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ROUGH DRAFT

28 October 2009

West Sumatra Earthquake

Human Recovery Needs Assessment

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Contents

1.0 Human Recovery Needs Assessment ................................................ 3 1.1 Pre-Disaster Vulnerabilities ............................................................................................... 4

Pre-disaster situation and/or vulnerabilities – education ................................................... 5 Pre-disaster vulnerabilities – environment ......................................................................... 6 Pre-disaster vulnerabilities – health ................................................................................... 6 Pre-disaster vulnerabilities – protection ............................................................................. 7 Pre-disaster vulnerabilities – shelter .................................................................................. 7

1.2 Summary of Survey Results .............................................................................................. 8 Impact on various aspects of community lives and governance ....................................... 8 Access to food .................................................................................................................... 8 Social Cohesion .................................................................................................................. 9 Access to Clean Water, Sanitation and Hygiene ............................................................... 9 Access to Shelter .............................................................................................................. 10 Access to Livelihood ......................................................................................................... 11 Access to Education ......................................................................................................... 12 Safe and Sustainable Environment .................................................................................. 13 Access to Community Infrastructure/Facilities ................................................................. 14 Impact on Governance ..................................................................................................... 15 Access to Health ............................................................................................................... 16 Impact on Vulnerable Groups .......................................................................................... 17 Access to Protection ......................................................................................................... 18 Impact on agriculture ........................................................................................................ 20

1.3 Summary of Focus Group Discussions ......................................................................... 22 Community Insights on Recovery and Reducing Disaster Risks .................................... 22 Infrastructure ..................................................................................................................... 22 Shelter ............................................................................................................................... 22 Governance ...................................................................................................................... 22 Livelihoods ........................................................................................................................ 23 Agriculture ......................................................................................................................... 23 Health ................................................................................................................................ 23 Shelter ............................................................................................................................... 24 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) .......................................................................... 24 Education .......................................................................................................................... 24 Agriculture ......................................................................................................................... 24 Cross-Cutting – Disaster Risk Management .................................................................... 25 Cross-Cutting – Restore Basic Services and Infrastructure ............................................ 25 Cross-Cutting – Clearing and Demoliton ......................................................................... 25 Cross-Cutting – Psychological ......................................................................................... 25 Cross-Cutting - Conflict .................................................................................................... 25 Cross-Cutting – Environment ........................................................................................... 25

2.0 Human Recovery Needs ..................................................................... 26 Agriculture ............................................................................................................................... 26

Education ................................................................................................................................. 26

Environment............................................................................................................................. 29

Early Recovery - Governance ................................................................................................ 34

Early Recovery - Livelihood ................................................................................................... 35

Early Recovery - Shelter/Community Facilities and Infrastructure .................................. 36

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Health ........................................................................................................................................ 40

Nutrition .................................................................................................................................... 43

Protection ................................................................................................................................. 44

Water, Sanitation and Hygene (WASH) ................................................................................ 45

3.0 Early and Longer-Term Recovery and Reconstruction Costs ....... 46

4.0 Early and Longer-Term Recovery and Renaki Comparison Table 52

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1.0 Human Recovery Needs Assessment The Human Recovery Needs Assessment (HRNA) process is founded on the need to assess

the perceptions of people and communities in order to better inform the recovery and

reconstruction process. If it can be said that the Damage and Loss Assessment (DALA) is a

founded on a quantitative inventory of WHAT has happened based on secondary government

agency data confirmed by field visits, then comparatively it can be said that the Human

Recovery Needs Assessment (HRNA) process is founded on a qualitative primary field

assessment of the perceptions of people and communities about HOW to do what must be

done based on community perceptions of the implications of the damages, losses and related

needs.

Taken together, the HRNA and the DALA make up the Post Disaster Needs Assessment

(PDNA) in which the two assessments come together to identify WHY the disaster happened

and HOW to keep it from happening again so that future disaster risks are reduced in the

process of putting the affected communities on the path to recovery.

The Human Recovery Needs Assessment (HRNA) data was collected from primary sources

through household surveys complemented by Focused Group Discussions (FGDs) and Key

Informant Interviews (KII). A total of 600 households were interviewed in six of the worst

affected districts (Agam, Kota Padang, Padang Pariaman, Pariaman City, Pasaman Barat and

Pesisir Selatan) based on purposive sampling method. Out of the total 600 questionnaires,

the data processed from this exercise was 500 valid questionnaires.

The HRNA methodology is designed to obtain direct qualitative feedback from the affected

people and communities regarding their understanding of immediate recovery needs rather

than a more quantitative representation or inventory of the situation. Therefore, it is

important to recognize that percentages presented in as a part of the HRNA report are based

on community needs as perceived by the households surveyed that illustrate overall

perceptions and needs as seen by the disaster affected population.

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1.1 Pre-Disaster Vulnerabilities

Based on information being prepared by BNPB to be entered into its Indonesia Disaster Data

and Information (DiBi) - a Government of Indonesia cross ministry database (see http://

dibi.bnpb.go.id) on disaster information - West Sumatera Province is a high risk province

prone to a wide range of disaster types. The following table shows the ranking of each

district in West Sumatera relative to the Indonesia Disaster Risk Index. This index

(below) was prepared in mid-2009 by a team of Indonesian disaster risk index experts with

support from the World Bank. Coordination between the team and BNPB has been supported

by UNDP to ensure smooth integration into the DiBi.

KABUPATEN Earth

quake Land

Slide Tsunami Flood Drought Erosion

Volcanic

Eruption WORST AFFECTED

DISTRICTS

Agam H H H M M H H

Kota Padang L M M M M L M

Padang Pariaman M H H M M H H

Kota Pariaman H H H M M M M

Pasaman Barat H M M H M H M

Pesisir Selatan M M M L M H M

AFFECTED DISTRICTS

Pasaman H M M L L H M

Kota Bukit Tingggi H H H M M M M

Tanah Datar H H H M M H M

Solok Selatan H M M L L H L

Solok M H H M M H M

Kota Padang Panjang H H H M L M M

Kep.Mentawai H L L L L M L

UNAFFECTED

DISTRICTS

Sawahlunto Sijunjung H M M L M H M

Lima Puluh Koto H H H M M H M

Dharmas raya H M M M L H L

Kota Solok H H H M M M M

Kota Sawahlunto H L L M L H L

Kota Payakumbuh H H H M M H M

The high risk to the above disaster types is well known by local government and West

Sumateran communities and is documented in the West Sumatera Province Disaster

Management Plan 2008 - 2012. This plan ranks the potential risks due to disasters resulting

from the following hazards Province-wide as follows:

Risk I High Return Rate with High Potential Damage and Casualties Earthquake, Tsunami, Flood, Epidemics, Drugs

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Risk II Lower Return Rate with High Potential Damage and Casualties or High Return Rate with Lower Potential Damage and Casualties Landslide, Volcano, Forest and Land Fire, Storm, Building Fire, Tidal

There are a number of well known vulnerabilities or disaster patterns demonstrated by this

disaster that are regularly repeated in other areas of Indonesia with similar high-risk to

earthquakes (with the secondary disaster of landslides):

High rate of rural houses destroyed. This pattern has repeated itself over and over

throughout Indonesia as well as in West Sumatera because the methods required for

building earthquake resistant houses are not widely known by local builders or

families that build their own houses. Fortunately, this damage pattern is also

accompanied lately in West Sumatera by a growing capacity as disaster resistant

house building materials and methods have become more widely known due to work

done by Public Works (Housing) in partnership with communities, development

agencies and NGOs.

High rate of fully collapsed or heavily damaged schools. Another key damage

pattern that repeats itself over and over throughout Indonesia as well as in West

Sumatera is the high level of fully collapsed or heavily damaged schools.

Extensive rural access blocked by landslides. A final repeating damage pattern is

the extensive damage and blockage of roads due to landslides caused by unstable soils

that were not accounted for during the process of road planning, design and

construction of roads to rural areas.

Pre-disaster situation and/or vulnerabilities – education

Padang city is the education hub for the Western Sumatra Province with a high concentration

of higher education institutions, and secondary and primary schools. Before the earthquake,

about 895,000 students were enrolled in education facilities supervised by the MONE, about

56,000 students were enrolled in madrasah schools, and 86,000 students (Data Pokok

Pendidikan Sumatera Barat 2007/ 2008) were registered in higher education institutions. The

educational achievement in the West Sumatra Province has improved in the recent years to

catch up with the national average. In 2008, net primary school enrollment rate was 95%,

with similar participation of boys and girls. The transition rates to junior secondary level and

senior secondary level have increased due to improved physical access to schools

throughout the province. In 2008, net enrolment rates for Junior Secondary schools stood at

67 %, and 45% for Senior Secondary schools (country wide enrollment rates stand currently

at 71% in Junior Secondary and 50% in Senior Secondary)

The education sector is characterized by public-private partnerships at all levels. Around 30%

of schools (pre-tertiary) and 68 % of madrasahs are privately managed; 82 out of 87 Higher

Education Institutions in the province, including universities, academies, institutes are private.

In addition, the private sector plays a vital role in delivering non-formal education. A large

number of private non-formal training providers offering skills training courses, language

classes, business and management programs, computer training, etc.

Weak earthquake resistance of school building construction contributed to the high level of

destruction, since the construction of schools frequently does not follow the seismic building

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code of Indonesia. Many education facilities, particularly in rural and poorer areas, were

constructed in the 1970s or 1980s as part of the Inpres program and have seriously

deteriorated due to severe weather conditions, continuous use and inadequate maintenance.

The poor earthquake resistance of the schools in West Sumatra has remained unaddressed

over the years. Funding received from various sources for school rehabilitation was more

commonly used to improve a school’s appearance rather than to improve its earthquake

resistance. To accommodate a quickly growing number of new students and increase access

to secondary education services many existing schools were extended and additional schools

were built. However, in order to maximize limited funds, the enforcement of building codes

and other safety standards has often been compromised over the years.

Pre-disaster vulnerabilities – environment

West Sumatra’s exposure to seismic activity and its steep terrain make the province uniquely

susceptible to landslides. Three-quarters of West Sumatra’s land area is mountainous and risk

of landslides and erosion affects around half the province. While the highlands provide some

agricultural ground, many areas are too steep for cultivation and in some areas, loss of forest

cover and inappropriate land uses exacerbate the risks of landslides.

The mountains are an important source of freshwater that feeds the province’s rivers and

provides its main source of drinking water. However, damage to catchment areas and

watersheds may affect water levels in some areas and may have impacts on the province’s

hydropower potential. There are also reports of dumping of waste from small-scale industrial

activities into rivers and beach areas, and several rivers have poor water quality and high

levels of mercury accumulation. In some areas, lack of sanitary facilities leads to further

pollution of water bodies.

West Sumatra’s protected forests, including its two national parks, are under pressure from

illegal logging and encroachment. Forest degradation reduces the forest’s capacity to provide

environmental services including the protection of biodiversity, the stabilization of soil, and

the sequestration of carbon.

Pre-disaster vulnerabilities – health

With regard to the health aspect, the following factors are identified as the main pre-disaster

vulnerabilities underlying the extent of the disaster impact:

Lack of funding source especially for medical supplies and equipment

Limited capacity of local health department in taking on additional task post-

emergency

Health resources capacity for universal coverage of health services needs to be

upgraded

Leadership, accountability and ownership

Information sharing, accuracy and timely delivery is still need to be improved

Coordination and collaboration of government agencies, NGOs, international/national

health agencies and external partners need to be strengthened

District based early recovery operational plan not yet available.

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Pre-disaster vulnerabilities – protection

According to a 2007 Department of Social Affairs survey, 380,965 people were living with

pre-existing vulnerabilities in the 6 affected districts. Vulnerabilities included, but were not

exclusive to: children affected by abuse or violence; children in conflict with the law;

children with disabilities; children living on the streets or in institutions; women affected by

GBV; adults with disabilities; and elderly without family support. More than 60 care

institutions were working in the affected districts prior to the earthquake catering to this

population.

