1. 20-02-2014 1 2/20/2014 http://www.energyenhancement.org/Chakras-above-Sahasrara-Below-Muadhara-External-to-the-Body.htm "Human Sense and Lexical Sense in Language Learning: the case of Tamil" Introduction 1) How does our brain observes the lexical meaning of a word? 2) How doses the lexical sense and human sense combined to form the knowledge required by the brain from the external world? 3) How does a word and its sense express language thought? These questions are to be discussed with the help of neurolinguistics and semantics. 2 What is language? Speech is the representation of the experience of the mind -Aristotle What is linguistics? It is the scientific study of language. What is science? It is the knowledge based on facts that are proven logically and systematically. How many vowels and consonants exist in the English/Polish language? Who stated the above facts? On what grounds have they been stated? 3 Language - defines the actions that occur in the world. Language is thus composed of sign, letter, sentence, gesture, sound, light, movements, space, silence, function and the like. Language is rightly used by those who intently observe the events of the world. The growth of the brain should not be associated with a corresponding growth of knowledge, as knowledge can develop only when the brain is trained by constant intellectual musing . What is required for the proper growth of the body? Food. What is required for the proper growth of the brain? Thinking. 4 Language: Language mainly has two functions, 1) External exchange (sound) 2) Internal exchange (electrical signals) We have to properly connect the internal and external things. 1. The relationship between the external world events and sense organs. 2. The relationship between the sense organs and the brain. 5 The two types of language expressions are: 1. The language spoken to oneself under the command of ones brain. 2. The language commanded to others by ones brain. (These two aspects are studied by semantics and linguistics.) 6

2. 20-02-2014 2 The two types of language expressions are: 1. The language spoken to myself under the command of my brain. (electro magnetic) 2. The language commanded to others by my brain. (sound) These two aspects are studied by semantics and linguistics. 7 Fig. 1. Five stages and three levels in chain of speech transmission from brain of Speaker to brain of Listener. (From Fig. 1.1 of Denes and Pinson 2000:5) 2speaker transforms message Into speech sounds 4. The listener receives Message through Perceiving sound waves 5.Message is processed and interpreted in Listeners brain 3.Speech sounds are transmitted as sound waves through air 1. The message begins as idea in Speakers brain 8 Phonetics Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics Branches of Linguistics 9 Phonetics can be classified into three groups: 1. Articulatory phonetics: It deals with the movements of the speech organs in the production of speech sounds. 2. Acoustic phonetics: The transmission of sound from the speaker to the listener is studied by acoustic analysis. 3. Auditory phonetics: It studies the reception and perception of speech sounds. 10 1. Articulatory phonetics 11 2. Acoustic phonetics 2/20/2014 3. 20-02-2014 3 13 3. Auditory phonetics 14 15 16 That is why, Meaning [noun] (exists as an idea or feeling) 1. It is non-living and exists in the solid/ liquid state (substance) 2. Money, wealth, etc. (My father went to Sri Lanka in search of wealth) 3. A word or a sentence signifies or denotes meaning (sense of a word lexical meaning) 4. Meaning- Significance 5. Feeling, action, etc. (Or a work of art that gives a message which reveals its meaning) Can you explain the meaning of the painting? 17 Therefore, meaning is acquired from the sense organs. How do we acquire knowledge? Knowledge is acquired when it is sent to the brain from the external world through the sense organs. Thus, sense organs are fundamental for language skills. 18 4. 20-02-2014 4 What is the sense? Sense: n. an ability to understand, recognize, value or react to something, especially any of the five physical abilities to see, hear, smell, taste and feel. The above mentioned senses are associated with the eyes, ears, nose, tongue and body. Therefore, language/ knowledge is perceived by the brain through these sense organs. (Sense/feeling : The firm/ strong/ doubt-free/ clear awareness of something.) 