Human Development IndexFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaWorld map indicating the category of Human Development Index by country (based on 2013 data; published July 24, 2014).The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income indices used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. It was created by a Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq and Indian economist Amartya Sen in 1990[1] and was published by the United Nations DevelopmentProgramme.[2]The 2010 Human Development Report introduced an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) was introduced. While the simple HDI remains useful, it stated that "the IHDI is the actual level of human development (accounting for inequality)" and "the HDI can be viewed as an index of 'potential' human development (or the maximum IHDI that could be achieved if there were no inequality)".[3]Contents [hide]1 Origins2 Dimensions and calculation2.1 New method (2010 Report onwards)[6]2.2 Old method (before 2010 Report)3 2014 report3.1 Inequality-adjusted HDI3.2 Countries not included4 2013 report4.1 Inequality-adjusted HDI5 2011 report5.1 Inequality-adjusted HDI5.2 Countries not included6 2010 report6.1 Inequality-adjusted HDI6.2 Countries not included7 2009 report7.1 Countries not included8 2008 statistical update8.1 Countries not included9 2007/2008 report10 Past top countries10.1 In each original report11 Future HDI projections12 Criticism13 Geographical coverage14 Country/Region specific HDI lists15 See also16 Notes and references17 External linksOrigins[edit]Mahbub-ul-HaqAmartya SenThe origins of the HDI are found in the annual Development Reports of the UnitedNations Development Programme (UNDP). These were devised and launched by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq in 1990 and had the explicit purpose "to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people-centeredpolicies". To produce the Human Development Reports, Mahbub ul Haq brought together a group of development economists including Paul Streeten, Frances Stewart,Gustav Ranis, Keith Griffin, Sudhir Anand and Meghnad Desai. Working along with

Nobel laureate Amartya Sen, they worked on capabilities and functionings that provided the underlying conceptual framework. Haq was sure that a simple composite measure of human development was needed in order to convince the public, academics, and policy-makers that they can and should evaluate development not only by economic advances but also improvements in human well-being. Sen initially opposed this idea, but he soon went on to help Haq develop the Index in the future.Sen was worried that it was going to be difficult to capture the full complexity of human capabilities in a single index but Haq persuaded him that only a single number would shift the attention of policy-makers from concentration on economic to human well-being.[4][5]Dimensions and calculation[edit]New method (2010 Report onwards)[6][edit]Published on 4 November 2010 (and updated on 10 June 2011), starting with the 2010 Human Development Report the HDI combines three dimensions:A long and healthy life: Life expectancy at birthEducation index: Mean years of schooling and Expected years of schoolingA decent standard of living: GNI per capita (PPP US$)In its 2010 Human Development Report, the UNDP began using a new method of calculating the HDI. The following three indices are used:1. Life Expectancy Index (LEI) = \frac{\textrm{LE} - 20}{85-20}2. Education Index (EI) = \frac{{\textrm{MYSI} + \textrm{EYSI}}} {2}2.1 Mean Years of Schooling Index (MYSI) = \frac{\textrm{MYS}}{15}[7]2.2 Expected Years of Schooling Index (EYSI) = \frac{\textrm{EYS}}{18}[8]3. Income Index (II) = \frac{\ln(\textrm{GNIpc}) - \ln(100)}{\ln(75,000) - \ln(100)}Finally, the HDI is the geometric mean of the previous three normalized indices:\textrm{HDI} = \sqrt[3]{\textrm{LEI}\cdot \textrm{EI} \cdot \textrm{II}}.LE: Life expectancy at birthMYS: Mean years of schooling (Years that a 25-year-old person or older has spentin schools)EYS: Expected years of schooling (Years that a 5-year-old child will spend withhis education in his whole life)GNIpc: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capitaOld method (before 2010 Report)[edit]The HDI combined three dimensions last used in its 2009 Report:Life expectancy at birth, as an index of population health and longevityKnowledge and education, as measured by the adult literacy rate (with two-thirdsweighting) and the combined primary, secondary, and tertiary gross enrollment ratio (with one-third weighting).Standard of living, as indicated by the natural logarithm of gross domestic product per capita at purchasing power parity.HDI trends between 1975 and 2004OECDEurope not in the OECD and CISLatin America and the CaribbeanEast AsiaArab StatesSouth AsiaSub-Saharan AfricaThis is the methodology used by the UNDP up until its 2011 report.