In addition, while the Rights of women in Indonesia are promoted by many laws and policies,

for example Law on Domestic Violence of 2004, women still experience disadvantages and

discrimination in accessing resources and services, in having a role in decision making (for

example women are only 16-18 of Legislature), and in experiencing various forms of

violence (3.07% experience domestic violence). Maternal mortality is on average

228/100.000 live births (2007) . Government institutions have limited capacity or

mechanisms to promote women’s rights; the Ministry of Women’s Empowerment has limited

resources to encourage and support other technical departments.

Pre-disaster vulnerabilities – shelter

The housing in Indonesia being mostly private, except for some civil servant who may be

lodged by the government, 10-15%. 40-60% live in informal settlements, hence basically

self built. An important difference for the individual is if the house is rented or owned. This

may later on be conflicted for a beneficiary policy, but may be less important for an early

damage assessment. Urban density housing in Padang , is practically limited to 2 floor

structures, except for the ‘ruko’ or shop houses which usually use more than 2 floors (3-4

floors). The vast housing majority is one level though. The difference in cost/m2 is of course

considerable, but in total values less significant given the low percentage of multi storey

housing.

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1.2 Summary of Survey Results

The following is a summary of the perceptions of people and communities in the six most

affected districts including related interventions or needs identified indicated as developed

with input from the Humanitarian Clusters or special Working Groups (i.e. Governance

Working Group or Shelter Recovery Working Group).

Impact on various aspects of community lives and governance

Key concerns are felt fairly broadly across basic issues such as lack of income, physical

threats, shelter, food, clean water and health related issues. It is significant that "lack of/loss

of income" (livelihood), safety/security, shelter and other basic need rank highest with

children's education ranking lowest. The survey suggests that the general perceptions of the

affected communities are directed towards immediate survival. It is interesting to note

that children’s education ranks a distant last after perceptions regarding immediate survival.

Table X: Perception Regarding the Disaster Impact (%)

No Most Concerning Matters % 1 Lack of / loss of income 19.1 2 Physical threat or injury /lack of safety 18.0 3 No or lack of shelter / housing 16.9 4 Lack of food 16.2 5 Lack of clean water 13.6 6 Health / lack of services 11.8 7 Children’s education disruption 4.4

Access to food

People's access to food has been compromised but not to the level that they perceive

themselves to be at a great risk of starvation. In fact they see themselves surviving for

about an average of one week even without food aid. This, notwithstanding, should provide

the evidence that measures has to be instituted to ensure that households are not sliding into

food insecurity overtime during the recovery phase. Coping with this situation, people are

adjusting their meal pattern. About one-third (30%) of the interviewed household decrease

the volume of their meals, another one third (32%) decrease the frequency of meals, and the

other one-third (32%) are adjusting the variation of the food they are consuming.

Table X: Number of Days Withstanding without Food Aid (Days)

No Kabupaten/Kota Average 1 Kota Pariaman 7.41 2 Kabupaten Pasaman Barat 6.37 3 Kabupaten Padang Pariaman 6.13 4 Kota Padang 5.51 5 Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan 5.30 6 Kabupaten Agam 4.56

Overall Average 5.88

The disaster has affected people's access to food in terms of food commodities' availability

(or lack thereof) in markets that has led to increased prices and corresponding increasing

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pressure to household allocation of resources for food. Survey answers revealed a consistent

perception that food availability may remain unchanged or decrease, leading to price

increases. Table X indicates that the proportion of households having to increase their

allocation for food is 36% while 42% have decreased their allocations as food availability has

decreased. Taken together, over three-fourths of households have adjusted their expenditure

for food as a result of the crisis. This implies that until such time that there are adequate

employment opportunities and livelihood systems are restored and strengthened,

targeted support will have to be provided to households threatened by food insecurity.

Table X: Perception Regarding Impacts of Disaster on Availability/Access to Food (%)

No Access to food Increase No

Change Decrease

1 Availability of food in the market 3 42 49

2 Price of food 82 14 2

3 Your household’s money allocation for food 48 11 37

Social Cohesion

The disaster has touched on issues that determine a community's cohesion. The HRNA

survey has illustrated that issues of land ownership / use is not so much of an issue after the

disaster (except in landslide areas), but the issue of water sources is likely to become one of

the most worrisome issues regarding community cohesion and conflict prevention in the

months to come, therefore, it is imperative that measures are put in place to assist

communities manage their water resources.

Table X: Typical Source of Community Quarrels Before/After the Disaster

No Issues triggering community quarrels Before After

1 Land ownership/use 35 15

2 Water source use 7 25

3 Agricultural assets (water, livestock, crops) 9 6

4 Use of public facilities 6 11

5 Property and trade 13 14

6 Dignity, pride, ethnicity, religion 11 6

7 Working relationship 1 1

8 Others (write) 18 20

TOTAL 100 100

Access to Clean Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

More than sixty per cent of people surveyed depend on piped water network/city water

network (urban population), river/ponds, or open sources. One third of those who depended

on city networks of piped water before the crises are now experiencing disruption of this

service while those who relied on other sources pre-crisis have been relatively less affected.

Targeted recovery support to local government to assist them to resume basic services,

including clean water provision, will have to be combined with support to urban

households to ensure sustained access to clean water.

Table X: Situation of Access to Clean Water (%)

No Source of Clean Water Before Not

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Functioning

1 Water pipe network 20.8 33.0 2 Ponds/river 20.0 10.2 3 Open sources 19.0 15.3 4 Closed sources 13.7 12.1 5 Open pumps 2.8 3.7

6 Closed pumps 2.0 5.6 7 Tanker 1.8 0.5 8 Others 19.8 19.1

One in ten men and women are using fields for defecation, and this has specific

ramifications for health and hygiene. Close attention should be paid to those populations

dealing with a) threats to food security, b) poor access to clean and reliable water

sources and c) limited access to and availability of sanitation facilities.

Table X: Defecation Practice after Disaster (%)

No Defecation practice Male Female

1 Private/family latrine 45.6 46.7 2 Public toilet 26.0 26.5 3 Latrine close to the house 13.2 13.9 4 Field near the house 3.7 3.6 5 Open field 8.8 6.5 6 Don’t know 0.2 0.2 7 No answer 2.4 2.5

Access to Shelter

While a comprehensive inventory is still under way, the following HRNA output illustrates

perspectives of people those affected by the disaster regarding how the disaster has impacted

the houses.

Table X: Perception of Impact on House Structures

No. Impacts on Housing %

1 Heavily damaged (cannot be used without structural repair) 44 2 Completely destroyed (cannot be repaired, need reconstruction) 26 3 Seriously damaged (could be used, need substantial repair) 20 4 Lightly damaged (could be used safely, need repair) 8 5 No damage (only cleaning needed, minor repair and replacement) 1

Nine out of ten respondents reported serious damage or complete devastation of their homes.1

Nearly one-half of the survey respondents reported their housing structure would require

structural repair to heavy damages before being able to be reoccupied safely, while more than

one-quarter thought that their houses would require complete reconstruction. Another 20% of

respondents reported serious damage requiring substantial repair. Regardless of the housing

repair/rebuild/reconstruction scheme finally put in place, it is conceivable that certain

1 It should be noted that the survey has the tendency to be skewed towards disaster-affected households.

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short-term temporary/transitional shelter would be required to allow affected

households perform their protective and productive functions.

Table X: Expected Sources of Funding for House Repair/Reconstruction

No. Expected Sources for Damaged House Repair/ Reconstruction % of

Total 1 Government assistance 68 2 Own funding 21 3 Borrowing 8 4 Borrowing 2 5 No Answer 1

The above table indicates that most (almost 70%) of the affected households are counting

on government assistance to rebuild or repair their damaged or destroyed house. Only

one fifth thought that they would be able to rely on their own resources.

Access to Livelihood

One of the most strategic and sustainable avenues for recovery is grounded in the livelihood

systems of the affected communities. However, two-thirds of surveyed households reported

varying degree of livelihood / employment disruption that require various level of

reinvestment before resumption or restarting.

Table X: Perception Regarding General Impact of the Disaster On Livelihoods (%)

No Status of Livelihood/Employment %

1 Completely disrupted 23%

2 Heavily disrupted (needs major reinvestment for resumption) 20%

3 Seriously disrupted (need sizeable reinvestment for resumption) 23%

4 Somewhat disrupted (could resume with no major investment) 34%

In terms of shifting of livelihood, two weeks after the disaster, there was a marked trend of

people leaving the agricultural product trading for different sectors, e.g.,

industry/manufacturing (which has been the main non-agricultural livelihood sector),

transportation and other services. Combined with a decline in retail trading, this suggests that

the crises has been particularly hard on small scale entrepreneurs. Early recovery measures to

be introduced would need to consider the viability of assisting people to return to agriculture-

related livelihoods or pursuing alternative livelihoods, with due consideration given to

reducing disaster risks embedded in some livelihood systems. It is, therefore, critical that

livelihood supportive intervention be provided in the early recovery schemes. This may

include support ranging from grants or soft loans, technical/market support, to possible re-

training.

Table X: Change of Non-Agricultural Livelihood (%)

No Main source of income other than agriculture Before After Diff

1 Industry/Manufacture 54.6 57.1 2.5 2 Transportation service provider 2.2 5.6 3.3 3 Service provider 10.4 11.2 0.8

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4 Private business employer 0.6 0.4 -0.1 5 Government employer 2.0 1.7 -0.2 6 Retail trading / commerce 6.4 5.6 -0.9 7 Agriculture product trading 21.8 10.7 -11.1 8 Other (write) 2.0 7.7 5.8

It is, therefore, critical that livelihood supportive intervention be provided in the early

recovery schemes. This may include supports ranging from grant or soft loans,

technical/market support, to possible re-training.

Access to Education

The obvious first observable impact on education sector is the physical destruction of school

buildings. While more than 25% of the respondents reported that the schools are available

and safe for continuing school activities, one in three reported that the school buildings are no

longer available while one in five stated that while the buildings remain available they do

not feel safe enough to continue school activities. Practically speaking, more than half of

school buildings will require major repair or complete replacement.

This is a dangerous repeating national earthquake damage pattern, in which a one-third

to one-half of all schools in similar earthquakes collapse. This means that, every time

there is an earthquake, Indonesian children are at risk due to educational facilities that are not

earthquake resistant (not to mention houses that are not earthquake resistant) in one of the

world's most earthquake prone countries. However, comparatively speaking, survey

respondents indicated that, relatively speaking, there is a perception that there is less damage

to school buildings than there to their houses suggesting a low awareness of the potential for

earthquake related damage to schools. Indonesian children, therefore, risk their lives both

by staying home and going to school, a clearly untenable situation with important

ramifications for recovery.

Table X: Perceptions on the Availability and Safety of School Buildings

No. Availability and Safety of School Buildings %

1 No building available 37.0 2 Available and safe 27.4 3 Available but unsafe 19.2 4 Don’t Know 7.7 5 No Answer 8.7

Of those schools not completely destroyed, many repairs will be required in addition to

structural investments, e.g., the provision of clean water, the repair/reconstruction of latrine/

toilets, electricity installation, peripheral walls, etc. Careful consideration to ensure adequate

access to water and sanitation facilities for male and female students, staff and faculty will be

important in designing repair and reconstruction to school sites.

Table X: Remaining / Functioning School Facilities

No. School Facilities %

1 Clean water 27.3

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2 Toilet/latrine 21.5

3 Electricity 20.0

4 Periferal walls 17.2

5 Don’t Know 8.8

6 No Answer 5.2

One-half of respondents reported that school buildings are either completely destroyed or

require substantial repair, damages that each require investments of resources and time.

Temporary/transition schools and safe environments for education activities will need to be

put in place. In addition, there are school building facilities and fixtures that also need to be

provided during the transitional period, with due consideration given to issues of dignity and

safety in the design of temporary sanitation facilities, among other concerns.