19 2/20/2014 21 2/20/2014 23 Touch Skin Illusion na TasteTaste TongueTongue ArroganceArrogance mama Sight Eye God ci Smell Nose Power va Ear Sound Soul ya CN I CN III CN VII CN IX CN XI CN II CN IV CN VI CN VIII CN X CN XII CN V Parts of Cranial Nerves 2/20/2014 5. 20-02-2014 5 2/20/2014 2/20/2014 2/20/2014 7. Crown Center Top of head towards back; Connection to divinity, spirit, bliss; Drive to transcend. 6. Third Eye Slightly above midpoint between eyes; Intuition, metaphysical wisdom, stillness; Drive to know. 5. Throat Chakra Center of throat; Self-expression, speaking truth; Drive to communicate. 4. Heart Chakra Center of chest at breastbone; Love, compassion, beauty, joy, balance; Drive to connect. 3. Navel Chakra Just below navel; Personal power, self-definition, boundaries; Drive to act successfully. 2. Sacral Chakra Internal reproductive organs; Sensuality, creativity, abundance, passion; Drive to create. 1. Root Chakra Tailbone; Connection to earth, nature, physicality; Drive to survive. 2/20/2014 2/20/2014 Where is your language? 2/20/2014 6. 20-02-2014 6 The human brain may contain up to one trillion neurons. These nerve cells are interconnected, as shown in this microscopic image. a cell that sends messages to your brain and receives messages from your brain through electrical signals This is a channel for transferring language How successful communicators achieved their success 2/20/2014 2/20/2014 axon-that process of a neuron by which impulses travel away from the cell body; synapse / the site of functional apposition between neurons, where an impulse is transmitted from one to another, usually by a chemical neurotransmitter released by the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron. Semantics are the branch of linguistics that deals with the study of meaning, changes in meaning, and the principles that govern the relationship between sentences or words and their meanings. The semantics also describe the relationship that exists among a symbol, its referent and the thought associated with them. 33 THOUGHT OR REFERENCE ------------------------------ SYMBOL REFERENT 34 1.Designatum/ THOUGHT is the notion of the respective thing of the denotatum/ referent as conceived by the speakers of a language (Zgusta, 1971. p. 28). 2. Symbol to refer To refer a letter DogDog 3.REFERENT (world things) The word denotatum refers not only to class of objects but to class of actions, events, ideas, feelings, institutions, concepts etc., of the world or reality which are referred to by particular words. Walk what is the world meaning of this word? Love what is the world meaning of this word? 35 36 7. 20-02-2014 7 There are two boundaries in language: 1. Sound 2. Meaning. Both sound and meaning are stable components of language, it is natural and abstract. Words/ sentences are man-made creations and artificial in nature. When a sound is born, it is born with its meaning. A sound without meaning is useless. A sound can convey meaning if it stands alone or as a group (word). 37 Language exchange occurs in two modes: 1. We can understand the meaning through language. 2. We can obtain victory by making others understand the meaning of language. While speaking, the inner sense meanings of the speakers are revealed, not only through their words but also by their non-verbal signals, and by listening and realizing naturally, the minds of the speakers and listeners enable them to understand what has happened, and is explained. It is based on a series of underlying assumptions about how the mind works and how people act and interact 38 How we communicate 37% 8% 55% 37% How we sound 8% What we say 55% Things we see 39 Meaning denotes, the sense of the word, and is understood by the listeners sense organs. The meaning as intended by the speaker should be carefully understood in the exact ratio by the listener, otherwise, it would lead to difficulty in the comprehension by both (The speaker waits for his listener to reach the complete level of his intended meaning in every word). This difficulty would lead to the incorrect meaning of each utterance, thus producing meaningless words. A word journeys through its meaning. Meaning is supported by the word. Lexical sense it is the collection of all the semantic features of the linguistic form, by the society. 