The formula defining the HDI is promulgated by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).[9] In general, to transform a raw variable, say x, into a unit-free index between 0 and 1 (which allows different indices to be added together),the following formula is used:x\text{-index} = \frac{x - \min\left(x\right)}{\max\left(x\right)-\min\left(x\right)}where \min\left(x\right) and \max\left(x\right) are the lowest and highest values the variable x can attain, respectively.The Human Development Index (HDI) then represents the uniformly weighted sum with contributed by each of the following factor indices:Life Expectancy Index = \frac{LE - 25} {85-25}Education Index = \frac{2} {3} \times ALI + \frac{1} {3} \times GEIAdult Literacy Index (ALI) = \frac{ALR - 0} {100 - 0}Gross Enrollment Index (GEI) = \frac{CGER - 0} {100 - 0}GDP = \frac{\log\left(GDPpc\right) - \log\left(100\right)} {\log\left(40000\right) - \log\left(100\right)}Other organizations/companies may include other factors, such as infant mortality, which produces different number of HDI.2014 report[edit]Main article: List of countries by Human Development IndexThe 2014 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program wasreleased on July 24, 2014, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2013. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries:[10]Increase = increase.Steady = steady.Decrease = decrease.The number in brackets represents the number of ranks the country has climbed (up or down) relative to the ranking in 2013 report.RankCountry HDINew 2014 estimates for 2013[11]Change in rank between 2014 report to 2013 report[11] New 2014 estimates for 2013[11]Change compared between 2014 report and 2013 report[11]1Steady Norway 0.944 Increase 0.0012Steady Australia0.933 Increase 0.0023SteadySwitzerland 0.917 Increase 0.0014Steady Netherlands0.915 Steady5Steady United States 0.914 Increase 0.0026Steady Germany0.911 Steady7Steady New Zealand0.910 Increase 0.0028Steady Canada 0.902 Increase 0.0019Increase (3)Singapore0.901 Increase 0.00310Steady Denmark0.900 Steady11Decrease (3)Ireland0.899 Decrease 0.00212Decrease (1)Sweden 0.898 Increase 0.00113Steady Iceland0.895 Increase 0.00214Steady United Kingdom 0.892 Increase 0.00215Steady Hong Kong0.891 Increase 0.00215Increase (1)South Korea0.891 Increase 0.00317Decrease (1)Japan 0.890 Increase 0.00218Decrease (2)Liechtenstein 0.889 Increase 0.00119Steady Israel 0.888 Increase 0.00220Steady France 0.884 Steady

21Steady Austria0.881 Increase 0.00121Steady Belgium0.881 Increase 0.00121Steady Luxembourg0.881 Increase 0.00124Steady Finland0.879 Steady25Steady Slovenia0.874 SteadyRankCountry HDINew 2014 estimates for 2013[11]Change in rank between 2014 report to 2013 report[11] New 2014 estimates for 2013[11]Change compared between 2014 report and 2013 report[11]26Steady Italy 0.872 Steady27Steady Spain 0.869 Steady28Steady Czech Republic 0.861 Steady29Steady Greece 0.853 Decrease 0.00130Steady Brunei Darussalam0.852 Steady31Steady Qatar 0.851 Increase 0.00132Steady Cyprus 0.845 Decrease 0.00333Steady Estonia0.840 Increase 0.00134Steady Saudi Arabia 0.836 Increase 0.00335Increase (1)Lithuania0.834 Increase 0.00335Decrease (1)Poland 0.834 Increase 0.00137Steady Andorra0.830 Steady37Increase (1)Slovakia0.830 Increase 0.00139Steady Malta 0.829 Increase 0.00240Steady United Arab Emirates 0.827 Increase 0.00241Increase (1)Chile 0.822 Increase 0.00341Steady Portugal0.822 