Safe and Sustainable Environment

The interviewed households perceived damaged/destroyed structures to be the highest

concern (40%) followed by water contamination and water/land structural damage. Therefore,

early recovery assistance should take into consideration the provision of resources and

technical support to safe demolition of houses and guidance to damaged houses material

recycling.

Table X: Perception Regarding Environmental Impacts of Disaster (%)

No Environment problems %

1 Hazardous rubbles 39.2

2 Clean water contamination 19.3

3 Structural damage of water/land 11.1

4 Land contamination 4.3

5 Dead bodies 2.2

6 Others (write) 1.1

7 None 2.3

8 Don’t know 1.0

9 No Answer 0.8

The number of households reporting concerns about the presence of cadavers (see Table X

above), though apparently small, is not insignificant. While the environmental threats posed

by cadavers are usually exaggerated, the social and religious dimensions of the

management of the dead are important aspects in the full recovery of affected

communities.

At the household level, one of the environmental effects may be reflected in change in types

of household fuels being used. There has been a 7% shift of household fuel types from

commercial fuels to natural both commercial and forest firewood. While the shift is, at the

moment, not so significant, however, if the shift to naturally occurring fuel is not mitigated

with supportive measures this could have detrimental environmental effects overtime, further

exacerbating the threat to the natural resource based that existed prior to the crisis.

Thus, as an early recovery mitigation measure on environment, provision of cleaner fuel

than kerosene, such as (subsidized) LPG and gas stove, should be considered, as it can be

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beneficial both for the environment as well as for household energy security.

Table X: Types of Household Fuel Before and After Disaster (%)

No Type of Household Fuel Before After Diff

1 Firewood– forest 30.3 35.5 5.2

2 Firewood – fields/purchase 11.8 13.8 2.0

3 Electricity 6.0 5.1 -0.9

4 Gas / LPG 11.1 8.1 -3.0

5 Kerosene 40.2 37.1 -3.2

6 Others (write) 0.1 0.0 -0.1

7 Don’t know 0.0 0.0 0.0

8 No Answer 0.4 0.5 0.0

Access to Community Infrastructure/Facilities

The disaster affected community infrastructure and/or facilities that typically are not

accounted in the local governments' budget. And yet such facilities are critical to serve as the

backbone of community level recovery activities. Community's social and economic

activities are often shaped in and around such small-scale infrastructure/facilities that are

often self-financed and self-managed.

More than one-third of the interviewed households observed that village religious facilities

such as village mosques (Surau) are the centre of their community activities and require

urgent repair or reconstruction. Three other three types of such community

infrastucture/facilities that need urgent repair, replacement or rebuilding include water

sources/network, village footpath/bridge, and village power generation.

Table X: Perceptions of Infrastructure/Facilities Requiring Urgent Repair/Reconstruction

No Community Infrastructure/Facilities Requiring Urgent Repair or

Reconstruction %

1 Village religious facilities 36.9

2 Water sources / network 18.1

3 Footpath/village bridges 12.7

4 Village power generation 10.3

5 Village toilet/bath facilities 6.9

6 Village market 6.5

7 Agticulture facilities (butcher, sundry, storage) 3.2

8 Others (write) 2.8

9 Community Multipurpose hall 2.6

Part of the community level recovery will take into consideration the possibility of

stimulating community self-help recovery for and around the theme of community

infrastructure/facilities. This may include but not be limited to community grants and or

technical assistance for undertaking repair and reconstruction processes that may or may not

include provision of construction materials

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Impact on Governance

Results of governance assessments clearly show that government operational, planning and

implementation capacity has been seriously affected by the recent disaster. Communities

both at urban and rural areas have expressed that public services have been disrupted. Table

X below shows the perception of government functions two weeks after the disaster, which

describes that on average only around 60% of governance function was working.

The communities have expressed clearly that they need the facilitating role of the local

government and want to know more information about the kinds of assistance that are

available and accessible by the communities. Open and transparent information on disaster

response and recovery is an important aspect that the communities wish to access.

Furthermore they want to participate in the recovery process so they can better plan for their

living after the disaster.

Table X: Perception on level of Governance Functions Two Weeks After Disaster

No District %

1 Pesisir Selatan 85.0

2 Agam 72.7

3 Pasaman Barat 65.8

4 Padang 64.1

5 Pariaman 63.8

6 Padang Pariaman 49.0

Average 62.8

Table X: Perception of Government Functions Most impacted by Disaster (%)

No District Economic Health-

Social Admin

Peace &

Order

1 Agam 64.9 14.0 7.0 0.0

2 Padang 20.7 17.1 13.4 1.2

3 Pariaman 19.6 18.1 15.9 1.4

4 Pesisir Selatan 19.5 26.8 0.0 0.0

5 Padang Pariaman 15.2 21.9 8.6 3.8

6 Pasaman Barat 8.7 12.9 4.2 0.0

Average 24.7 20.0 10.3 1.5

Due to the reduced capacity of local government at the local level, there has not been enough

information shared to the communities about the services they are entitled to, let alone about

the recovery initiatives at a wider scope. Hence the role of local government needs to be

strengthened so that it can better revise public services, manage the humanitarian response

and further coordinate a participatory planning process of post-disaster recovery.

Table X: Perception of Government Facilities Requiring Priority Repair

No Damaged Government Facilities Damage Repair

Priority

1 Government office (village, sub dist, city 11.5 28.4

2 Public facilities (agri, health, social, etc.) 10.7 31.7

16

3 Public activity infra/facilities 6.2 16.3

4 Line service offices 3.0 7.7

5 Police station 2.6 5.4

6 Local Parliament building 0.5 0.9

7 Others 37.5 9.5

As key governance aspects such as public service delivery, public participation, and

accessible information on recovery process have been essentially missing from the current

overall post-disaster response, it is therefore necessary that these aspects are properly

addressed so the public can expect a transparent yet accountable post-disaster recovery.

Access to Health

The damage to health infrastructure impacts on the delivery system for health services at this

critical time. The overwhelming demand also shows the need for: more health staff (as they

are also victims) and support to their mobility in all areas (most of which remain difficult to

access); provision of medical supplies and equipment and an efficient referral system well

coordinated for an efficient response and sustainable return to recovery of the health system.

While the most of non-damaged Puskesmas (community health center) and hospitals are

overloaded with patients, there were gaps also in availability of out reach services and

mechanisms (mobile clinics, health volunteers) to follow up patients who already discharged

from hospitals after receiving treatment. Strengthening mobile services and sub-centers will

be one key aspect in the delivery and continuity of care.

Table X: Health Services Facilities closest to the affected household

No. Health Service Facilities

%

Less than

1 hour

%

Between

1 - 2 hrs

%

More than

2 hrs

%

Not

Available

1 Posyandu 29.88% 23.53% 16.67% 11.11%

2 Puskesmas 54.18% 11.76% 38.89% 22.22%

3 Gov hospital 6.77% 64.71% 33.33% 0.00%

4 Mobile hospital 2.79% 0.00% 0.00% 33.33%

5 Traditional/alternative 6.37% 0.00% 11.11% 33.33%

6 Other (sebutkan) 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

The destruction of utilities and critical infrastructure such as water supply also increase the

risks of communicable disease outbreaks and thus early warning and strengthening of

surveillance is a key public health service that needs to be established. A key link with the

water sector through water quality surveillance will also be an important response and

recovery intervention as there are several actors in the health sector that can provide these

various services, coordination mechanism supported by logistics in the field is needed.

Table X: Health Problems of the Affected Household in the last 15 days

No Health Problems % Male % Female

1 Injuries 25,50% 4,47%

2 Diarrhea 7,52% 11,34%

17

3 Respiratory problems 8,32% 6,23%

4 Influenza/fever 16,51% 31,47%

5 Skin problems 12,89% 4,31%

6 Women’s illness 0,00% 1,92%

7 Infant illness 1,21% 2,24%

8 Other health problems (write) 4,97% 10,54%

9 Don’t know 15,97% 19,01%

10 No Answer 7,11% 8,47%

Impact on Vulnerable Groups

Table X: Perception Regarding Involvement in Recovery Planning

No District Yes No Don't

Know

No

Answer

1 Pasaman Barat 41.5 39.0 14.6 4.9

2 Pariaman 36.5 46.8 10.3 6.3

3 Padang 31.6 44.3 17.7 6.3

4 Pdg Pariaman 27.6 49.0 13.3 10.2

5 Pesisir Selatan 27.5 32.5 30 10

6 Agam 23.2 57.1 10.7 8.9

TOTAL 31.6 46.1 14.5 7.7

The rights of women, elderly people and people with disabilities: All relief and early

recovery activities must recognize and visibly respond to the basic needs of women

(including those heading households), elderly persons and those living with disability or

chronic illness, as well as providing for their specific needs in all sectors

While the Rights of women in Indonesia are promoted by many laws and policies, for

example Law on Domestic Violence of 2004, women still experience disadvantages and

discrimination in accessing resources and services, in having a role in decision making (for

example women are only 16-18 of Legislature), and in experiencing various forms of

violence (3.07% experience domestic violence). Maternal mortality is on average

228/100.000 live births (2007). Government institutions have limited capacity or mechanisms

to promote women’s rights; the Ministry of Women’s Empowerment has limited resources to

encourage and support other technical departments.

Impact of the earthquake - females: It is estimated that over 74.100 women and girls are

affected by the disaster. Data on gendered mortality are not yet available. However, it is

known that in the majority of disasters a larger number of women than men die. Women and

girls in West Sumatra have an active role in the economy, thus have been affected by

property damages and disruption to communication and markets. Property norms guarantee

women a degree of access to inherited wealth and the danger exists that this would be

threatened by inappropriate reconstruction efforts. In addition women and girls shoulder the

weight of caring and household responsibility; destructions of homes, water and other

facilities puts considerable extra burdens on their ability to carry out such

responsibilities. Because of widespread male out migration, there are many female headed

households across the Province. Women’s full mobility, also to access assistance and

participate in restoration and rehabilitation planning and implementation has also been

impaired by loss of personal property.

Comment [SL2]: It is difficult to understand what these percentages mean - does 'yes' mean, yes I feel involved in recovery planning? Or does it mean, yes I feel more involved in recovery planning than in humanitarian planning? Some more language may help? And how to analyse the rather remarkable range across the districts? What are the implications for strategies for ensuring participation in recovery planning?

18

Impact of the earthquake - elderly: In the case of the elderly and people living with

disability such access is even more limited.

Impact of the earthquake - children: The earthquake has also negatively affected the

rights of children. Among the main risks currently faced by children are displacement, family

separation and children’s care and in particular, the worsening socio-economic conditions

expose children to the risk of abuse, violence, and exploitation. There is no accurate data yet

on children being separated, the number of children orphaned or who have lost their primary

care giver is still underassessment. However, for example, at least 50 children in the village

of Gunung Padang Alai alone are orphans. Furthermore, early assessment conducted by

Social Affairc Province found that 36 of the 65 child care institutions in 6 districts are

damaged, 14 of them had light level of damage, 12 of them had a medium level of damage

and 10 of them severely; 1293 children are reported to have been living in them. A major

priority is to carry out a full registration and care assessment of all children whose care

situation has been affected by the emergency to ensure that they are placed with their

extended families in line with their best interests, and that all necessary measures are duly

taken to prevent institutionalization. Communities have identified behavioral changes in

children, including sleeplessness, isolation and nightmares. The psycho-social needs of

children affected need to be monitored, skills to detect them need to be built and psycho-

social counseling provided.

The West Sumatra child protection strategy is to improve the protective environment of

children by prioritizing the following:

Improve children’s access to protection services for children and their families in

vulnerable and extremely vulnerable situations, including psychosocial support for

affected children;

Raise community awareness on preventing family separation, child abuse, violence,

exploitation, and neglect by promoting decisions to be made according to the best

interest of children.

Promoting children’s participation in decisions that affect their lives.

Access to Protection

Protection is defined as “all activities aimed at ensuring full respect for the rights of the

individual in accordance with the letter and the spirit of the relevant bodies of law.” [1] .