40 Therefore, based on the above mentioned statements, there are two types of senses: 1. Human sense 2. Lexical sense Lexical sense means a) The relationship between one word and another word.(bad and good) b) The relationship between a word and its inner sense of meaning. muRi 41 Pen and Pencil Father and Appa Good morning and vanakkam Human sense refers to: 1. The relationship between the external world and the sense organs. 2. The relationship between sense organs and brain. How is there a relationship between lexical sense and human sense? It is composed of knowledge and is delineated by neurosemantics. 42 8. 20-02-2014 8 When do words denote meaning? it happens when meaning sense and human sense connect properly with each other. When a word is received by the brain, it should be received along with its internal meaning. But, do all words possess internal meaning? If they do, then all words have meaning, if not, the vocabulary is meaningless. 43 If a word denotes a meaning and we understand the meaning of that word, why is there a difference of understanding amongst ourselves regarding the same? Why do my sense organs show a mistake I commit regarding the meaning of the word? Thus, meaning depends on the sense organs. 44 Thus, meaning is revealed by the sense organs. How is the knowledge I possess, sent to my brain from the external world?. Knowledge/ linguistic knowledge is transferred only through the sense organs. Thus, sense organs are vital for linguistic knowledge. If we have to properly understand meaning sense, it should properly exist in our human sense. Otherwise, 45 1. Dont you understand me at all? 2. There is a sudden misunderstanding between him and myself. 3. He does not understand the meaning of what I am saying. 4. There is no harmony between her and myself. 5. I have a different mindset and he has a different mindset. 6. What is the meaning of his words? 7. It seems that I have misunderstood. 8. I am saying one thing and he, another. 9. He is contradicting whatever I say. 10.He does not even have proper discipline; you go and speak to him. 11. He is not a good person; he says one thing today and another to him? 46 12. He does not understand anything, how can anyone speak to him? 13.There is no relation between what he speaks, and what he does. 14.He treats himself in one way, and others, in a different way. 15.Do not speak without understanding my words. 16.I do not like what he says because; he does not live as he should. 17.Is he speaking in a mature manner? 18.He does not know what respect is. 19.What do you think about myself? 20. Do you know who you are speaking to? (Satisfactory)47 21.He will change only after I teach him a lesson. 22.You can understand everyone, but, your family. 23.How can you call yourself a human being when you cannot even understand what I am feeling? 24.I do not want to hear your explanation, just listen to what I say. 25.You can only understand what he says and not what I say. 26. He is fifty years old and still does not know how to speak. 27.I mean one thing and he does another. 28.Is this how you speak before others? Speak according to the situation. 29.Do not you understand? Do I have to repeat myself over and over again? 48 9. 20-02-2014 9 We cannot survive in the world without meaning. The world is constructed by meaning. If one goes beyond the boundary of meaning of another, both of them will suffer. You cannot physically see meaning just as you cannot see the language. Clarity in the understanding of meaning leads to the growth of knowledge. 49 2/20/2014Chakra energy connection between people Silent language Sex Friendship Research Evaluation Etc.., When can one understand the meaning of life? We can understand the meaning of life only when we fully comprehend the meaning of every word we speak. About the future: do you know the meaning of future vocabulary How many semantic domains can I classify my vocabulary into? 51 Basic vocabulary Department related words Family related words Relationship Consciousness Friend related Enemy related Harm related Mind disturbance Anger related Life Other Language 2/20/2014 Department related words Office staff Things ( document) related files Common education Special subject Students Occupation related teachers Family related words Family structure grandfather Marriage related Savings and expenses Travel, budget (scheduled) Money, wealth, buying, selling House maintenance, tax, deed Beliefs, temples, worship Yield, love, habits 53 Relationship My family structure Relationship through father and mother Relationship through uncle Relationship through children Relationship through spouse Relationship through sibling Consciousness Happiness Death Body parts/organs Covert feelings Human sense Discipline, personal, Impersonal ( general) 54 10. 