopulations (Lahr , Perez et al. ), but it has notbeen recorded in Mapuche material from La Pampa, Ar-

gentina. Te robusticity of the Mocha material was partic-ularly marked when we compared the female Mocha ma-terial to the female skeleton from Coronel, close to Mocha.Figure shows the distal femur from box compared tothe Coronel femur (both belong to females). Te condylarbreadth for the femur from box of . mm is very closeto the mean Maori female condylar breadth (. mm) re-

corded by Houghton (: ). Tis can be compared to ameasurement of . mm for the Coronel femur. Te onlyother complete and undamaged femur from Mocha thatwe could measure, from box , had a condylar breadth of mm, also within the range Houghton () recordedfor Maori males (mean . . mm).

In addition to the general robusticity, we also noted ahigh degree of cranial robusticity and evidence of strongmuscle attachments on most of the Mocha material again, a characteristic oen noted in skeletal material fromthe most southern populations of South America, and atrait associated with adaptation to cold or high latitude

environments generally (Churchill , Bulbeck )and in southern South America (Bernal et al. , Perezet al. ), and Polynesia (Houghton ) in particular.Tus climate or other shared non-genetic factors could bean explanation for the similarities between the Mocha cra-nia and Polynesian populations observed in our results. However, the extreme tuberosities located on the

Figure 12: Distal femora from Coronel (on le) and Mocha Box 10. Both belong to females.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238270521_Patterns_of_modern_human_diversification_Implications_for_Amerindian_origin?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6304470_Morphological_differentiation_of_aboriginal_human_populations_from_Tierra_del_Fuego_Patagonia_Implications_for_South_American_peopling?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6304470_Morphological_differentiation_of_aboriginal_human_populations_from_Tierra_del_Fuego_Patagonia_Implications_for_South_American_peopling?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6304470_Morphological_differentiation_of_aboriginal_human_populations_from_Tierra_del_Fuego_Patagonia_Implications_for_South_American_peopling?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256384821_Cold_adaptation_heterochrony_and_Neanderthals?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6304470_Morphological_differentiation_of_aboriginal_human_populations_from_Tierra_del_Fuego_Patagonia_Implications_for_South_American_peopling?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6304470_Morphological_differentiation_of_aboriginal_human_populations_from_Tierra_del_Fuego_Patagonia_Implications_for_South_American_peopling?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6304470_Morphological_differentiation_of_aboriginal_human_populations_from_Tierra_del_Fuego_Patagonia_Implications_for_South_American_peopling?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256384821_Cold_adaptation_heterochrony_and_Neanderthals?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6304470_Morphological_differentiation_of_aboriginal_human_populations_from_Tierra_del_Fuego_Patagonia_Implications_for_South_American_peopling?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6304470_Morphological_differentiation_of_aboriginal_human_populations_from_Tierra_del_Fuego_Patagonia_Implications_for_South_American_peopling?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6304470_Morphological_differentiation_of_aboriginal_human_populations_from_Tierra_del_Fuego_Patagonia_Implications_for_South_American_peopling?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238270521_Patterns_of_modern_human_diversification_Implications_for_Amerindian_origin?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==


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occipital of the cranium in box and shown in Figure are identical to those identified by Heathcote (: )on skeletal remains from the Marianas Islands. In describ-ing these features he states:

Tese hyperostotic traits, associated with attachmentsof neck, shoulder girdle and thoracic cage muscles,are distinctive in their relatively high frequencies and

remarkable in their strong degrees of development inarchaeologically-recovered Mariana Islander skeletalremains.Currently, these superstructures are enig-matic in origin and somewhat obscure in geographicpatterning, though markedly strong expression ofthem appearsto be virtually restricted to Oceania. Soagain, we have indications of possible Pacific contactson Mocha Island.

One of the major questions, of course, if the resultspresented here are indeed evidence of Polynesian contactwith Mocha, is when that might have occurred. Te his-tory of Mocha includes a large amount of European con-

tact as it was oen visited by whalers, traders and pirates.While blackbirding activities from the mid th throughto the early th centuries transported many Polynesianand other Pacific populations to Australia and SouthAmerica, in particular to Peru, there is no record of thembeing taken to Mocha or any nearby location in Chile.Polynesians were oen picked up as crew on Europeansailing ships so evidence of admixture on Mocha couldbe related to arrivals on the island during the historic pe-riod. While we have little information regarding the con-text or dating of some of the Mocha material, much of itdoes come from archaeological contexts that strongly sug-gest that the material is pre-Columbian. So, is it possiblethat we might be seeing evidence of prehistoric Polynesiancontact with Mocha that resulted in admixture with theindigenous Mapuche community?

