human intelligence and creativity
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Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 9
Intelligence and Creativity
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Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 9
Chapter 9 – Intelligence and Creativity
• What is intelligence?
– Adaptive thinking or behavior (Piaget)
– Ability to think abstractly, solve problems? (Sternberg)
• Genetics x Environment
(interaction)
RAISED
TOGETHER
RAISED APART
IDENTICAL
TWINS
.86 .72
FRATERNAL
TWINS .60 .52
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Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 9
Theories and Tests of Intelligence
• IQ tests– Intelligence quotient (IQ) tests attempt to
measure an individual’s probable performance in school and similar settings.
Binet (1857-1911) and Simon created 1st IQ ← test in 1905
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Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 9
Theories and Tests of Intelligence
• The Stanford-Binet test– The Stanford-Binet test - V (2-85)– The mean or average IQ score for all age
groups is designated as 100 ± 15 (85-115).– Given individually
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Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 9
Normal DistributionNormal Distribution
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Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 9
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Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 9
Individual Intelligence TestsThe Wechsler Scales
Overall IQ and also verbal and performance IQs.
(WPPSI-III) Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Revised. Ages 2 ½ to 7 years, 3 months
(WISC-IV) Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised. Ages 6 to 16 years, 11 months
(WAIS-III) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised
Ages 16-89
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Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 9
WPPSIWPPSI-III
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Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 9
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Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 9
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Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 9
WISC-IV
• Word Reasoning—measures reasoning with verbal material; child identifies underlying concept given successive clues.
• Matrix Reasoning—measures fluid reasoning a (highly reliable subtest on WAIS® –III and WPPSI™–III); child is presented with a partially filled grid and asked to select the item that properly completes the matrix.
• Picture Concepts—measures fluid reasoning, perceptual organization, and categorization (requires categorical reasoning without a verbal response); from each of two or three rows of objects, child selects objects that go together based on an underlying concept.
• Letter-Number Sequencing—measures working memory (adapted from WAIS–III); child is presented a mixed series of numbers and letters and repeats them numbers first (in numerical order), then letters (in alphabetical order).
• Cancellation—measures processing speed using random and structured animal target forms (foils are common non-animal objects).
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Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 9
Theories and Tests of Intelligence
• Raven’s Progressive Matrices– Psychologists created “culture-reduced” tests
without language. It tests abstract reasoning ability (non-verbal intelligence or performance IQ)
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Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 9
Figure 9.2 Items similar to those in Raven’s Progressive Matrices test. The instructions are: “Each pattern has a piece missing. From the eight choices provided, select the one that completes the pattern, both going across and going down.” (You can check your answers against answer A on page 339.)
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Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 9
The Psychometric Approach
Intelligence -
• A single attribute?
– Spearman (1863-1945)
2 – factor theory of intelligence
“g” = general ability
“s” = special abilities
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Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 9
Figure 9.3 According to Spearman (1904), all intelligent abilities have an area of overlap, which he called (for “general”). Each ability also depends partly on an s (for “specific”) factor.
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Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 9
Figure 9.4a Measurements of sprinting, high jumping, and long jumping correlate with one another because they all depend on the same leg muscles. Similarly, the g factor that emerges in IQ testing could reflect a single ability that all tests tap.
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Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 9
• Many attributes?
– Thurstone: 7 primary mental abilities
• Spatial ability, perceptual speed, numeric reasoning, verbal meaning, word fluency, memory, inductive reasoning
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Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 9
What is Intelligence?
• Fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence– Cattell & Horn believed that the “g” factor has
two components:
- Fluid intelligence is the power of reasoning, solving unfamiliar problems, seeing relationships and gaining new knowledge
- Crystallized intelligence is acquired knowledge and the application of that knowledge to experience.
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Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 9
Concept Check:
A 16-year-old is learning to play chess and is becoming proficient enough to be accepted into the school’s chess club. Is this fluid or crystallized intelligence?
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Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 9
Concept Check:
• Ten years later, the chess player achieves grandmaster status. Is this a result of fluid or crystallized intelligence?