With regard to people's rights to assistance and to property in post-disaster context, the

HRNA survey reveled that 50% of male and 52% of female respondents perceives that

possible unfair distribution of assistance to be potential issue that are most concerning,

followed by house/property/livestock taken by others (20% Male and 19% Female

respectively).

According to a 2007 Department of Social Affairs survey, 380,965 people were living with

pre-existing vulnerabilities in the 6 affected districts. Vulnerabilities included, but were not

exclusive to: 1) children affected by abuse or violence; 2) children in conflict with the law; 3)

children with disabilities; 4) children living on the streets or in institutions; 5) women

affected by GBV; 6) adults with disabilities; and 7) elderly without family support. More than

60 care institutions were working in the affected districts prior to the earthquake and catering

to this population.

19

In general, the protection sector supports activities that aim:

To respond to the immediate protection needs of the affected population

To restore dignity

To reduce vulnerabilities

To reduce the long-term threats and violations of people’s right to protection

To reduce the overall impact of the natural disaster on people’s protection and rights

Humanitarian protection seeks to not only preserve the

security and dignity of affected populations in an emergency

but also to create an environment that enables respect for human rights. The protection sector

works for the most part with affected populations to identify and develop mechanisms for

affected populations themselves to access their right to assistance, security, compensation and

recovery.[2] In order to do this, it is critical to understand the affected populations’ pre-

existing vulnerabilities that are exacerbated in emergencies.

Areas of particular concern for the protection sector include:

Participation: The affected population has a right to participate in decisions that affect their

lives, especially in emergencies. The lack of participation by the members of affected

communities proves to be a constant challenge related to the provision of humanitarian aid

according to a right-based approach.

Table X: Perception Regarding Involvement in Recovery Planning

No District Yes No Don't

Know No Answer

1 Pasaman Barat 41.5 39.0 14.6 4.9

2 Pariaman 36.5 46.8 10.3 6.3

3 Padang 31.6 44.3 17.7 6.3

4 Pdg Pariaman 27.6 49.0 13.3 10.2

5 Pesisir Selatan 27.5 32.5 30 10

6 Agam 23.2 57.1 10.7 8.9

Total 31.6 46.1 14.5 7.7

Documents: It is critical in an emergency to ensure the affected population has access to

their official documents, including birth certificates, national identity cards, and titles to their

property.

Gender-based violence: Studies have shown that domestic violence often prevails in

disaster settings, in addition to gender-based violence, sexual or non sexual. Women and

elderly are facing the burden of ensuring family care and daily subsistence.

Child Protection: The earthquake has also negatively affected the rights of children. In

particular, the worsening socio-economic conditions expose children to the risk of abuse,

violence, and exploitation.

20

Impact on agriculture

The number of households in disaster-affected areas whose income depends on agricultural

activities is substantial, not only in more rural districts, but also in more urban or semi-urban

areas as indicated by the following chart.

Table X: Disaster Affected Households Whose Income Depends on Agricultural Activities

(%)

No District %

1 Pasaman Barat 73.8

2 Pariaman 73.7

3 Pesisir Selatan 72.3

4 Padang Pariaman 65.8

5 Padang 30.9

6 Agam 23.9

The result of the assessment shows that the disaster has cause changes in the main

agricultural activity for about 36%. The crop production and vegetable/fruit production has

decreased significantly for about 27% and 14%.

Table X: Change in Main Agricultural Activities (%)

No

Main Agricultural

Activity Before After Diff

1 Crop production 52 55 3

2 Vegetable/fruit production 21 10 -11

4 Small animal rearing 10 11 1

3 Livestock 6 5 -1

5 Fishery 2 2 0

7 Other 2 5 3

6 Forestry 1 0 -1

The earthquake also caused the loss in the agriculture production assets owned by the victims

for about 15%. Fertilizer is the production asset mostly decreasing for about 4 percent,

followed by livestock (3%), crops (2%), capital (2%), animal house, storage (2%), poultry

(1%), seeds (1%), and ponds (1%).

Table X: Access to / Ownership of Agriculture Production Assets

No Agriculture production assets Before After Difference

1 Hand tools 22 28 6

2 Fertiliser 20 19 -1

3 Seeds 19 21 2

4 Poultry 8 8 0

5 Livestock 5 3 -2

6 Capital 5 3 -2

7 Animal house, storage, etc. 2 0 -2

8 Crops 4 3 -1

21

9 Ponds 2 1 -1

10 Small animals (goats, rabbits) 3 3 0

22

1.3 Summary of Focus Group Discussions

Community Insights on Recovery and Reducing Disaster Risks

One of the tools used to implement the Human Recovery Needs Assessment (HRNA) was a

number of Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) that were arranged in each district surveyed

with specially selected representative groups in each district such as community leaders,

farmers, fisherfolk, etc. These FGDs yielded rich information and ideas, NOT just about

problems, but more important, about the views of affected communities on solutions and

ways to reduce risk to future disasters. In other words, the HOW to respond and recover

from what has happened in West Sumatra due to the recent earthquake and landslides based

on perceptions of WHY it happened.

The following represent summary FGDs of "Issues" followed by "Identified Needs" or that

represent community perspectives on Early Recovery actions that should be taken and HOW

they should be done.

Infrastructure

Issue(s): Community water resources management.

Identified Need(s): As water sources and use has been highlighted to be one of potential

community friction, some of the early recovery intervention must be directed towards

community-based water source management until the authorities restore the overall water

management system.

Shelter

Issue(s): Temporary/transitional shelter

Identified Need(s): Nine out of ten respondents require temporary/ transitional shelter while

waiting for house rebuilding assistance or during their spontaneous/ self-supported repair or

reconstruction of their houses.

Governance

Issue(s): Public and government facilities were extensively damaged therefore their services

and administrative functions have been crippled, interupted.

Identified Need(s): Prioritzed restoration of local government’s agencies ability to deliver 1)

life saving or life sustaining emergency assistance, 2) early recovery planning and

implmentation 3) to support people’s spontaneous recovery and 4) to restore basic services

should be done. Transparent participation of communities in early recovery planning

(community level, home rebuilding, etc.)

Issue(s): Generally people’s trust of government agencies to allow participation and be fair

has decreased since the earthquake.

Identified Need(s): Transparent participation of communities in recovery planning and budget

decision making, community led development planning and reconstruction.

Issue(s): There is a perception that people and communities will have a difficult time

communicating and causing the government to understand their current needs effectively (i.e.

type of emergency or recovery assistance they really need, about extent of house damage,

type of house they want to re-build, etc.)

Comment [SL3]: Where is the 'how' here? What did people say about their perspectives on temporary shelter? on permanent shelter?

23

Identified Need(s): Provide early recovery community development assistance to

communities to ensure input of communities and better ways to plan communities and rebuild

houses

Issue(s): Communities expressed concerns over lack of information about the disaster

response led by the government and also the kinds of assistance that are available for

impacted communities.

Identified Need(s): Transparent information on disaster response, kinds of assistance, where

all of this assistance are accessible, and also on recovery process. Public information and

communication is therefore necessary.

Livelihoods

Issue(s): Demand for general purpose products (i.e. Sembako) has dropped suggesting

peoples incomes and livelihoods have decreased.

Identified Need(s): People need livelihood assistance during the coming 6 months to ensure

they have incomes.

Issue(s): Some livelihood activities in the damaged area have to be stopped entirely due to

the damage of production facilities and land.

Identified Need(s): The provision of assistance in the form of production facilities is

considered necessary in order to resume their livelihoods. The provision of training for

alternative livelihoods such as sewing and embroidery will be quite beneficial in the

transitional period as alternative source of income.

Agriculture

Issue(s): Damage or destruction of agricultural irrigation systems will not allow needed

water to be delivered to rice paddies and will result in a decline in the economy of the

community and loss of many livelihoods. Many farmlands damaged by landslides.

Identified Need(s): Communities must work together using their existing capacity of

community self-help systems (gotong royong) on emergency repair of agricultural irrigation

systems. Immediate (early recovery) provision by Government of funds for emergency repair

materials would help this. TNI members could expand and support community self-help

systems (gotong royong).

Build Back Better Opportuity: Improve roads and bridges for better market access for

farmers and re-located or designed differently so landslides will not block them after

earthquakes or rains in the future.

Health

Issue(s): There is a perception that living in tents is unhealthy and causing an observable rise

in health problems associated with stomach and lung related illnesses (diaria, colds and

coughing).

Identified Need(s):

Issue(s): Psychologically, many earthquake victims are now quite traumatized by the

possibility of experiencing another serious earthquake. This condition is worsened by the

spreading rumours of much bigger earthquake that will hit this area again in the near future.

Consequently, people are worried to stay inside of their houses and afraid to go to work as

well.

24

Identified Need(s): The earthquake victims need trauma healing on this particular issue. On

the other hand, the Government must also send a clear message by media campaign through

various media to provide accurate information on earthquake and tsunami.

Issue(s): Students are facing trauma and need some way to help them get back into to school

and their daily lives.

Identified Need(s): Conduct trauma counseling at schools for school children to help them

Shelter

Issue(s): People and communities would like to re-build their houses so they will not be

damaged again by earthquakes or landslides again but don’t know how.

Issue(s): People are concerned that that they will not be given enough money to rebuild a

disaster resistant house or that they will be required to pick a pre-identified design or

construction system.

Issue(s): Community self-help systems (gotong royong) are seen as one-way to help other

community members rebuild their houses.

Issue(s): Houses should be demolished in a safe way and in a way that materials (i.e. doors,

windows, hardware, timber, etc.) can be reused when homes are re-built.

Issue(s): Community self-help systems (gotong royong) are seen as one-way to help other

community members to rebuild.

Identified Need(s): Identify and establish early local government and community agreement

on “Build Back Better” disaster resistant house standard rebuilding guidelines.

Identified Need(s): Launch simple public awareness campaign about where to get

information on how re-build your house safely ensuring that spontaneous shelter

rehabilitation is disaster resistant and

Identified Need(s): Establish “Build Back Better” disaster resistant house

information/community outreach centers to provide outreach and information on standard

rebuilding guidelines

Identified Need(s): Develop government policy and procedures to ensure that future house

construction (after reconstruction) is done using disaster resistant construction and materials

to keep a disaster like this from happening again.

Identified Need(s): Early mobilization of and networking with communities, local businesses,

CSOs and Civil Society

Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)

Issue(s): Access to clean drinking water is still a challenge.

Identified Need(s): Assessment and emergency/temporary restoration of clean and safe water

delivery systems to critical semi-urban and semi-urban facilities (i.e. health facilities,

operational schools, government facilities) and for poor communities

Education

Issue(s): Uncomfortable condition for study

Identified Need(s): Provision of transitional classrooms is immediately required to ensure the

continuity of education process at the affected areas.

Agriculture

Issue(s): The damaged irrigation system

25

Identified Need(s): Assessment and emergency repair of damaged irrigation systems to

ensure current crops are protected in the following districts......

Issues (s): The loss of agriculture production assets

Identified Need(s):

Issues (s): Trauma to get back to work in the farm

Identified Need(s):

Cross-Cutting – Disaster Risk Management

Issue(s): Government and communities need to improve their preparedness for future

disasters and do what is needed to make sure that this will not happen again.

Need(s):

Cross-Cutting – Restore Basic Services and Infrastructure

Issue(s): There is a need to quickly repair roads and bridges to allow emergency access and

rural access to town markets

Need(s):

Cross-Cutting – Clearing and Demoliton

Issue(s): There is a need to support communities to clean-up, clear of debris (especially

dangerous houses or structures) using through community self-help systems (gotong royong),

with the help of TNI or other productive and fast ways

Need(s):

Cross-Cutting – Psychological

Issue(s): Many people, especially students, are facing trauma and need some way to help

them get back to work, school and/or back into their daily lives.

Need(s): Post Disaster counseling from religious orgs

Cross-Cutting - Conflict

Issue(s): There is a general concern that conflict and mistrust among communities and

individuals will increase due to inequities of emergency and recovery assistance. Because of

house damage and living in tents survivor’s belongings are at risk not secure which may

result in conflict and mistrust among communities and individuals. Sembako price increases

(9 basic necessities) are causing stress economically, especially on the poor, and potential

conflict.

