human dimension mangroves-class 19

8/3/2019 Human Dimension Mangroves-Class 19

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Human Dimension

Mangroves

MARINE BOTANYClass 19

FALL 2011


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Main ecosystemsConnections andEcotones
http://techluver.com/2007/12/08/moore-foundation-funds-ambitious-project-to-barcode-an-entire-ecosystem/moorea-mountain/http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.bio.georgiasouthern.edu/Bio-home/Gleason/Student2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.bio.georgiasouthern.edu/Bio-home/Gleason/Trop_Mar_Biol/TMB_Home_Page.html&h=399&w=600&sz=26&hl=en&start=46&um=1&tbnid=fPlcvUI_YPMDiM:&tbnh=90&tbnw=135&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmarine%2Btropical%2Becosystems%26start%3D40%26ndsp%3D20%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4DMUS_enUS254CA255%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://static.flickr.com/33/94155255_d77822ebe0_o.jpg&imgrefurl=http://girlscientist.blogspot.com/2005_01_01_archive.html&h=450&w=660&sz=83&hl=en&start=21&um=1&tbnid=Bmglnyh6TTtHtM:&tbnh=94&tbnw=138&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmarine%2Btropical%2Becosystems%26start%3D20%26ndsp%3D20%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4DMUS_enUS254CA255%26sa%3DNhttp://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/3/32/Nwhi_-_French_Frigate_Shoals_reef_-_many_fish.jpg


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CORAL

REEF

SEAGRASS

BED

MANGROVESWAMP

ATENUATION OF WAVES AND CURRENTS

EXPORT OF PRODUCTS OF PRIMARY PRODUCTION

NURSERY

FIXING OF

SEDIMENTS

MIGRATION

MIGRACIN

BUFFERING OF TERRESTRIAL INFLUENCE, STORAGE OFNUTRIENTS OF TERRESTRIAL ORIGIN

PRODUCTION OF CALCAREOUS SEDIMENTS

INTERACTIONS


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Healthy mangroves:

Good water fluxInterconnection with oceanand inland water sources


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Mangroves cover around 150,000 square kilometers and are found in 123countries worldwide. The biggest concentration (21 percent) of the world'smangroves is in Indonesia, with Brazil home to around nine percent and Australia,

seven percent. UNEP 2010 Mangrove Atlas


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They cover of the worldstropical coastline

181,000 km2 worldwide(Spalding et al.1997)

Indonesia, Australia, Braziland Nigeria have ~ 43% ofthe worlds mangroves

Global coverage


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C sink


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Importance of mangroves

Ecological services:- Shoreline stabilization(note: mangroves do not build coastlines aspreviously believed)

- Coastal buffer (mediates impacts from marine and upland influences)Example: reduced effects of tsunami on mangrove fishing villagesreduced pollutants entering marine ecosystems

biogeochemical alterations of nutrients entering nearshore areas


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The value of intact mangroves in Malaysia for stormprotection and flood control alone has been estimated as

US$ 300,000 per kilometer - the cost of replacing them with

rock walls (Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, 2000).



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Economic services:Primary importance Food (fish, shrimp, crabs, etc.)

Construction material (timber, rattan, roof thatch [from Nypa fronds])(Note: wood from some mangrove species are used for docks/jetties because they are

not as susceptible to rotting in seawater as other species)

Charcoal (primarily in South East Asia)

Fishermen collecting fish alongside

otters in the Sundarbans.

Mature fronds of thepalm Nypa fruiticansareused as roof thatch.


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Organic Production

50% of productivity exported as detritus

May supply as much as 52% of the fixedcarbon available for secondary productivity

Detritus primary food source toinvertebrates and forage fish


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Mangroves are a source of wood and non-wood

forest products, including timber, fuelwood,charcoal, tannins & resins, animal feed, thatch,

honey & medicines

Extraction practices

Oceans.greenpeace.org


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rd

of all mangroves have beenlost in the last 50 years

Net loss of 3.8 x 1014 g C storedas mangrove biomass (Cebrian2002)

Rate of deforestation has slowedfrom 1.7 % per yr from 1980 to 1990 1.0 % per yr from 1990 to 2000.