Steady43Steady Hungary0.818 Increase 0.00144Steady Bahrain0.815 Increase 0.00244Steady Cuba 0.815 Increase 0.00246Decrease (2)Kuwait 0.814 Increase 0.00147Steady Croatia0.812 Steady48Steady Latvia 0.810 Increase 0.00249DecreaseArgentina0.808 Decrease 0.003Inequality-adjusted HDI[edit]Main article: List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDIThe Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)[10] is a "measure of theaverage level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account."Note: The green arrows (Increase), red arrows (Decrease), and blue dashes (Steady) represent changes in rank. The changes in rank are not relative to the HDI list above, but are according to the source (p. 168) calculated with the exclusionof countries which are missing IHDI data.Norway 0.891 (Steady)Australia 0.860 (Steady)Netherlands 0.854 (Increase 1)Switzerland 0.847 (Increase 3)Germany 0.846 (Steady)Iceland 0.843 (Increase 2)Sweden 0.840 (Decrease 4)Denmark 0.838 (Increase 1)Canada 0.833 (Increase 4)Ireland 0.832 (Decrease 4)Finland 0.830 (Steady)Slovenia 0.824 (Decrease 2)

Austria 0.818 (Decrease 1)Luxembourg 0.814 (Increase 3)Czech Republic 0.813 (Decrease 1)United Kingdom 0.812 (Increase 3)Belgium 0.806 (Decrease 2)France 0.804 (Steady)Japan 0.799 (New)Israel 0.793 (Increase 1)Slovakia 0.778 (Increase 1)Spain 0.775 (Decrease 2)Italy 0.768 (Increase 1)Estonia 0.767 (Increase 1)Greece 0.762 (Increase 2)Malta 0.760 (Decrease 3)Hungary 0.757 (Decrease 1)United States 0.755 (Decrease 12)Poland 0.751 (Increase 1)Cyprus 0.752 (Decrease 1)Lithuania 0.746 (Increase 2)Portugal 0.739 (Steady)South Korea 0.736 (Decrease 5)Latvia 0.725 (Increase 1)Croatia 0.721 (Increase 4)Argentina 0.680 (Increase 7)Chile 0.661 (Increase 4)Countries in the top quartile of HDI ("very high human development" group) witha missing IHDI: New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Qatar,Saudi Arabia, Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Cuba, and Kuwait.Countries not included[edit]Some countries were not included for various reasons, mainly the unavailabilityof certain crucial data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2014 report:[10] North Korea, Marshall Islands, Monaco, Nauru, SanMarino, Somalia, South Sudan, and Tuvalu.2013 report[edit]Main article: List of countries by Human Development IndexThe 2013 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program wasreleased on March 14, 2013, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2012. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries:[12]Note: The green arrows (Increase), red arrows (Decrease), and blue dashes (Steady) represent changes in rank when compared to the new 2012 data HDI for 2011 published in the 2012 report.Norway 0.955 (Steady)Australia 0.938 (Steady)United States 0.937 (Increase 1)Netherlands 0.921 (Decrease 1)Germany 0.920 (Increase 4)New Zealand 0.919 (Decrease 1)Ireland 0.916 (Steady)Sweden 0.916 (Increase 3)Switzerland 0.913 (Increase 2)Japan 0.912 (Increase 2)Canada 0.911 (Decrease 5)South Korea 0.909 (Increase 3)Hong Kong 0.906 (Steady)Iceland 0.906 (Steady)Denmark 0.901 (Increase 1)