20-02-2014 10 Friend related Related to male friendship Related to female friendship Related to family friendship Related to neighbors friendship Related to friendship in the office/among colleagues Related to friendship towards superiors Enemy related Mortal enemy Transient enemy Office enemy Colleague enemy Familial enemy/ neighbor enemy Enemy by chance Friend who is an enemy 55 Harm related Bad omens Sin, revenge Curse, scold Pain, virtue Black magic Cheating, betrayal Disturbance, revenge Pride, arrogance Anger related Infants, children Ones spouse and children Scolding directed at relatives Scolding towards colleagues, superiors, inferiors Public scolding 56 Identification of semantic features 2/20/2014 AA DropDrop-- NanosemanticsNanosemantics viewsviews 2/20/2014 Liquid Movement VerbsLiquid Movement Verbs in Tamilin Tamil 1.1. cocoTTTTuu -- to dripto drip 2.2. cintucintu -- to spillto spill 3.3. citacitaRRuu -- to scatterto scatter 4.4. kacikaci -- toto ooze outooze out 5.5. kokoTTTTuu -- to pourto pour 6.6. o:o:TTuu -- to flowto flow 7.7. oollukuuku -- toto ooze/leakooze/leak 8.8. pa:ypa:y -- to flowto flow 9.9. paravuparavu -- to spreadto spread 10.10.PayPay -- to come down or pourto come down or pour 11.11.popoNNkuku -- toto riserise 12.12.tatallumpuumpu -- to brimto brim 13.13.teteRRii -- to splash/sprayto splash/spray 14.14.u:u:RrRruu -- to pourto pour 15.15.u:u:RRuu -- to secreteto secrete 16.16.vavallii -- to over flowto over flow 17.17.vavaRRRRuu -- to dry upto dry up 18.18.vavaTTii -- to trickleto trickle 2/20/2014 A verb Denotes a verb Denotes an object, but object denoting a verb is not compulsory 60 11. 20-02-2014 11 Drip (Verb) [liquid] - to fall in small drops (noun) [liquid] a small drop of liquid that falls from something 1. Very small,( our village has not seen even a single drop of rain.) 61 2/20/2014 2/20/2014 2/20/2014 2/20/2014 2/20/2014 12. 20-02-2014 12 cottu 'to drip' from top to bottom and also advanced or later at the stage of ooze, but the quantity of some liquid is very less. Therefore, it flows down drop by drop. 2/20/2014 2/20/2014 A drop is formed by its previous and succeeding state. An event gains its identity owing to its previous and succeeding states. For example, walk and run are related to each other based on their successive stage of movement. To explain something, we need the help of another and should be careful to maintain the boundaries of both. In the same way, we should note the previous and succeeding stages of a drop2/20/2014 70 Kaci ' to ooze out' Not only from top to bottom but also the same level or evenness floor. Progressing for a certain time/period. When a very tiny quantity of liquid oozes an out If there is a small hole in the container for storing/in a thing Advanced stage of spreading liquid The next stage of this action may be the stage of vaTi 'to trickle' or coTTu 'to drip'. oollukuuku toto ooze/leakooze/leak ' from top to bottom and also either advanced or later at the stage of coTTu 'to drop '.Mostly, a tiny quantity of some liquid is slowly dripping out but progressively teRi 'to splash/ spray' Not only from top to bottom and also side-wards The quantity of the liquid is more or less than a drop. The starting and reaching places are not same ie. different places. Not a progressive process but forcefully. Quantity is less. pey toto come down/come down/ pourpour Moves from upward to downward Falling drop by drop or sometimes falling continuously It is concerned only with liquid. 2/20/2014 72 vaTivaTi to trick'to trick' From top to bottom Progressing for certain time With or without the help of object/vertical surface coTTu 'to drip' from top to bottom and also advanced or later at the stage of ooze, but the quantity of some liquid is very less. Therefore, it flows down drop by drop. 13. 