Need(s): Establish management information systems (MIS) for local government to track

who, what, where mapping and gaps/needs of early recovery activities

Cross-Cutting – Environment

26

2.0 Human Recovery Needs

Agriculture

Tbd…

Early and Longer Term Recovery and Reconstruction (US$ Million)

Sub-Sector Needs

Early Recovery

(US$ Million)

Longer

Term

Recovery

(US Reconstruction

(US$ Million) Total

(US$ Million)

Education

The number one priority is to ensure that adequate transitional learning spaces

(temporary structures or tents) are in place and are maintained for the children to

continue their education in safe and protective learning environments, until

rehabilitation/reconstruction of the classrooms can take place. The exact number of

classrooms needed is difficult to gauge at the moment, as the Government is still involved in

providing temporary classrooms to the schools. A team led by UNDP is still conducting a full

assessment of the school damage - to ascertain with certainty the number of classrooms that

are damaged beyond use. The numbers revealed by this study will be vital for calculating the

exact amount of replacement classrooms that will be needed (either temporary for the

transition period or for full reconstruction). The reparation of water and sanitation facilities in

schools is also a priority. It would be good if the AusAID led assessment team of earthquake

engineers include an assessment of damage to Water and Sanitation facilities during their

assessment of schools to provide a reliable baseline of needs and then costs.

The cost of one temporary classroom should be in the region of 10 million Rupiahs - the

government has been providing the schools with 8 million rupiahs per class and then the

school itself supplements that. According to the latest records received by the Education

Cluster, there were a total of 2943 classrooms that are damaged beyond use. The government

has allocated funding for 1,425 temporary classrooms and cluster members have provided a

total of 350 temporary classrooms but with approximately 300 more in the pipeline.

Therefore, the number of temporary classrooms provided by the development partners and

NGOs is set to increase over the coming weeks.

The second priority is to ensure that all affected children have access to basic learning

materials and that schools are adequately equipped during the transition phase (early

recovery) to reconstruction because the learning conditions of the children are being

negatively affected by the temporary nature of the classrooms and the sector transitional

27

response needs to ensure that this issue is addressed. The original humanitarian response

plan included this priority and the DALA report emphasizes that this still remains a challenge.

The third priority, also elaborated in the Humanitarian Response Plan, is to provide

recreation and play opportunities to children and support to teachers and children to

address psychosocial needs. This need has also been highlighted by the focus groups

discussions. There is also the opportunity to work with the school counselors and other

teachers to build their skills in addressing the psychosocial needs of the children.

Other key priorities for the transition and early recovery phase remain:

Support the resumption and functioning of Education Curricula Development (ECD)

facilities

Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) activities

Supporting teachers to deliver quality education in the new transitional arrangement

through training

Supporting out of school vulnerable children to ensure that all children have returned

to school.

Key Issues: Although the Government was successful in setting up temporary learning and

teaching premises for nearly all affected schools to ensure that students get back to their

classes as quick as possible, it will take up to two years until the education system in West

Sumatra Province is back to normal and all education facilities have been rehabilitated.

Meanwhile, about 75% of students in the worst affected areas of West Sumatra will have to

continue studying under tents and in provisional classrooms in nearby buildings for about two

years. Considering the large number of affected students, there is a risk of declining

attendance rates, and lower student achievements due to the poor learning environment in

provisional facilities with dilapidated furniture, lack of equipment, insufficient learning

materials and scarce teaching aids. Teachers also said they could not assign any homework to

students due to the damage in students housing. Trauma – both from student and teacher

sides – are widely reported.

Inadequate budget allocated for preventive maintenance has resulted in considerable

deterioration of school buildings over the last twenty years. Appropriate technical supervision

in rehabilitating school buildings ensuring that seismic building codes and other safety

measures are enforced, and sustaining the physical condition of rehabilitated schools facilities

are concerns that need to be addressed.

Priorities in Education for the transition period

The number one priority is to ensure that adequate transitional learning spaces (temporary

structures or tents) are in place and are maintained for the children to continue their education

in safe and protective learning environments, until rehabilitation/reconstruction of the

classrooms can take place. The exact number of classrooms needed is difficult to gauge at the

moment, as the Government is still involved in providing temporary classrooms to the

schools. A full assessment of the school damage - to ascertain with certainty the number of

classrooms that are damaged beyond use if still being conducted by a team led by UNDP.

The numbers revealed by this study will be vital for calculating the exact amount of

replacement classrooms that will be needed (either temporary for the transition period or for

full reconstruction). The reparation of water and sanitation facilities in schools is also a

28

priority. The AusAID led assessment team of engineers need to include an assessment of

damage to WASH facilities during the assessment of schools to provide a reliable base line of

needs and then costs.

The cost of one temporary classroom should be in the region of 10 million Rupiahs - the

government has been providing the schools with 8 million rupiahs per class and that is being

supplemented by the school itself. According to the latest records received by the Cluster,

there were a total of 2943 classrooms which were severely damaged beyond use and that the

government had allocated funding for 1,425 temporary classrooms and cluster members have

provided a total of 350 temporary classrooms but with approximately 300 more in the

pipeline. The number of temporary classrooms provided by the development partners and

NGOs is set to increase over the coming weeks.

The second priority is to ensure that all affected children have access to basic learning

materials and that schools are adequately equipped during the transition phase as the learning

conditions of the children have been affected by the temporary nature of the classrooms and

the sector transitional response needs to ensure that this issue is addressed. The original

humanitarian response plan included this and the DALA report emphasises that this still

remain a challenge.

The third priority elaborated in the Humanitarian Response Plan is to provide recreation and

play opportunities to children and support to teachers and children to address psycho-social

needs. This has been highlighted by the focus groups discussions. There is also the

opportunity to work with the school cousellors and other teachers to build their skills in

addressing the psycho social needs of the childen.

Other key priorities for the transition phase remain:

To support the resumption and functioning of ECD facilities

Disaster Risk Reduction activities

Supporting teachers to deliver quality education in the new transitional arrangement

through training

Supporting out of school vulnerable children to ensure that all children have returned

to school.

Preliminary Recommendations

Detailed technical assessments of all education facilities are urgently required to confirm that

remaining buildings and classrooms are safe to use. Preliminary damage assessments were

mostly conducted by education personnel and district officers, who often do not have

sufficient technical knowledge and experience. Field visits suggest that more classrooms

might be discovered unsafe, hence the estimated damages could be even higher.

A community approach should be undertaken for rehabilitation of education facilities based

on MONE's community based school construction program and lessons learned from the

PNPM Mandiri and other school reconstruction programs. Substantial evidence demonstrates

that community driven approach can be more effective to carry out school rehabilitation.

Infrastructure built with community participation cost much less than similar works built

through other procurement methods while meeting quality standards. Evidence also indicates

that community involvement in the design and construction process is likely to offer better

cost recovery and operation and maintenance of completed facilities due to community

members' strong sense of ownership. However, considering that communities in seriously

29

affected regions will be fully absorbed in reestablishing their own livelihoods, technical

support should be given to them when they are involved in school reconstruction.

Early and Longer Term Recovery and Reconstruction (US$ Million)

Sub-Sector Needs

Early Recovery

(US$ Million)

Longer

Term

Recovery

(US Reconstruction

(US$ Million) Total

(US$ Million)

Environment

The earthquake has resulted in several secondary disasters including 1) a number of

landslides identified as the accumulated impacts of forest degradation, unsustainable forest

harvesting and unsustainable agricultural activities, 2) damaged human settlements, 3) debris

or rubble accumulation, 4) damaged water and sanitation systems, 5) damaged irrigation and

river systems (potentially caused by landslides), and 6) traumatic situation (people still feel

unsafe living in their own office or even home).

Landslides: Vibration from the earthquakes caused widespread landslides on mountains,

cliffs, and riverbanks, and this damaged settlements, infrastructure, and agricultural

production in affected areas. The banks of Danau Maninjau were severely affected by

landslides, and settlements along its shore continue to be under threat. As the soil remains

unstable in some areas, identifying threats from further landslides and relocating people at

risk needs to be given priority.

Sedimentation and water pollution: Landslides in watersheds as well as collapsing

riverbanks and lakesides increased sedimentation of some water bodies. There were no

reports of environmental damage from spills, fires, or explosions of hazardous materials.

However, the earthquakes damaged industrial facilities and it is likely that some hazardous

materials were released. Also, damage to rural sanitary facilities resulted in increased

amounts of human waste entering streams and rivers, causing organic pollution. Pollution

from damaged sanitation and from chemical spills needs to be identified and mitigated to

avoid long-term ecological consequences. Some slopes may need to be stabilized with ground

cover to reduce sedimentation of rivers. Wile there is a need to assess the area that needs to

be stabilized, as a preliminary estimate it is assumed this area covers 100 hectares. The cost

of establishing ground cover is approximately US$600 per hectare.

Groundwater systems: While the belowground impacts of the earthquake are still poorly

understood, there are reports of wells filling with mud, of salinization of water sources, and

of several houses in Padang being flooded by rising muddy groundwater. Changes to

subterranean structures may have impacts on future water supplies, especially in rural areas

where wells are important.

30

Damage to forests: The Provincial Forest Service reports that landslides damaged 770

hectares of protection and conservation forestland in Agam, Padang and Padang Pariaman.

No timber production from the main affected areas was recorded in recent Ministry of

Forestry statistics, so losses from foregone production are assumed to be negligible. Forest

ecosystems are adapted to disturbance, and most of the damaged area will recover without

loss of environmental service, but a portion of the area is likely to be of critical ecological

importance. Of the area damaged, it is estimated that 50% was forested prior to the landslides

and that 25% of that area, or around 100 ha, is of ecological significance. Losses of

environmental services are estimated at $245/ha/yr (see CGI/Bappenas 2005, Aceh DALA)

and the reforestation cost cited by the Ministry of Forestry is approximately $600/ha. If

rehabilitation occurs in three years, the NPV (using a discount rate of 10%) of lost

environmental services and rehabilitation costs is estimated at $114,000.

Waste and debris: The destruction of buildings resulted in large amounts of waste and

debris. If not properly managed, waste may pose a risk to human health as well as ecological

functions. Currently very little debris is reaching managed landfills, as it is being used locally

for filling and paving, or for reconstruction. Burning of excess rubbish could reduce air

quality and adversely affect human health. The government does not anticipate problems

disposing of excess waste in existing landfills, but the impacts on landscapes and pollution

need to be monitored closely.

Local environmental management capacity: The disaster destroyed buildings, vehicles

and office equipment of many local government institutions, including the provincial forestry

service and the environmental impact agency. This will likely impinge on the institutional

capacity to respond to the current and anticipated environmental challenges. Early

reestablishment of local environmental management capacity is essential for the

rehabilitation and construction program, including data collection and environmental

monitoring.

Potential human and environmental contamination from industrial/mining hazardous

wastes due to the earthquake need to be further assessed. Furthermore, during

rehabilitation phase this assessment should be combined with the development of an

improved waste management plan. Industries in West Sumatera are not so extensive and

are dominated by small-scale and home industry activities. The total number of industries

was 47,819 units consisting of 47,585 units of small-scale industries and 234 units of

medium-size. The big ones known by most people living in the province are Semen Padang

and coal mining located in Sijunjung and Kota Sawahlunto. However, based on the

discussions with several officials in charge of environmental-related programmes, even

before the earthquake there had been environmental-related problems linked to these

industrial activities. The people who worked on those small-scale and home industry

activities dumped their waste into creeks, rivers, beaches, and the ground neglecting or

ignoring environmental consequences that might ruin their and their community's health in

the long-term. Their awareness on the longer-term environment and health impacts was and

still is likely very limited beside of existing number of activities to conserve protected forests

as in Padang City. To date, there have been no official (or unofficial) reports on the impacts

of the disaster on mining or the impacts of these activities upon human health or environment.