Israel 0.900 (Increase 1)Belgium 0.897 (Increase 1)Austria 0.895 (Increase 1)Singapore 0.895 (Increase 7)France 0.893 (Steady)Finland 0.892 (Increase 1)Slovenia 0.892 (Decrease 1)Spain 0.885 (Steady)Liechtenstein 0.883 (Decrease 16)Italy 0.881 (Decrease 1)Luxembourg 0.875 (Decrease 1)United Kingdom 0.875 (Increase 1)Czech Republic 0.873 (Decrease 1)Greece 0.860 (Steady)Brunei 0.855 (Increase 1)Cyprus 0.848 (Decrease 1)Malta 0.847 (Increase 4)Estonia 0.846 (Steady)Andorra 0.846 (Decrease 1)Slovakia 0.840 (Steady)Qatar 0.834 (Increase 1)Hungary 0.831 (Increase 1)Barbados 0.825 (Increase 9)Poland 0.821 (Steady)Chile 0.819 (Increase 4)Lithuania 0.818 (Decrease 1)United Arab Emirates 0.818 (Decrease 12)Portugal 0.816 (Decrease 2)Latvia 0.814 (Decrease 1)Argentina 0.811 (Steady)Seychelles 0.806 (Increase 6)Croatia 0.805 (Decrease 1)Inequality-adjusted HDI[edit]Main article: List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDIThe Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)[12] is a "measure of theaverage level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account."Note: The green arrows (Increase), red arrows (Decrease), and blue dashes (Steady) represent changes in rank. The changes in rank are not relative to the HDI list above, but are according to the source (p. 152) calculated with the exclusionof countries which are missing IHDI data.Norway 0.894 (Steady)Australia 0.864 (Steady)Sweden 0.859 (Increase 3)Netherlands 0.857 (Steady)Germany 0.856 (Steady)Ireland 0.850 (Steady)Switzerland 0.849 (Increase 1)Iceland 0.848 (Increase 3)Denmark 0.845 (Increase 3)Slovenia 0.840 (Increase 7)Finland 0.839 (Increase 6)Austria 0.837 (Increase 3)Canada 0.832 (Decrease 4)Czech Republic 0.826 (Increase 9)Belgium 0.825 (Decrease 1)United States 0.821 (Decrease 13)Luxembourg 0.813 (Increase 4)

France 0.812 (Decrease 2)United Kingdom 0.802 (Increase 2)Spain 0.796 (Decrease 1)Israel 0.790 (Decrease 8)Slovakia 0.788 (Increase 6)Malta 0.778 (Increase 3)Italy 0.776 (Decrease 4)Estonia 0.770 (Increase 2)Hungary 0.769 (Increase 3)Greece 0.760 (Decrease 3)South Korea 0.758 (Decrease 18)Cyprus 0.751 (Decrease 4)Poland 0.740 (Steady)Montenegro 0.733 (Increase 8)Portugal 0.729 (Increase 1)Lithuania 0.727 (Decrease 1)Belarus 0.727 (Increase 3)Latvia 0.726 (Decrease 1)Bulgaria 0.704 (Increase 5)Countries in the top quartile of HDI ("very high human development" group) witha missing IHDI: New Zealand, Chile, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Andorra, Qatar, Barbados, United Arab Emirates, and Seychelles.2011 report[edit]The 2011 Human Development Report was released on 2 November 2011, and calculated HDI values based on estimates for 2011. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries (equal to the top quartile):[13]Note: The green arrows (Increase), red arrows (Decrease), and blue dashes (Steady) represent changes in rank when compared to the 2011 HDI data for 2010 published in the 2011 report (p. 131).Norway 0.943 (Steady)Australia 0.929 (Steady)Netherlands 0.910 (Steady)United States 0.910 (Steady)New Zealand 0.908 (Steady)Canada 0.908 (Steady)Ireland 0.908 (Steady)Liechtenstein 0.905 (Steady)Germany 0.905 (Steady)Sweden 0.904 (Steady)Switzerland 0.903 (Steady)Japan 0.901 (Steady)Hong Kong 0.898 (Increase 1)Iceland 0.898 (Decrease 1)South Korea 0.897 (Steady)Denmark 0.895 (Steady)Israel 0.888 (Steady)Belgium 0.886 (Steady)Austria 0.885 (Steady)France 0.884 (Steady)Slovenia 0.884 (Steady)Finland 0.882 (Steady)Spain 0.878 (Steady)Italy 0.874 (Steady)Luxembourg 0.867 (Steady)Singapore 0.866 (Steady)Czech Republic 0.865 (Steady)United Kingdom 0.863 (Steady)