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Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 9
Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
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Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 9
Savant Syndrome condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental
ability has an exceptional specific skill Calculation abilities Drawing Musical
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Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 9
Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory
• Contextual Component (“street smarts or practical”)
– Adapting to the environment
• Experiential Component: (creative)
– Response to novelty
– AutomatizationAutomatization
• Componential Component (“academic or analytical”)
– Information processing
– Efficiency of strategies
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Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 9
Figure 9.2
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Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 9
TABLE 9.2 Four theories of intelligence
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Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 9
The Infant
• Developmental Quotients (DQ)
– Bayley Scales: Ages 2-30 months
– Correlations with Child IQ – low to 0
– Useful for diagnostic purposes
• *Best predictors
– From measures of information processing
– E.g., attention, speed of habituation, preference for novelty
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Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 9
The Child
• DQ does not predict later IQ
• IQ gains
– Parents foster achievement
– Neither strict nor lax parenting
• IQ drops: Poverty
– Cumulative deficit hypothesis
AGE OF CHILD
CORREL-ATIONS WITH IQ AT AGE 9
CORREL-ATION WITH IQ AT AGE 12
4 .46 .42
7 .81 .69
9 ---- .80
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Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 9
The Adolescent
• Brain growth spurt at age 11/12 (puberty)
– Formal operational thinking
– Improved memory and processing skills
– Stability of IQ evident
• IQ score a good predictor of school achievement
• +.50 correlation between IQ score and grades
• Adolescents with high IQ less likely to drop out of high school and more likely to go to college
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Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 9
The Adult
• Strong relationships between
– IQ and occupational prestige
– IQ and job performance
– IQ and good health/longevity
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Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 9
Mental Retardation
• Below-average intellectual functioning: IQ 75
• Limited adaptive behavior: before age 18
– Self-care and social skills
• Below age-appropriate expectations
• Causes
– Organic: e.g., Down syndrome
– Cultural-familial: genes & environment
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Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 9
The Dynamics of Intelligence
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Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 9
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Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 9
Creativity
• Adams: “The combination of seemingly disparate parts into a functioning, useful whole.”
• Picasso: “Every act of creation is an act of destruction” and “art is a lie that makes us realize the truth.”
• Einstein: “Imagination is more important than knowledge.”
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Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 9
Three Creativity Elements
• Expertise: In-depth knowledge about a field
• Creative Skills: Problem-solving skills, creative process skills
• Intrinsic Task Motivation: Intrinsic rewards: Love of the work, the process involved, not extrinsic reward such as money, awards *
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Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 9
Creativity Blocks
• Accepting conventional wisdom
• Not taking time to investigate or elaborate
• Seeking only to satisfy the perceived needs of bosses
• Having tunnel vision, compartmentalizing problems
• Looking for quick, yes-no answers
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Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 9
Creativity Blocks
• Fearing rejection of ideas
• Being afraid of making mistakes
• Expecting others to be creative
• Being unwilling to question others
• Being unwilling to accept others’ input
• Being unwilling to collaborate– Darwin: “...those who learned to collaborate and
improvise...prevailed.”
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Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 9
Creativity Enhancers
• Assume every experience can stimulate personal growth.
– Look for positives, growth, opportunities: Chinese character, “crisis.”
• Clearly visualize a positive outcome.
• Don’t react too quickly. Give yourself time (incubation), have patience.
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Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 9
Methods For Killing Creativity
• Evaluation– Fear of evaluation kills the love of creative activity.
• Surveillance– Looking over creative people’s shoulder or policing them
de-motivates them.
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Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 9
Methods For Killing Creativity
• Reward– Extrinsic rewards lower motivation.– Reward creative people with autonomy, the opportunity to
learn.
• Competition– Win-lose competition kills creativity.– In a competitive environment, people think about how not
to lose instead of how to win.
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Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 9
Methods For Killing Creativity
• Restricted Choice– Making choices for creative people or severely limiting
their options lowers creative output.
• Extrinsic Orientation– External rewards such as prizes and money hurt
creativity.– Creative people love the intrinsic rewards of doing the
job.
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Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. RiderChapter 9
Resources
• “How To Manage Creative People”– www.charleswarner.us/indexppr.html
• Creative Whack Pack cards:– http://www.amazon.com/Creative-Whack-Pack-Roger-Oe
ch/dp/0880793589/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1202620854&sr=8-1
• Drive: The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us, Daniel H. Pink, Riverhead Books, New York, 2009.