Human resourceShashank gupta

VIII – GGreenfields public school, Dilshad garden

Human resources

• People are a nations greatest resource. Nature’s bounty only becomes significant only when people find it useful. It is people with their demands and abilities that turn them into ‘resources’. Hence, HUMAN RESOURCE is the ultimate resource. Healthy, educated and motivated people develop resources as per their requirements. 

• Human resources like other resources are not equally distributed over the world.

• They differ in their educational levels, age and sex. • Their numbers and characteristics also keep changing

DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION

• The way in which people are spread across the earth surface is known as THE PATTERN OF POPULATION DISTRIBUTION. • More than 90% of the world’s population lives

in about 10% of the land surface. • The distribution of population in the world is

extremely uneven. 

Some areas are very crowded and some are sparely populated – The crowded areas are – South and South East Asia, Europe and north eastern north America. Sparely populated People living in high altitude areas, tropical deserts, high mountains and areas of equatorial forests

WORLD POPULATION BY CONTINENTS

SOME FACTS -

•  Many more people live north of the Equator than south of he equator. • Almost three quarters of the world’s people

live in two continents of Asia and Africa. • Sixty % of the world’s people stay in just 10

countries. All of them have more than a 100 million people.

DENSITY OF POPULATION

•  Population density is the number of people living in a unit area of the earth’s surface. • It is normally expressed as per square km. • The average density of population in the whole

world is 45 persons per square km. • South Central Asia has the highest density of

population followed by East and South East Asia

FACTORS EFFECTING DISTRIBUTIUON OF POPULATION•  GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS –• Topography – • People always prefer to live on plains rather

than mountains and plateaus because these are the areas suitable for farming, manufacturing and service activities. The Ganga plains are the most densely populated areas of the world while mountains like the Andes, Alps and the Himalayas are sparsely populated.

• Climate – People usually avoid extreme climates that are very hot or very cold like Sahara desert, polar regions of Russia, Canada and Antarctica. • Soil – Fertile soil provide suitable land for

agriculture. Fertile plains such as Ganga and Brahmaputra in India, Hwang-He, Chang Jiang in China and the Nile in Egypt are densely populated

• Water – People prefer to live in the areas where fresh water is easily available. The river valleys of the world are densely populated while deserts have spare population. • Minerals – Areas with mineral deposits

are more populated. Diamond mines of South Africa and Discovery of oil in the middle east lead to settling of people in these areas.

SOCIAL , CULTURE AND ECONOMIC FACTORS

SOCIAL - Areas of better housing, education and health facilities are more densely populated e.g. Pune. • CULTURAL – Places with religious or cultural

significance attract people. Varanasi, Jerusalem and Vatican City are some examples• ECONOMIC – Industrial areas provide

employment opportunities. Large umber of people are attracted to these areas. Osaka in Japan and Mumbai in India are two densely populated areas

POPULATION CHANGE

• Population change refers to change in the number of people during a specific time. The world population has not been stable. • The population has increased manifold due to

various reasons – The change in the birth rate and the death rate Major reasons for the increase in the birth rate are as follows –• Better food supplies. • Better medical facilities

• BIRTHS ARE USUALLY MEASURED USING THE ‘BIRTH RATE i.e. THE NUMBER OF LIVE BIRTHS PER 1,000 PEOPLE. DEATHS ARE USUALLY MEASURED USING THE ‘DEATH RATE’ i.e. THE NUMBER OF DEATHS PER 1,000 PEOPLE• Births and Deaths are the natural causes of

population change. The difference between the birth rate and death rate of a country is called the NATURAL GROWTH RATE.

BIRTH RATE IS MORE THAN DEATH RATE

MIGRATION

•  Migrations is the movement of people in and out of an area. • Migration is another way by which population

size changes. People may move within or between countries. • EMIGRANT – People who leave a country. • IMMIGRANTS – People who arrive in a country 

PATTERNS OF POPULATION CHANGE

•  Rates of population growth vary across the world. Although, the world’s total population is rising rapidly, not all countries are experiencing this growth. • Some countries like Kenya have high population

growth rates. They had both high birth rates and death rates. • Now, with improving health care, death rates

have fallen, but birth rates still remain high leading to high growth rates. 

POPULATION COMPOSITION

• To understand the role of people as a Resource we need to know about their qualities. People vary greatly in their – • Age. • Sex. • Literacy level. • Health condition. • Occupation. • Income level. 

POPULATION COMPOSITION

• POPULATION COMPOSITION refers to the structure of population.

• The composition helps us to know • How many are males or females. • Which age group they belong to. • How educated they are. • What type of occupations they are employed

in. • What their income levels and health

conditions are.

WHAT POPULATION PYRAMID SHOWS

•  The total population divided into various age groups, e.g., 5 to 9 years, 10 to 14 years. • The percentage of the total population, subdivided

into males and females, in each of those groups. • How many dependents are there in the country • There are two groups of dependents –• a) Young dependents • b) Elderly dependents 

• Skilled, spirited and hopeful young people endowed with a positive outlook are the future of any nation. We in India are fortunate to have such a resource. They must be educated and provided skills and opportunities to become able and productive. 

POPULATION PYRAMID INDIA

QUESTION AND ANSWERS

1. Answer the following questions.

• (i) Why are people considered a resource?• Answer• People are considered a resource because with

their demands and capabilities they can create new resources.• Nature’s bounty becomes important only when

people find it and make it useful for them.• Hence, human resource is also considered an

important and potential resource for the society

(ii) What are the causes for the uneven distribution of population in the world?

• . Answer The distribution of population in the world is uneven - some areas are very crowded while some are sparsely populated. There are various reasons behind uneven distribution:• → Geographical factors: Favourable topography,

availability of mineral and fresh water resources, favourable climate and soil fertility are some of the reasons affecting population distribution e.g., Indo Gangetic Plains, Diamond Mines of South Africa etc are densely populated.

• → Social and Cultural factors: Areas of better housing, education and health facilities are more populated. Places of religious and cultural significance also attract people e.g., Varanasi, Jerusalem etc.• → Economic factors: Places having more industries,

transportation and communication facilities provide better employment opportunities. People are attracted to these places because of the above reasons e.g., Mumbai, Osaka etc.

(iii) The world population has grown very rapidly. Why?

• Answer The world population has grown very rapidly because the death rate has gone down as a result of the growth of food supplies and the improvement of medical facilities. Also, unlike the death rate, the birth rate has remained quite high.

iv) Discuss the role of any two factors influencing population change

• . Answer The birth rate and the death rate are two factors that influence population change.

• The birth rate is the number of live births per 1000 people while the death rate is the number of deaths per 1000 people.

• These are the natural causes of population change. • When the birth rate is higher than the death rate, population

increases. • When the death rate is more than the birth rate, population

decreases. • When the two rates are equal, the population remains constant.• Thus, the birth and death rates affect the balance of population.

v) What is meant by population composition?

• Answer Population composition refers to the structure of the population. Population composition helps to know the number of males or female, their age-groups, literacy, their occupation, their income level and health conditions etc.

(vi) What are population pyramids? How do they help in understanding about the population of a country?

• Answer The graphical illustration that is used for studying the population composition of a country is called population pyramids. • It shows the present number of males and females

in a country along with their age groups. • The age-group distribution of population tells us

the number of dependents and the number of economically active individuals present in the population.

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