Greece 0.861 (Steady)United Arab Emirates 0.846 (Steady)Cyprus 0.840 (Steady)Andorra 0.838 (Steady)Brunei 0.838 (Steady)Estonia 0.835 (Steady)Slovakia 0.834 (Steady)Malta 0.832 (Steady)Qatar 0.831 (Steady)Hungary 0.816 (Steady)Poland 0.813 (Steady)Lithuania 0.810 (Increase 1)Portugal 0.809 (Decrease 1)Bahrain 0.806 (Steady)Latvia 0.805 (Steady)Chile 0.805 (Steady)Argentina 0.797 (Increase 1)Croatia 0.796 (Decrease 1)Barbados 0.793 (Steady)Inequality-adjusted HDI[edit]Main article: List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDIBelow is a list of countries in the top quartile by Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI).[14] According to the report, the IHDI is a "measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality istaken into account."Note: The green arrows (Increase), red arrows (Decrease), and blue dashes (Steady) represent changes in rank when compared to the 2011 HDI list, for countries listed in both rankings.Norway 0.890 (Steady)Australia 0.856 (Steady)Sweden 0.851 (Increase 5)Netherlands 0.846 (Decrease 1)Iceland 0.845 (Increase 5)Ireland 0.843 (Steady)Germany 0.842 (Increase 1)Denmark 0.842 (Increase 4)Switzerland 0.840 (Steady)Slovenia 0.837 (Increase 7)Finland 0.833 (Increase 7)Canada 0.829 (Decrease 7)Czech Republic 0.821 (Increase 9)Austria 0.820 (Increase 1)Belgium 0.819 (Decrease 1)France 0.804 (Steady)Spain 0.799 (Decrease 2)Luxembourg 0.799 (Increase 3)United Kingdom 0.791 (Increase 4)Slovakia 0.787 (Increase 7)Israel 0.779 (Decrease 8)Italy 0.779 (Decrease 2)United States 0.771 (Decrease 19)Estonia 0.769 (Increase 2)Hungary 0.759 (Increase 3)Greece 0.756 (Decrease 2)Cyprus 0.755 (Decrease 2)South Korea 0.749 (Decrease 17)Poland 0.734 (Steady)Lithuania 0.730 (Steady)

Portugal 0.726 (Steady)Montenegro 0.718 (Increase 7)Latvia 0.717 (Decrease 1)Serbia 0.694 (Increase 9)Belarus 0.693 (Increase 10)Countries in the top quartile of HDI ("very high human development" group) witha missing IHDI include: New Zealand, Liechtenstein, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore,Taiwan, United Arab Emirates, Andorra, Brunei, Malta, Qatar, Bahrain, Chile, Argentina and Barbados.Countries not included[edit]Some countries were not included for various reasons, mainly the unavailabilityof certain crucial data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2011 report:[15] North Korea, Marshall Islands, Monaco, Nauru, SanMarino, South Sudan, Somalia and Tuvalu.2010 report[edit]The 2010 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program wasreleased on November 4, 2010, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2010. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries:[16]Note: The green arrows (Increase), red arrows (Decrease), and blue dashes (Steady) represent changes in rank when compared to the 2009 HDI published in the 2010report.Norway 0.938 (Steady)Australia 0.937 (Steady)New Zealand 0.907 (Steady)United States 0.902 (Steady)Ireland 0.895 (Steady)Liechtenstein 0.891 (Steady)Netherlands 0.890 (Steady)Canada 0.888 (Steady)Sweden 0.885 (Steady)Germany 0.885 (Increase 12)Japan 0.884 (Steady)South Korea 0.877 (Steady)Switzerland 0.874 (Steady)France 0.872 (Increase 2)Israel 0.872 (Decrease 1)Finland 0.871 (Decrease 1)Iceland 0.869 (Steady)Belgium 0.867 (Steady)Denmark 0.866 (Steady)Spain 0.863 (Steady)Hong Kong 0.862 (Steady)Greece 0.855 (Steady)Italy 0.854 (Steady)Luxembourg 0.852 (Steady)Austria 0.851 (Steady)United Kingdom 0.849 (Steady)Singapore 0.846 (Steady)Czech Republic 0.841 (Steady)Slovenia 0.828 (Steady)Andorra 0.824 (Steady)Slovakia 0.818 (Steady)United Arab Emirates 0.815 (Increase 1)Malta 0.815 (Decrease 1)Estonia 0.812 (Steady)Cyprus 0.810 (Steady)