Thus, as an early recovery mitigation measure on environment, provision of cleaner fuel

than kerosene, such as (subsidized) LPG and gas stove, should be considered, as it can be

beneficial both for the environment as well as for household energy security.

31

The earthquake has resulted in several secondary disasters including damaged irrigation and

river systems (potentially caused by landslides). Result from FGD conducted in Agam

District and Padang Pariaman District particularly mentioned that among others, their lives

mostly affected by damage of irrigation system that cause disturbance in farming activities.

Furthermore, very common that irrigation watershed is used to support microhydro power

generation in remote areas where PLN grid is not available. According to provincial Bappeda,

there are about 100 off grid microhydro in West Sumatera. Taking into account the

importance of securing livelihoods and energy especially for those farmer households in

remote areas in affected districts, the assessment on damaged irrigation canals in

relation to microhydro power plant functionality is needed in this early recovery

phase. So in rehabilitation phase, we don’t miss out the off-grid electricity dependent

households by only focusing in PLN grid reconstruction.

In order to fulfill the above targets, there is need for local government and community’s

capacity building. Safe and sustainable environment is a cross-cutting issue that influences

community’s livelihood and energy security as basic human need. Environmental issues have

been identified but not all of them require immediate actions within 1 week up to 6 months.

Most of them, in fact, can be implemented afterwards during the rehabilitation

process. Capacity of local government to develop a sustainable environmental/energy

plan and to integrate it into local development planning is significant during

rehabilitation phase as well as community’s capacity to be part of the implementation.

Capacity Gaps

Capacity of Local Government: Environment is a cross-cutting issue. Since most

government offices collapsed, they have difficulty in carrying out their services. As identified,

all government buildings should be reviewed and recalculated by certified

engineers. However, preliminary indications are that over 70% of government buildings

should be demolished and rebuilt in accordance with “earthquake-resistant standards”. Most

office equipments and furniture were also destroyed. Further, data, information and

documents under the management of government are also in need of reestablishment.

Capacity of Local Government: Most communities do not have insurance on their

properties. Therefore, their capacity in reestablishing their houses will be limited.

Gaps Environmental issues have been identified but not all of them require immediate actions

within 1 week up to 6 months. Most of them, in fact, can be implemented afterwards during

the reconstruction process.

Overall, in terms of capacity, the Government of Indonesia has limited capacity (personnel,

financial resources and time frame) to take care of early recovery and recovery programmes

for its own infrastructure, services and communities, and the local communities have limited

capacity to recover themselves.

There is a need to incorporate environmental concerns in planning the reconstruction process

to avoid further environmental degradation and reduce risks from future disasters.

Environmental sector objectives for reconstruction and recovery are threefold:

32

Efforts should be made to minimize the environmental damage associated with the

earthquakes. In the short term, further sedimentation of streams from erosion of unstable

slopes or from further landslides should be monitored and addressed. This may involve

stabilizing slopes that threaten environmentally critical areas. Also, efforts to provide

environmentally benign sanitation facilities should be accelerated in areas where waterways

are at risk from sewage pollution. In the medium and longer term, sensitive areas that have

been denuded by landslides should be rehabilitated.

Environmental objectives should be integrated, or mainstreamed, into the planning process

for reconstruction. Reconstruction activities should be carried out according to environmental

guidelines and be supported by environmental impact assessments. New houses and road

developments should be sited away from environmentally fragile areas, and buildings should

be planned with sanitation systems that minimize pollution risks.

Experience from the 2004 disaster in Aceh has shown that rebuilding will increase demand

for timber and other raw materials that may come from unsustainable sources. Forest

monitoring and enforcement of forestry laws will have to be improved to reduce illegal

logging associated with construction. In addition, demand for construction timber could be

managed by importing sawn timber from sustainable sources. Quarrying riverbeds for road

construction materials could lead to adverse impacts on stream environments, and alternative

sand and gravel deposits away from riverbeds should be explored and developed.

Capacities to assess the existing damage and manage anticipated environmental impacts of

the reconstruction process must be improved significantly and rapidly. Bapedalda Sumbar

will require added capacity to respond to increased demand for assessment and control of the

environmental impacts associated with reconstruction. Building of new houses and

infrastructure will require more environmental impact assessments and planning, and this will

require a commensurate increase in Bapedalda’s budget. The forest service will have to

increase monitoring and law enforcement activities in the medium term.

Reconstruction provides an opportunity for improving environmental risk management.

Future environmental risks should be addressed by directing developments away from areas

that are prone to landslides and by discouraging inappropriate land uses on steep slopes. This

will require increased capacity to carry out spatial planning, awareness building, monitoring

and enforcement of rules.

Activity Responsible Party & Key

Stakeholders Remarks

1. Review and

reevaluation on the quality

of infrastructures

(government buildings,

roads, bridges, energy/

power grids & station,

telecommunication

installations, water supply,

sewers, etc)

BAPPENAS, Coordinating

Minister of Public Welfare,

Ministry of Public Service

(Departemen Pekerjaan

Umum), Ministry of Civil

Servant Enhancement

(Kementerian Pemberdayaan

Aparatur Negara), local

government agencies

(including Governor of West

Sumatera, Mayors, etc), etc.

These activities have been

planned by the central

government of Indonesia in

coordination with experts and

donors

33

2. Clean up and manage

debris/ rubbles resulted

from the disaster

National Agency for Disaster

Management (BNPB),

Ministry of Public Service,

local government agencies,

etc.

These activities have been

implemented in coordination

with bilateral assistance,

donors and experts

Proposed Longer term interventions

Activity Responsible Party and Key

Stakeholders Remarks

1. Institutional

strengthening (capacity

development) on various

environmental-related

issues

Relevant government agencies

assigned to coordinate,

facilitate, implement and

monitor the intended

programmes

1.1. Spatial planning BAPPENAS, BPN, Ministry

of Finance, BPPT/BMG, local

government agencies

1.2. Disaster-risk

reduction and

mitigation

BAPPENAS, Coordinating

Minister for People Welfare,

Ministry of Public Service,

Ministry of Public

Information, BNPB, local

government agencies

1.3. “Quality”,

“earthquake friendly”

or even “green”

buildings guidelines

and establishment

BAPPENAS, Ministry of

Public Service, Ministry of

Environment, local

government agencies

1.4. Forest

rehabilitation

Ministry of Forestry,

BAPPENAS, Ministry of

Environment, local

government agencies

1.5. Watershed

management and forest

conservation

Ministry of Forestry,

BAPPENAS, Ministry of

Environment, local

government agencies

To reduce the consequence of

forest encroachments/ illegal

loggings and/or unsustainable

agricultural activities

2. Solid waste

management

Ministry of Public Service,

Ministry of Environment, local

government agencies

Waste being produced before,

during and after the disaster

by households and “extra”

activities (internally displaced

people/IDP and volunteers

living in tents)

3. Further assessment on

environmental impacts

(EIA)

Ministry of Environment, local

government agencies

Early and Longer Term Recovery and Reconstruction (US$ Million)

Sub-Sector Needs

Early Recovery

(US$ Million)

Longer

Term

Recovery

Reconstruction

(US$ Million) Total

(US$ Million)

34

(US

Early Recovery - Governance

Results of governance assessments clearly show that government operational, planning and

implementation capacity has been seriously affected by the recent disaster. Communities

both at urban and rural areas have expressed that public services have been disrupted. Table

X below shows the perception of government functions two weeks after the disaster, which

describes that on average only around 60% of governance function was working. There are

at least two interrelated reasons for the collapse of public services. The first one is the

collapse of government system because of the serious damages to office building, files,

systems coupled with the loss of key officials. The second one is the fact that the surviving

government system is at the moment stretched to the limit for having to provide humanitarian

services to the victims of the disaster. These two reasons are further complicated by the fact

that most of government officials find their families or relatives also heavily affected by the

disaster so they too cannot optimally function as they are traumatized and have to take care of

their own families. The disaster has therefore seriously reduced the capacity of local

government system to extend their normal functions in provision of public services.

Whereas the capacity of the public offices is seriously affected/reduced, the community has

shown their clear resilience to the disaster. The gotong royong spirit has been intact, if not

strengthened, which demonstrated their cohesiveness and solidarity among the victims in

joining hands towards recovery. The communities have expressed/demonstrated spontaneous

recovery activities at their surroundings.

The communities have expressed nonetheless that they need the facilitating role of the local

government and want to know more information about the kinds of assistance that are

available and accessible by the communities. Open and transparent information on disaster

response and recovery is an important aspect that the communities wish to access.

Furthermore they want to participate in the recovery process so they can better plan for their

living after the disaster.

Due to the reduced capacity of local government at the local level, there has not been enough

information shared to the communities about the services they are entitled to, let alone about

the recovery initiatives at a wider scope. Hence the role of local government needs to be

strengthened so that it can better revise public services, manage the humanitarian response

and further coordinate a participatory planning process of post-disaster recovery.

As key governance aspects such as public service delivery, public participation, and

accessible information on recovery process have been essentially missing from the current

overall post-disaster response, it is therefore necessary that these aspects are properly

addressed so the public can expect a transparent yet accountable post-disaster recovery.

35

Recommendations:

(1) Immediate assistance to key government agencies to recover.

(2) Strengthening the capacity of local government to coordinate/manage

disaster response.

(3) Technical assistance to key government offices for immediate planning.

(4) Reform the civil service sector to be even more responsive.

(5) Strengthen the capacity of local government to undertake joint

participatory recovery planning with the affected communities.

(6) Strengthen the capacity of local government to manage transparent public

information.

(7) Facilitate public inputs/complaints mechanism.

The above aspects will ensure the immediate recovery of governance sector whereby the

local government is strengthened to engage affected communities to participatory planning in

the entire post-disaster recovery process. Furthermore, information on recovery should be

made available to and accessible by the public so that a transparent and accountable recovery

process can be achieved.

Immediate recovery of government functions: US$ 50,000.

Provision of equipment and IT support

Beneficiary: Bappeda Province, Bappeda Kota Padang, KP2T Kota Padang, Kota

Pariaman, Kabupaten Padang Pariaman

Medium term capacity support: US$ 150,000.

Provision of TA’s

Beneficiary: Bappeda Province, Bappeda Kota Padang, Sekda Kota Padang,

Bappeda

Kota Pariaman, Bappeda Padang Pariaman

Longer term governance recovery: US$ xxxxx

Provision of TA’s

Temporary staff

Training

Direct support to local government offices

Workshops/FGDs

Early Recovery - Livelihood

Tbd…

Early and Longer Term Recovery and Reconstruction (US$ Million)

Sub-Sector Needs

Early Recovery

(US$ Million)

Longer

Term

Recovery

(US Reconstruction

(US$ Million) Total

(US$ Million)

36

Early Recovery - Shelter/Community Facilities and Infrastructure

Pre disaster situation: The housing in Indonesia being mostly private, except for some civil

servant who may be lodged by the government, 10-15%. 40-60% live in informal settlements,

hence basically self built. An important difference for the individual is if the house is rented

or owned. This may later on be conflicted for a beneficiary policy, but may be less important

for an early damage assessment. Urban density housing in Padang , is practically limited to 2

floor structures, except for the ‘ruko’ or shop houses which usually use more than 2 floors (3-

4 floors). The vast housing majority is one level though. The difference in cost/m2 is of

course considerable, but in total values less significant given the low percentage of multi

storey housing.

Disaster impact: Because a large percentage of the houses in affected areas are built of

bricks (un-reinforced or inadequately reinforced masonry), the earthquake has had an

extremely devastating effect on houses, as the figures for the West Sumatra province indicate

below2:

70% collapsed or structurally unsafe beyond repair

20% severely damaged needing substantial retrofitting

8% with minor damages.

Even buildings designed by engineers such as banks and hotels etc, are severely damaged,

indicating that construction of houses and buildings that are not earthquake resistant has

been an extensive, on-going problem that must be a) addressed NOW, early in the

recovery planning process , b) built into the longer-term recovery and reconstruction

and then c) integrated into the normal development process so that risk of future

earthquake damage is reduced rather than increased as it was by much of the pre-

earthquake construction. This is made more urgent by the fact that it can be observed that

many families are starting now to rebuild their houses.