Tere has yet to be any evidence from molecular stud-ies of South American populations suggesting admixturewith Pacific populations (other than in locations such asRapa Nui where historic admixture is to be expected).Similarly the archaeological evidence of Polynesian con-tact with the Americas is limited though a topic of muchrecent debate (Jones & Klar , ; Anderson ;Storey et al. , ; Gongora et al). Te lack ofsuch evidence however could be easily explained if pre-

historic Pacific contact was minor and/or limited in timeand space. But if such limited contact did happen, when,where and how might we expect to find evidence of it?

Te dating of the settlement of central and east Poly-nesia has been a topic of debate in recent years, but a con-sensus is beginning to appear indicating earliest eastwardexpansion from West Polynesia within the last years,beginning around (Anderson & Sinoto , Kirch& Kahn ). It has been suggested that the colonizationof the extremes of the Polynesian riangle, specifically thesettlement of Rapa Nui and New Zealand, occurred as lateas (Hunt & Lipo , Wilmshurst et al. ).

Tese dates provide some indication of the periods duringwhich there might have been contact with South America.Contact is unlikely to be dated to before butit could have been made at any time up until Europeanarrival in the Pacific when long distance voyaging wasno longer practiced by most Polynesian societies (Rolett). Te dating of the pre-Columbian chicken bones

from the El Arenal site fit into this later period (calibrateddates at range from to ).Interestingly, thecranium that shows the strongest affiliations with Pacificpopulations is the one from box , which corresponds toEl Vergel period( ).

Computer voyaging simulations conducted by anumber of researchers in the s (Irwin et al. ,Finney ) demonstrated that voyaging from Polynesiato the Americas was feasible and during an El Nio eventsuch a trip could be much faster. Voyaging simulationsindicate that canoes leaving from central Polynesia orRapa Nui could arrive on the coast of south-central Chile

(Finney ), in the middle of the area occupied by theMapuche.Islands such as Mocha might have been targeted for

occupation by Polynesians arriving in South America the Lapita ancestors of Polynesians oen settled small off-shore islands near larger landmasses and the Polynesianback migration into Melanesia also resulted in Polynesiansoen settling small, offshore islands. Such islands, off thecoast of the Americas, are also one of the few places wherePolynesian contact or a settlement might be archaeologi-cally visible as the arrival of a boat load of Polynesian trad-ers or settlers would be likely to have a more significantimpact culturally and biologically on a small island popu-

lation than on the mainland. Tere is no indication thatarchaeological research on Mocha Island has consideredthe possibility of Polynesian contact. We suggest that giventhe results presented here, further research on the islandshould take place, specifically to address this issue.

Te possibility of Polynesian contact with NorthAmerica, particularly in the area occupied by the Chu-mash tribe near what is today Santa Barbara, California,has been raised by archaeologist erry Jones and linguistKathryn Klar and has been the topic of significant debate(Klar & Jones , Jones & Klar , , , An-derson , Arnold ). We will not elaborate on the