Hungary 0.805 (Increase 1)Brunei 0.805 (Decrease 1)Qatar 0.803 (Steady)Bahrain 0.801 (Steady)Portugal 0.795 (Decrease 6)Poland 0.795 (Steady)Barbados 0.788 (Decrease 5)Inequality-adjusted HDI[edit]The 2010 Human Development Report was the first to calculate an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI), which factors in inequalities in the three basic dimensions of human development (income, life expectancy, and education). Below is a list of countries in the top quartile by IHDI:[17]Note: The green arrows (Increase), red arrows (Decrease), and blue dashes (Steady) represent changes in rank when compared to the 2010 HDI list, for countries listed in both rankings.Norway 0.876 (Steady)Australia 0.864 (Steady)Sweden 0.824 (Increase 4)Netherlands 0.818 (Increase 1)Germany 0.814 (Increase 3)Switzerland 0.813 (Increase 4)Ireland 0.813 (Decrease 3)Canada 0.812 (Decrease 2)Iceland 0.811 (Increase 5)Denmark 0.810 (Increase 6)Finland 0.806 (Increase 2)United States 0.799 (Decrease 9)Belgium 0.794 (Increase 2)France 0.792 (Decrease 3)Czech Republic 0.790 (Increase 8)Austria 0.787 (Increase 5)Spain 0.779 (Steady)Luxembourg 0.775 (Increase 2)Slovenia 0.771 (Increase 5)Greece 0.768 (Decrease 2)United Kingdom 0.766 (Increase 1)Slovakia 0.764 (Increase 3)Israel 0.763 (Decrease 11)Italy 0.752 (Decrease 5)Hungary 0.736 (Increase 3)Estonia 0.733 (Steady)South Korea 0.731 (Decrease 18)Cyprus 0.716 (Decrease 1)Poland 0.709 (Increase 1)Portugal 0.700 (Decrease 1)Lithuania 0.693 (Increase 1)Montenegro 0.693 (Increase 4)[18]Latvia 0.684 (Increase 2)Romania 0.675 (Increase 3)The Bahamas 0.671 (Decrease 4)Countries in the top quartile of HDI ("very high human development" group) witha missing IHDI include: New Zealand, Liechtenstein, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore,Republic of China (Taiwan), Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Malta, Brunei, Qatar, Bahrain and Barbados.Countries not included[edit]Some countries were not included for various reasons, mainly the unavailabilityof certain crucial data. The following United Nations Member States were not inc

luded in the 2010 report.[15] Cuba lodged a formal protest at its lack of inclusion. The UNDP explained that Cuba had been excluded due to the lack of an "internationally reported figure for Cubas Gross National Income adjusted for Purchasing Power Parity". All other indicators for Cuba were available, and reported by the UNDP, but the lack of one indicator meant that no ranking could be attributedto the country.[19][20] The situation has been addressed and, in later years, Cuba has ranked as a High Human Development country.AfricaEritreaSeychellesSomaliaAmericasAntigua and BarbudaCubaDominicaGrenadaSaint Kitts and NevisSaint LuciaSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesAsiaBhutanIraqNorth KoreaLebanonOmanEuropeMonacoSan MarinoVatican CityOceaniaKiribatiMarshall IslandsNauruPalauSamoaTuvaluVanuatu2009 report[edit]The 2009 Human Development Report by UNDP was released on October 5, 2009, and covers the period up to 2007. It was titled "Overcoming barriers: Human mobilityand development". The top countries by HDI were grouped in a new category called"very high human development". The report refers to these countries as developed countries. They are:[21]Norway 0.971 (Steady 0)Australia 0.970 (Increase 2)Iceland 0.969 (Decrease 1)Canada 0.966 (Decrease 1)Ireland 0.965 (Steady)Netherlands 0.964 (Steady)Sweden 0.963 (Steady)France 0.961 (Increase 3)Switzerland 0.960 (Increase 1)Japan 0.960 (Decrease 2)