The reasons for the high level of devastation are most probably to be found in construction

flaws, either out of a lack of knowledge of earthquake resistant construction, lack of quality

materials (sand, aggregate, cement, fully fired bricks, etc) required for earthquake resistant

construction or simply because of insufficient control/application of building construction

standards and guidelines.

Table X: Housing Damage

Location Heavily Partly Minor repairs

2 However, this is contradicted by the Satkorlak figures in the file Housing Sector Annex dated 21 October 2009

where heavy losses (RB) are reported 14%, medium losses 6% (RS) with the whole housing stock in the

province, being some 807,000 units.

37

Damaged (Rusak

Berat) Damaged

(Rusak

Sedang)

(Rusak Ringan)

TOTAL 131.523 62.774 75.941

Notes: Source: Peta Jumlah Kerusakan Rumah Akibat Gempa provinsi Sumbar (update 15

Oktober 2009, 08.00 WIB)

Geospasial Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB), http://geospasial.bnpb.go.id/2009/10/07/peta-jumlah-kerusakan-rumah-akibat-

gempa-di-provinsi-sumbar-update-07-oktober-2009-pukul-18-30/ except for the Kota Padang (source: 'Kerusakan Rumah Penduduk Akibat Gempa di

Padang'),

updated 19 October 2009, http://www.padang.go.id/v2/content/view/1917/160/

Human recovery: The immediate need for transitional shelter is acute among the victims

suffering from the land slide disasters, 20% of total households. Livings in relief tents, often

on make shift grounds and without sufficient storm water drainage will make conditions

critical during the imminent rainy season.

As the land provision issues have to be resolved before relocation can take place, the risk is

that this recovery may take considerable time, e.g. 1-2 years.

Where the earth quake destroyed the houses, but not the floor slabs, some people have

already started spontaneously to rebuild. Consequently there may be a need for some

temporary shelter during a limited time, but safe construction advice is here another urgent

mission.

Capacities: Local Governments may have been expedient in responding to the immediate

relief needs, but openly welcome support for proper technical assistance in coordinating the

housing related relief as well as support for urban planning and construction management.

The private sector may be easier to regain function. Transport and construction material

markets seem to be already in full operation with deliveries in villages. Masons and

carpenters are busy repairing damaged houses.

Risk management issues: Future earthquake hazards can be met with immediate awareness

campaigns and support to safe building training. More complicated are the still remaining

landslide hazards that clearly became evident where whole villages were destroyed in an

avalanche of muddy soil and debris. Geotechnical surveys may be required to map unsafe,

still undamaged villages and the relocation sites needed for the recent victims.

Recovery framework: A general indication of permanent house construction based on an

average cost per m2 in USD is ranging between:

USD 3-400 for simple one level housing, maybe representing 70% of totals

38

USD 500 for some 20% mid level standard, including rukos,

USD 600 for high level standard, limited to 5%

It is assumed that transitional shelters will be demanded primarily by the lower

income groups with a cost of USD 3-400 per shelter unit

Long-term recovery and permanent housing will require financial support whether as

loans or subsidies

In this overview however, only 36 m2 of permanent house construction per household is

calculated. This is the government limit for support subsidies of 15 mIDR, approx (1,500

USD). The real cost of those 36 m2 will come to some 100 million IDR or 10,000 USD,

given the inflation effects expected.

Temporary/transitional shelter. Nine out of ten respondents require temporary/transitional

shelter while waiting for their spontaneous / self-supported or assistance for substantial repair

to complete reconstruction of their houses.

Populations currently living in relief tents, often on make shift grounds are without sufficient

storm water drainage that may make conditions critical during the imminent rainy season.

As land provision issues need to be resolved before relocation can take place, the risk is that

this recovery may take considerable time, e.g. 1-2 years.

Where the earthquake destroyed the houses, but not the floor slabs, some people have already

started spontaneously to rebuild. Consequently there may be a need for some temporary

shelter during a limited time, but safe construction advice is vital to ensure people currently

rebuilding include measures for earthquake resistance.

Local Governments may have been expedient in responding to the immediate relief needs,

but openly welcome support: proper technical assistance in coordinating the housing related

relief as well as support for urban planning and construction management.

The private sector may find it easier to regain function. Transport and construction material

markets seem to be already in full operation with deliveries in villages. Masons and

carpenters are busy repairing damaged houses.

Future earthquake hazards can be met with awareness campaigns and support to safe building

training. More complicated are the landslide dangers which clearly became evident where

whole villages were destroyed in an avalanche of muddy soil and debris. Geotechnical

surveys may be required to map unsafe, still undamaged villages and the relocation sites

needed for the recent victims.

It is assumed that transitional shelters will be demanded primarily by the lower income

groups, 3-400 USD per shelter unit

Long-term recovery and permanent housing will require financial support whether as loans or

subsidies.

In this overview however, only 36 m2 of permanent house construction per household is

calculated. This is the government limit for support subsidies of 15 mIDR, approx (1,500

39

USD). The real cost of those 36 m2 will come to some 100 million IDR or 10,000 USD,

given the inflation effects expected.

Housing reconstruction financial needs

Households affected by

the earth quake

Early recovery

Transitional shelters

Longer term recovery

and reconstruction

Permanent housing**

Total USD

194,000*

*see above 77 mUSD 1,940 mUSD 2,017 mUSD

165,000*

*Satkorlak survey 66 mUSD 1,650 mUSD 1,760 mUSD

Early Recovery Recommendations:

1. Very Early Recovery: On-Going Spontaneous House Rebuilding:

2. Urgent support to Andalas University to identify and establish early agreement on

“Build Back Better” disaster resistant house standard rebuilding guidelines in

partnership with Public Works (Housing), housing related NGOs/CSOs and materials

production companies and individual producers (i.e. Padang Cement Co., fired brick

producers, concrete block producers, sand and aggregate producers)

a. House structural/construction standards

b. Building material standards (i.e. properly fired bricks, high quality cement, timber,

correctly graded sand and aggregate, steel reinforcing)

3. Urgent support to Andalas University, Public Works (Housing) in partnership with local

construction supply businesss, communities and disaster resistant rebuilding CSOs to

launch simple public awareness campaign about where to get information on how re-

build your house safely ensuring that spontaneous shelter rehabilitation is disaster

resistant and

4. Urgent support to Andalas University and Public Works (Housing) to establish “Build

Back Better” disaster resistant house information/community outreach centers to

provide outreach and information on standard rebuilding guidelines

5. Early Recovery: Spontaneous House Rebuilding:

6. Support to Public Works to establish

a. disaster resistant builder certification program

b. disaster resistant building supplier certification program 7. Support to Public Works and Andalas University to establish certified “Disaster Risk

Resistant Masonry Builders” training program to certify individual artisians (master

masons and master carpenters) and house building companies 8. Longer-Term Recovery: Spontaneous House Rebuilding:

9. Support to Public Works to develop Provincial Housing policy and procedures that will

ensure that future house construction (after recovery) is done using disaster resistant

construction and materials

10. Land Tenure: Early Recovery

11. Urgent support to BBN (Badan Bertanahan National) and Resettlement and Housing

Agency (KIMBRASWIL) to assess and resolve ownership and complex resettlement

issues for survivor families from areas affected by landslide 12. Earthquake affected areas not so critical since foundations, floors and other indicators of

ownership still more or less exist as way to confirm ownership

a. Community Micro-Planning (Build Back Better): Early Recovery

40

13. Urgent support to Andalas University and Public Works to provide immediate

community development assistance to communities to consider better ways from a

planning perspective to rebuild (i.e. widen footpaths for child safety or widened rural

access roads to improve market access)

Early and Longer Term Recovery and Reconstruction (US$ Million)

Sub-Sector Needs

Early Recovery

(US$ Million)

Longer

Term

Recovery

(US Reconstruction

(US$ Million) Total

(US$ Million)

Health

The damage to health infrastructure impacts on the delivery system for health services at this

critical time. The overwhelming demand also shows the need for: more health staff (as they

are also victims) and support to their mobility in all areas (most of which remain difficult to

access); provision of medical supplies and equipment and an efficient referral system well

coordinated for an efficient response and sustainable return to recovery of the health system.

While the most of non-damaged Puskesmas (community health center) and hospitals are

overloaded with patients, there were gaps also in availability of out reach services and

mechanisms (mobile clinics, health volunteers) to follow up patients who already discharged

from hospitals after receiving treatment. Strengthening mobile services and sub-centers will

be one key aspect in the delivery and continuity of care.

For specific public health problems, the need for specialized care for various injuries and

eventual physical rehabilitation remains a high priority. The disruption in the services in

health facilities will also impact on primary health care services (e.g. antenatal care). The

support to the reproductive health sector is also a priority (Maternal Health, Family Planning,

STIs, Adolescent Reproductive Health, including prevention of Gender Based Violence

(GBV). Thousands of pregnant and lactating women and adolescents of reproductive age face

the risk of reproductive health (RH) problems such as: 1) Increased maternal and neonatal

morbidity and mortality due to lack of emergency obstetric care; 2) Increase in sexual and

gender-based violence; and 3) Increase in risk of STIs including HIV/AIDS as well as

unwanted pregnancy due to lack of contraceptives. Provision of RH services through the

implementation of the Minimum Initial Service Package (MISP) for RH in emergency

situations is crucial. Provision of psychosocial support is also essential to heal any

psychological impact of the disaster.

The destruction of utilities and critical infrastructure such as water supply also increase the

risks of communicable disease outbreaks and thus early warning and strengthening of

surveillance is a key public health service that needs to be established. A key link with the

water sector through water quality surveillance will also be an important response and

41

recovery intervention as there are several actors in the health sector that can provide these

various services, coordination mechanism supported by logistics in the field is needed.

The damage to health infrastructure impacts on the delivery system for health services at this

critical time. The overwhelming demand also shows the need for: more health staff (as they

are also victims) and support to their mobility in all areas (most of which remain difficult to

access); provision of medical supplies and equipment and an efficient referral system well

coordinated for an efficient response and sustainable return to recovery of the health system.

While the most of non-damaged Puskesmas (community health center) and hospitals are

overloaded with patients, there were gaps also in availability of out reach services and

mechanisms (mobile clinics, health volunteers) to follow up patients who already discharged

from hospitals after receiving treatment. Strengthening mobile services and sub-centers will

be one key aspect in the delivery and continuity of care

For specific public health problems, the need for specialized care for various injuries and

eventual physical rehabilitation remains a high priority. The disruption in the services in

health facilities will also impact on primary health care services (e.g. antenatal care). The

support to the reproductive health sector is also a priority (Maternal Health, Family Planning,

STIs, Adolescent Reproductive Health, including prevention of Gender Based Violence

(GBV). Thousands of pregnant and lactating women and adolescents of reproductive age face

the risk of reproductive health (RH) problems such as: 1) Increased maternal and neonatal

morbidity and mortality due to lack of emergency obstetric care; 2) Increase in sexual and

gender-based violence; and 3) Increase in risk of STIs including HIV/AIDS as well as

unwanted pregnancy due to lack of contraceptives. Provision of RH services through the

implementation of the Minimum Initial Service Package (MISP) for RH in emergency

situations is crucial. Provision of psychosocial support is

The destruction of utilities and critical infrastructure such as water supply also increase the

risks of communicable disease outbreaks and thus early warning and strengthening of

surveillance is a key public health service that needs to be established. A key link with the

water sector through water quality surveillance will also be an important response and

recovery intervention as there are several actors in the health sector that can provide these

various services, coordination mechanism supported by logistics in the field is needed.