debate here but simply note that, in the studies ofthe Mocha crania, samples from Santa Cruz Island (oneof the Channel Islands), which also happen to be identi-fied as Chumash (Howells ), were identified as beinga nearest neighbour. Tis was particularly the case for thecranium from box , but also for the box sample inthe analyses of shape alone. It could be that this similarityis due to the limited number of coastal American popula-tions in the dataset, or the result of adaptations to similarenvironmental conditions, but it could also perhaps indi-cate a similarity based on admixture with Polynesians inboth the Santa Cruz and the Mocha Island crania.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271786889_Polynesian_Seafaring_and_American_Horizons_A_Response_to_Jones_and_Klar?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6279445_Radiocarbon_and_DNA_evidence_for_a_pre-Columbian_introduction_of_Polynesian_chickens_to_Chile?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6279445_Radiocarbon_and_DNA_evidence_for_a_pre-Columbian_introduction_of_Polynesian_chickens_to_Chile?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6279445_Radiocarbon_and_DNA_evidence_for_a_pre-Columbian_introduction_of_Polynesian_chickens_to_Chile?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23497059_Pre-Colombian_chickens_dates_isotopes_and_mtDNA?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235615951_Indo-European_and_Asian_origins_for_Chilean_and_Pacific_chickens_revealed_by_mtDNA?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235615951_Indo-European_and_Asian_origins_for_Chilean_and_Pacific_chickens_revealed_by_mtDNA?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235615951_Indo-European_and_Asian_origins_for_Chilean_and_Pacific_chickens_revealed_by_mtDNA?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/46734891_New_Radiocarbon_Ages_of_Colonization_Sites_in_East_Polynesia?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225416912_Advances_in_Polynesian_Prehistory_A_Review_and_Assessment_of_the_Past_Decade_1993-2004?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225416912_Advances_in_Polynesian_Prehistory_A_Review_and_Assessment_of_the_Past_Decade_1993-2004?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7250409_Late_Colonization_of_Easter_Island?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51399396_Dating_the_late_prehistoric_dispersal_of_Polynesians_to_New_Zealand_using_the_commensal_Pacific_rat?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51399396_Dating_the_late_prehistoric_dispersal_of_Polynesians_to_New_Zealand_using_the_commensal_Pacific_rat?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51399396_Dating_the_late_prehistoric_dispersal_of_Polynesians_to_New_Zealand_using_the_commensal_Pacific_rat?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/46734888_Voyaging_and_Interaction_in_Ancient_East_Polynesia?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/46734888_Voyaging_and_Interaction_in_Ancient_East_Polynesia?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291381605_Voyaging_by_canoe_and_computer_experiments_in_the_settlement_of_the_Pacific_Ocean?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291381605_Voyaging_by_c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olonization_Sites_in_East_Polynesia?el=1_x_8&enrichId=rgreq-31ae1bc2cb57f08f25e283eb2fe8f679-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzIyMDA0MjIzNztBUzoxNTgwNzA0NzQ4MTM0NDBAMTQxNDY5ODM0NjY5Nw==


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In addition to further archaeological investigation ofMocha Island and similar locations, we also suggest thereis a need for further study of archaeologically recoveredhuman and faunal remains from both Mocha and thegeneral coastal region. As was demonstrated by the dis-covery of the pre-Columbian chicken bones found in asite less than km north of Mocha, the use of ancient

evidence is one way of identifying pre-historic trans-Pacific interactions. However, as debates regarding thattopic (Gongora et al. , Storey et al. ) have shown,evidence for a Polynesian presence based on radiocar-bon dated commensal animal bones can be questioned,in part because the origin of the humans who undertookthe translocation has to be assumed. Te identification ofpre-Columbian Polynesian human however wouldprovide a much stronger case.

o date there is very limited ancient data forSouth American coastal populations, and what has beenidentified does not contradict indications based on mod-

ern analyses of South American populations, with allfour South American mitochondrial (mt) haplo-types, A, B, C and D, present (Moraga et al. , Fehren-Schmitz ). No evidence of the Pacific lineageshas been reported. Most genetic studies (of both modernand ancient populations) addressing population originshowever have focused on mt which is maternallyinherited. Te most likely source of contact and resultingadmixture, particularly if it was accidental, or the resultof voyages of exploration and/or limited or sporadic trade,would be by Polynesian/Pacific men. Such contact wouldbe invisible from a mitochondrial perspective (given thatmt is passed down through the maternal line). How-

ever, recent developments in sequencing technolo-gies (see Green et al. , Mardis , Millar et al. )may provide a solution to this problem by allowing for thesequencing of nuclear , including Y chromosome data,from ancient remains.

We suggest that the results presented here, along withthe evidence based on archaeological chicken remainsand the similarities between Polynesian and Mapuchecultural traits, indicate the need for further investigationof the evidence and impact of trans-Pacific contact. Somearchaeological survey and environmental studies havebegun focusing on the islands off of the South American

coast (Anderson et al. , Flett & Haberle ), and welook forward to seeing more of this work. We are now de-

veloping a research project to undertake archaeological in-vestigations and ancient analyses of human and othercommensal animals recovered from Mocha and similarsites in south central Chile in order to address questions ofPolynesian contact in the Americas and the impact of suchcontact for both American and Pacific prehistory.

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