Luxembourg 0.960 (Decrease 2)Finland 0.959 (Steady)United States 0.956 (Increase 2)Austria 0.955 (Steady)Spain 0.955 (Increase 1)Denmark 0.955 (Decrease 2)Belgium 0.953 (Steady)Italy 0.951 (Increase 1)Liechtenstein 0.951 (Decrease 1)New Zealand 0.950 (Steady)United Kingdom 0.947 (Steady)Germany 0.947 (Steady)Singapore 0.944 (Increase 1)Hong Kong 0.944 (Decrease 1)Greece 0.942 (Steady)South Korea 0.937 (Steady)Israel 0.935 (Increase 1)Andorra 0.934 (Decrease 1)Slovenia 0.929 (Steady)Brunei 0.920 (Steady)Kuwait 0.916 (Steady)Cyprus 0.914 (Steady)Qatar 0.910 (Increase 1)Portugal 0.909 (Decrease 1)United Arab Emirates 0.903 (Increase 2)Czech Republic 0.903 (Steady)Barbados 0.903 (Increase 2)Malta 0.902 (Decrease 3)Countries not included[edit]Some countries were not included for various reasons, such as being a non-UN member or unable or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication. Besides the states with limited recognition, the following states were alsonot included.AfricaSomaliaZimbabweAsiaIraqNorth KoreaEuropeMonacoSan MarinoVatican CityOceaniaKiribatiMarshall IslandsFederated States of MicronesiaNauruPalauTuvalu2008 statistical update[edit]A new index was released on December 18, 2008. This so-called "statistical update" covered the period up to 2006 and was published without an accompanying HumanDevelopment Report. The update is relevant due to newly released estimates of purchasing power parities (PPP), implying substantial adjustments for many countr

ies, resulting in changes in HDI values and, in many cases, HDI ranks.[22]Iceland 0.968 (Steady)Norway 0.968 (Steady)Canada 0.967 (Increase 1)Australia 0.965 (Decrease 1)Ireland 0.960 (Steady)Netherlands 0.958 (Increase 3)Sweden 0.958 (Decrease 1)Japan 0.956 (Steady)Luxembourg 0.956 (Increase 9)Switzerland 0.955 (Decrease 3)France 0.955 (Decrease 1)Finland 0.954 (Decrease 1)Denmark 0.952 (Increase 1)Austria 0.951 (Increase 1)United States 0.950 (Decrease 3)Spain 0.949 (Decrease 3)Belgium 0.948 (Decrease 1)Greece 0.947 (Increase 6)Italy 0.945 (Increase 1)New Zealand 0.944 (Decrease 1)United Kingdom 0.942 (Decrease 4)Hong Kong 0.942 (Decrease 1)Germany 0.940 (Decrease 1)Israel 0.930 (Decrease 1)South Korea 0.928 (Increase 1)Slovenia 0.923 (Increase 1)Brunei 0.919 (Increase 3)Singapore 0.918 (Decrease 3)Kuwait 0.912 (Increase 4)Cyprus 0.912 (Decrease 2)United Arab Emirates 0.903 (Increase 8)Bahrain 0.902 (Increase 9)[23]Portugal 0.900 (Decrease 4)Countries not included[edit]Some countries were not included for various reasons, such as being a non-UN member, unable, or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication. Besides the states with limited recognition, the following states were alsonot included.[24]AfricaSomaliaZimbabweAsiaAfghanistanIraqNorth KoreaEuropeAndorraLiechtensteinMonacoSan MarinoVatican CityOceaniaKiribati