Early recovery:

· Setting up and maintaining the integrated mobile teams

· Functionally restore health facilities – which includes provision of temporary

adjunct facilities, water purification plants, mobilizing human resources for health

· Establishment and maintenance of Early warning disease surveillance and

reporting

· Setting up water quality surveillance

· Provision of surgical equipment to provide specialized care for the injured

· Provision of psychosocial support and mental health services

Longer term recovery:

· Health facilities services coordination and management

Rapid assessments of the physical integrity of hospitals and health care workers:

Deployment and Mobility of extra health staff

42

o Health Facilities shall be provided initially with temporary units prior to

rebuilding permanent ones which will incorporate seismic resilient design

o Medical supplies and equipment

o Proper referral

o Integrated Mobile services shall conduct systematic assessment, provision

of health services and support needed for the health facilities and affected

communities.

o Managing and coordinating field hospitals and other health services

hended

o Sub-health centres will be strengthened to deliver essential primary health

care services

· Specialized care for the injured – currently estimated at around 3,400

o Although some injuries are minor, major injuries numbering around 800

will need specialized orthopaedic surgical procedures and eventual physical

rehabilitation

· Strengthened surveillance and early warning

o An early warning system as part of the regular surveillance system needs

to be well maintained with consistent reporting with staff and systems

· Disease Prevention and Control Measures

o Primary and secondary prevention and control measures shall be

implemented an this includes risk communication and immunization

· Environmental Health with a focus on water quality surveillance and solid

waste management

o Mechanisms for water quality surveillance with feedback to health

information can prevent outbreaks of water borne diseases common this

season and increased in risk post –disaster

o Re-establishing solid waste management of health facilities will also be

needed

· Mental and psychosocial health

o More than 3 million people in the 12 affected districts will require

psychosocial support and mental health interventions at varying degrees.

Priority to the displaced (currently estimated by MoH at 350); aid workers and

health service providers will also need psychosocial debriefing at some stage.

· Reproductive, maternal and child health services need to be strengthened

o At this stage 1,656 women are estimated to be currently pregnant –

antenatal care and safe delivery services for emergency obstetric care should

be ensured

· Operational Support and Coordination

o Operational support is needed to deliver the above services. Through

efficient coordination in the field resources can be mobilized better to provide

the above services. The coordination with the MoH/PHO and cluster members

logistics support and tracking of progress so gaps are quickly identified and

addressed will require efficient operational back-up in the field.

Within the framework of strategic operational planning and resource mobilization

MoH/WHO assume the following main activities

1. Through coordination, mobilize resources to provide emergency health services to

health facility and affected communities in collaboration with partner agencies.

43

2. Through coordination, mobilize resources to operationalize integrated health units

to do systematic assessment, provision of health services and support needed for the

health facilities and affected communities.

3. Through coordination, mobilize resources to build up make shift health units for the

damaged health facilities to provide essential health services for the affected

communities.

Strategy 1

Strategy 2

1. Immunization

2. Early warning, surveillance, rapid response, control of diseases.

3. Child, maternal and reproductive health.

4. Psychosocial and mental health

5. Treatment, care and rehabilitation of patients

6. Nutrition

Strategy 3

The objective of health sector situation, operational structure and plan for recovery is to

minimize causalities, disability, and support local health personals and facilities to be able to

provide health services to the affected communities in Padang Province, Indonesia in

collaboration partner agencies for 6 months.

Early and Longer Term Recovery and Reconstruction (US$ Million)

Sub-Sector Needs

Early Recovery

(US$ Million)

Longer

Term

Recovery

(US Reconstruction

(US$ Million) Total

(US$ Million)

Nutrition

Tbd…

Early and Longer Term Recovery and Reconstruction (US$ Million)

Sub-Sector Needs

Early Recovery

(US$ Million)

Longer

Term

Recovery

(US Reconstruction

(US$ Million) Total

(US$ Million)

44

Protection

The child protection strategy in West Sumatra is to improve the protective environment of

children by prioritizing the following:

Priorities

Sex and age disaggregated statistics to be collected and disseminated, and those

related to disability

Provision of shelter that prioritize health, safety and privacy of all vulnerable

groups, and women’s responsibility for cooking and household tasks

Clean water and sanitation services accessible to the most vulnerable and designed in

consultation with them

Food security, especially for those with special nutritional needs, initially through

targeted food distribution and through recovery of gender responsive agriculture in

the medium and long term

All relief and early recovery activities must recognize and visibly respond to the basic needs

of women (including those heading households), elderly persons and those living with

disability or chronic illness, as well as providing for their specific needs in all sectors.

Child Protection Response Plan Early and Longer Term Recovery and Reconstruction (US$ Million)

Sub-Sector Needs

Early

Recovery

(US$ Milli

on)

Longer

Term

Recovery

(US

Reconstru

ction

(US$ Milli

on)

Total

(US$ Millio

n)

Create and support child friendly spaces in 6 districts for

providing children access psycho-social assistance to

support their the wellbeing 15,000 50,000 65,000

Strengthening the protective environment to protect

children from abuse, neglect, violence and exploitation

by empowering children, providing support to families,

schools, communities including public education

through the children, parents and community

engagement, public campaign, etc.

20,000

50,000

70,000

Strengthen the local organization and community based

organization on advocacy to protect children from

exploitation and prevention of abuse, as well as to

prevent separation and institutionalization;

20,000 30,000 50,000

Provide training and field facilitating to boys, girls,

parents and community members on participatory

planning and operation and monitoring of relief,

recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction activities in 6

districts

15,000 30,000 45,000

Provide support to family-based care program by

providing economic inputs and access to social services

to the family who are taking care of extremely

vulnerable individuals (EVIs), including children with

300,000 300,000

45

disabilities, children in care institutions and children

victims of violence and exploitation

Life skills training package for children in institution

(inc. toolkits) in 6 districts 53,800 53,800

Total Renovation for 10 child care institutions in 6

districts 95,000 95,000

Renovation for 12 child care Institution with medium

damage 72,000 72,000

Renovation for 14 child care institution with light

damage in 6 district 52,000 52,000

Safe and clean water for 36 child Care institution 59,000 59,000

Learning material and equipments 59,000 59,000

Toilets for 10 child care institutions With severely

damage 33,000 33,000

Total 162,000 513, 800 219,000 616,800

Water, Sanitation and Hygene (WASH)

Tbd…

Early and Longer Term Recovery and Reconstruction (US$ Million)

Sub-Sector Needs

Early Recovery

(US$ Million)

Longer

Term

Recovery

(US Reconstruction

(US$ Million) Total

(US$ Million)

46

3.0 Early and Longer-Term Recovery and Reconstruction Costs

SECTOR/ SUBSECTOR NEEDS Early

Recovery

(US$ Million)

Longer

Term

Recovery

(US$ Million)

Reconstruc

tion

(US$ Million)

Total

(US$ Million)

A. AGRICULTURE

Rehabilitation of damaged

Secondary/tertiary irrigation canals

US$ 1

million

Rehabilitation of home-based agro-

industries

US$ 0.2

million

Improvement of livelihoods security

for fishermen

US$ 0.25

million

Rehabilitation of provincial livestock

and fisheries offices

US$ 0.4

million

Reconstruction of Food Security

Center

US$ 0.3

million

Rehabilitation of Fish Landing Center

US$ 0.3

million

B. HEALTH

Health facilities services coordination

and management

400,000 800,000 1,000,000 2,200,000

Specialized care for the injured and

rehabilitation

400,000 500,000 600,000 1,500,000

Strengthened surveillance and early

warning 400,000 500,000 600,000 1,500,000

Disease Prevention and Control

Measures 400,000 500,000 600,000 1,500,000

Environmental health with a focus on

water quality surveillance and solid

waste management

350,000 500,000 500,000 1,350,000

Immediate Response Ensuring

Essential

350,000 450,000 500,000 1,300,000

47

Reproductive Health Services

Mental health and psychosocial

support

350,000 500,000 500,000 1,350,000

Operational Support and Coordination 300,000 450,000 600,000 1,350,000

C. SHELTER/ HOUSING

Transitional shelter (193,000

households) US$ 77M US$ 77M

Permanent Housing (193,000

households) US$ 193 M

D. EDUCATION

Transitional classrooms 3,300,000

Provision of basic learning materials 450,000

Provision of recreation and play

opportunities to children and

support to teachers and children to

address psycho-social needs 750,000

Support the resumption and

functioning of ECD facilities through

the provision of ECD kits 100,000

Disaster Risk Reduction Activities 325,000

Supporting teachers to deliver quality

education in the new transitional

arrangement 250,000

Supporting out of school vulnerable

children 34,000

E. PROTECTION

E.1 CHILD PROTECTION

A comprehensive assessment to

identify outstanding child protection

issues and support responses to address

them

0.030 0.030

Supporting extremely vulnerable

individuals, including children with

0.020 0.020

48

disabilities in care institutions in 6

affected districts by providing basic

services and social service support

Create and support child friendly

spaces in 6 districts for providing

children access psycho-social

assistance to support their the

wellbeing

0.025

0.200

0.225

Strengthening the protective

environment to protect children from

abuse, neglect, violence and

exploitation by empowering children

group, family group and community

engagement, public awareness

campaign on child protection, etc.

0.020

0.100

0.120

Strengthen the local organization and

community based organization on

advocacy to protect children from

exploitation and prevention of abuse,

as well as to prevent secondary

separation and institutionalization;

0.050

0.100

0.150

Provide training and technical

assistance to boys, girls, parents and

community members on participatory

planning, implementation and

monitoring of relief, recovery,

rehabilitation and reconstruction

activities in 6 districts

0.060

0.500

0.560

Provide support to family-based care

program by providing economic inputs

and access to social services to the

family who are taking care of

extremely vulnerable individuals

(EVIs), including children with

disabilities, children in care institutions

and children victims of violence and

exploitation

0.500

0.500

Life skills training package for

orphaned children and children headed

housesold (inc. toolkits and start up

capital) in 6 districts 0.060 0.060

49

Temporary safe shelters and toilets for

10 children care institutions with

severely damage 0.030 0.030

Total Renovation for 10 child care

institutions with severely damage in 6

districts 0.100 0.100

Renovation for 12 child care Institution

with medium damage in 6 districts 0.072 0.072

Renovation for 14 child care institution

with light damage in 6 district 0.052 0.052

Safe and clean water for 36 child Care

institution 0.060 0.060

Learning material and equipments for

child care institutions 0.059 0.059

E.2 WOMEN. ELDERLY &

DISABLED

Sex and age disaggregated statistics to

be collected and disseminated, and

those related

to disability

Provision of shelter that prioritize

health, safety and privacy of all

vulnerable

groups, and women’s responsibility for

cooking and

household tasks

Clean water and sanitation services

accessible to the

most vulnerable and designed in

consultation with them

Food security, especially for those with

special

nutritional needs, initially through

targeted food

distribution and through recovery of

50

gender responsive agriculture in the

medium and long term

All relief and early recovery activities

must recognize

and visibly respond to the basic needs

of women (including those heading

households), elderly persons and those

living with disability or chronic

illness, as well as providing for their

specific needs in all sectors

F. ENVIRONMENT

Review and reevaluation on the quality

of infrastructures (government

buildings, roads, bridges, energy/

power grids & station,

telecommunication installations, water

supply, sewers, etc)

Clean up and manage debris/ rubbles

resulted from the disaster

Institutional strengthening (capacity

development) on various

environmental-related issues:

1. Spatial Planning

2. Disaster Risk Reduction and

Mitigation

3. “Quality”, “earthquake

friendly” or even “green”

buildings guidelines

and establishment

4. Forest rehabilitation

5. Watershed management and

forest conservation

Solid waste Management

Further assessment on environmental

impacts (EIA)

51

52

4.0 Early and Longer-Term Recovery and Renaki Comparison Table

Agriculture

Food and

nutrition Health

Educatio

n Shelter

Protectio

n

Water,

Sanitation,

Hygiene

Cross-cutting

Sector

Perumahan dan

prasarana permukiman

\

Fasilitas Umum dan Fasilitas Sosial

Infrastruktur dan Lingkungan

Gedung Pemerintahan Pusat dan Daerah

Kehidupan Sosial dan Ekonomi Masyarakat