20-02-2014 13 73 koTTu 'to pour' From top to bottom, Progressing for certain time/period. With force fully. Due to the excess of pouring some liquid. koncama:ka tanni:r u:RRu/koTTu Pour some water From the above said instance, the term koTTu 'to pour' is taking place in the sense of mikuti 'excess' only. And then the term kottutal is used not only for liquid but also for solid and semisolid substances whereas the term u:RRu is used for both liquid and semi solid substances, but not for solid substances.eg.mannai koTTu "Pour mud/sand" (mannai u:RRu*) ariciyai koTTu "Pour the rice *ariciyai u:Rru * Semantically incorret u:RRu to pour From top to bottom Progressing for certain time/period The quantity of some liquid is more Advanced or latter stage of kottu 'to pour' 74 poku 'to rise' Foam rising up and down due to the high pressure Progressing for certain time While comparing the drops of water the quantity of some liquid is more. vali 'to overflow ' After filling up the container of storing some liquid. Overflowing at any side of the container/object The quantity of some liquid is more. Progressing for certain time. vaRRu 'to dry up' The sources of water or any container of storing liquid becoming dry up due to the steam from boiled water or from the petrol etc when exposed to air. It may be done when the soil absorbed the water in the field. It is mostly done due to the inner functioning. 75 cintu 'to spill' From the top to bottom due to stirring/shaking of the container It is applicable for both liquid and non-liquid A tiny quantity of some liquid spilling down quickly The advance stage of citaru 'scatter. There is no continuity. It is not applicable for countable items and weighty object. *puttakam cintiyullatu,The book spilts out. puttakam viluntu viPPatu .The book has fallen down * Semantically incorrect. citaRu 'to scatter' At the plain surface, rising up and spreads in side-wards. It falls in all the places. The next stage of cintu 'to spill' A tiny quantity of some liquid A quick process in a particular time It is applicable for both liquid and non- liquid. The liquid is scattering at a particular place. o:Tu 'to run At plain surface Due to the pressure, low lying area, and the quantity of liquid can be more or less It gives the meaning of flowing out and progressing for certain time o:Tu 'to run' is used to denote nirampu 'to fill' and kollu 'to contain' whereas vaTi 'to trick' is used to denote only the liquid is coming out. Some places o:Tu 'to run' is replaced by vaTi 'to trick' but it is not replaced in all places. vellam perukkePuttu o:TukiRatu Water flows heavily. vellam perukkePuttuvaTikiRatu* * Semantically incorrect 76 pa:y to flow' At plain surface Time and quantity is more for this. Progresses for certain time The process pa:y 'flow' is not forcefully-done, whereas the process o:tu 'runs' is possible with force. pa:y can be replaced by o:Tu, if the flow is heavy. The replacement of pa:y by o:Tu is not possible, if the flow is not heavy. eg. vayalil tanni:r o:Pi/pa:yntuk konPirukkiRatu.. Water is flowing in the field. vellam perukePuttuo:TukiRatu Water flows heavily. *vellam perukePuttu pa:ykiRatu * Semanticallyincorrect talumpu 'to brim' Top to bottom due to the movement of liquid. Process is not taking place automatically. Due to less quantity of liquid in the container. For certain time only but not progressively. It is applicable for both liquid and semisolid substances. It may be the increasing stage of teRi 'to spray'. 77 paravu 'to spread' Not only in plain surface but also downwards. More time, less force, less quantity. Later stage of kaci 'to ooze'. Advanced stage of u:Ru to spring. u:Ru to secrete Most probably sending liquid items out from downwards to upwards. b) It is concerned only with liquid. cittaantarettinam Dr.S.Sundarabalu Assistant Professor Department of Linguistics Bharathiar University Coimbatore-46 Sunder_balu@yahoo.co.in 9715769995 Reading or speaking a language is useless, unless, one is aware of the inner/ deeper meaning of the words stored in ones repositoryand apply the same accordingly in an efficient way. Meaning and vocabulary are acquired through the five senses. If the human internal senses are not clearly formulated/ stimulated, the purpose of our communication is a failure. 2/20/2014 Time present past time to come Present and Past but Future ?