(FAO 2003)

> 1,000 km2 annually

Mangrove Loss

Spalding et al. 1997


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Deforestation isgreatest threat

Often associated

with aquaculture

overexploitation offisheries

Threats to Mangroves

Alongi 2002

Tourism


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Commercial Aquaculture

Shrimp Culture in Thailand

Conversion of coastal habitats into shrimpfarms

55 % mangrove loss in Thailand

It is estimated that 447 g of wild fish &shrimp are lost from nearshorecatches for every 1 kg of shrimpfarmed (Naylor et al. 2001)


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A semi-intensive farm needs an area ofmangroves 35190 times larger than farmto provide Food Clean water Nursery areas for shrimp

For each joule of shrimp protein produced,295 J of ecosystem work is required

2030% of Colombias entire mangroves isneeded to supply industrys needs for post-larval shrimp coastal aquaculture

Aquaculture is one of the most resource-intensive industries (Larsson et al. 1994).

Not a sustainable practice


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Disturbed mangrove forests

CanalizationLost water fluxLost open communication withboth fresh water and ocean sources


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Viveros de manglar en Navachiste, Bahia de Altata,

Mazatln (Sinaloa), Altamira (Tamaulipas) y Campeche


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Mangroves in Florida

i. 240,000 km2 worldwide

ii. 2,700 km2 in Florida

Map of Mangrove Forest Height

Simard, Marc et al, 2006. "Mapping Height and Biomass of Mangrove Forests inEverglades National Park with SRTM Elevation Data" PhotogrammetricEngineering & Remote Sensing. Vol.72, No.3, pp299-311.
http://fce.lternet.edu/data/GIS/maps/Mangrove_height_map.jpghttp://fce.lternet.edu/data/GIS/maps/Mangrove_height_map.jpg


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Florida Mangroves and ourEnvironment

Coastal erosion Habitat value Hurricane buffer Sequestration ofcarbon

dioxide Water quality


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Coastal Erosion Mangroves colonize sediment buildup Protect against coastal erosion Stabilize shoreline


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Habitat Value

Nursery Rookery

Shelter Food


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Extreme Storm Events

Reduce Wind Action Reduce Wave Energy Hurricane Andrew


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Carbon Dioxide Sequestration 3.7 lbs/acre/day of carbon (1336 lbs/acre/yr)

May be most effective carbon sinks of anynatural ecosystem, but look at salt marshes

Map of Mangrove Forest Biomass

Simard, Marc et al, 2006. "Mapping Height andBiomass of Mangrove Forests in EvergladesNational Park with SRTM Elevation Data"Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote

Sensing. Vol.72, No.3, pp299-311.
http://fce.lternet.edu/data/GIS/maps/Mangrove_biomass_map.jpghttp://fce.lternet.edu/data/GIS/maps/Mangrove_biomass_map.jpg


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Absorption of nitrates and phosphates

Protection of associated

marine systems

Water Quality


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Mangrove Threats

Development Invasive species Trash

Improperpruning


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uses Fucntions Attributes

ForestryAgriculture

Salt production

Food, drugs, beverages

Fuel wood, charcoal

Fishing/aquaculture

materials

Household items

Textile and leather

production

Agriculture

Construction materials

Water supply

Wildlife protection

Recreation/tourism

Research site

Education site

Transport routes

Flood mitigationPrevention of intrusion of

saline

waters

Storm protection

Sediment trapping

Toxicant removal

Groundwater recharge

Erosion control

Nutrient export

Wildlife habitat

Fish/shellfish habitats

Protection of offshore

habitats

(coral reefs, sea-grass

beds)

Biological diversity valueSocio-economic values

Cultural Value

Historic value

Aesthetic value

Wilderness value

Educational value

Research value

Summary of the uses, functions and

attributes of mangroves


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The undervaluation of products and services generated by mangroveecosystems is a major driving force behind to conversion into alternative uses.

If mangrove uses are to be sustainable, they must operate on the basis of

economics

Monetary value of some mangroves services: Mangrove-related fish fisheries = US$475 to 5330 ha/yr Penaeid shrimp fishery (catch) = US$91 to 5292 ha/yr Timber = US$ 60800 ha/yr

Coastal erosion protection US$1800 ha/yr Wastewater treatment US$6700 ha/yr

Worlds mangrove forests are worth US$ 18 trillion/y US$475 to 5330 ha/yr ear

(Costanza et al. 1998, Roonback 1999)

Ecological economics


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1. Changes in sea level 2. Extreme high-water events

3. Storms

4. Precipitation 5. Temperature

6. Atmospheric CO2 concentration

7. Ocean circulation patterns

8. Health of linked ecosystems

9. Human responses to climate change

Global climate change


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CAPITAL NATURAL

human dimension mangroves-class 19

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