Marshall IslandsFederated States of MicronesiaNauruPalauTuvalu2007/2008 report[edit]The Human Development Report for 2007/2008 was launched in Brasilia, Brazil, onNovember 27, 2007. Its focus was on "Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world."[25] Most of the data used for the report are derived largelyfrom 2005 or earlier, thus indicating an HDI for 2005. Not all UN member stateschoose to or are able to provide the necessary statistics.The report showed a small increase in world HDI in comparison with last year s report. This rise was fueled by a general improvement in the developing world, especially of the least developed countries group. This marked improvement at thebottom was offset with a decrease in HDI of high income countries.A HDI below 0.5 is considered to represent "low development". All 22 countries in that category are located in Africa. The highest-scoring Sub-Saharan countries, Gabon and South Africa, are ranked 119th and 121st, respectively. Nine countries departed from this category this year and joined the "medium development" group.A HDI of 0.8 or more is considered to represent "high development". This includes all developed countries, such as those in North America, Western Europe, Oceania, and Eastern Asia, as well as some developing countries in Eastern Europe, Central and South America, Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, and the oil-rich ArabianPeninsula. Seven countries were promoted to this category this year, leaving the "medium development" group: Albania, Belarus, Brazil, Libya, Macedonia, Russiaand Saudi Arabia.On the following table, green arrows (Increase) represent an increase in rankingover the previous study, while red arrows (Decrease) represent a decrease in ranking. They are followed by the number of spaces they moved. Blue dashes (Steady) represent a nation that did not move in the rankings since the previous study.Iceland 0.968 (Increase 1)Norway 0.968 (Decrease 1)Australia 0.962 (Steady)Canada 0.961 (Increase 2)Ireland 0.959 (Decrease 1)Sweden 0.956 (Decrease 1)Switzerland 0.955 (Increase 2)Japan 0.953 (Decrease 1)Netherlands 0.953 (Increase 1)France 0.952 (Increase 6)Finland 0.952 (Steady)United States 0.951 (Decrease 4)Spain 0.949 (Increase 6)Denmark 0.949 (Increase 1)Austria 0.948 (Decrease 1)Belgium 0.946 (Decrease 4)United Kingdom 0.946 (Increase 1)Luxembourg 0.944 (Decrease 6)New Zealand 0.943 (Increase 1)Italy 0.941 (Decrease 3)Hong Kong 0.937 (Increase 1)Germany 0.935 (Increase 1)Israel 0.932 (Steady)Greece 0.926 (Steady)

Singapore 0.922 (Steady)South Korea 0.921 (Steady)Slovenia 0.917 (Steady)Cyprus 0.903 (Increase 1)Portugal 0.897 (Decrease 1)Brunei 0.894 (Increase 4)[26]Past top countries[edit]The list below displays the top-ranked country from each year of the Human Development Index. Norway has been ranked the highest eleven times, Canada eight times, followed by Japan which has been ranked highest three times. Iceland has beenranked highest twice.In each original report[edit]The year represents when the report was published. In parentheses is the year for which the index was calculated.2014 (2013) Norway2013 (2012) Norway2011 (2011) Norway2010 (2010) Norway2009 (2007) Norway2008 (2006) Iceland2007 (2005) Iceland2006 (2004) Norway2005 (2003) Norway2004 (2002) Norway2003 (2001) Norway2002 (2000) Norway2001 (1999) Norway2000 (1998) Canada1999 (1997) Canada1998 (1995) Canada1997 (1994) Canada1996 (1993) Canada1995 (1992) Canada1994 (????) Canada1993 (????) Japan1992 (1990) Canada1991 (1990) Japan1990 (????) JapanFuture HDI projections[edit]In April 2010, the Human Development Report Office provided[27] the 20102030 HDIprojections (quoted in September 2010, by the United Nations Development Programme, in the Human Development Research paper 2010/40, pp. 4042). These projectionswere reached by re-calculating the HDI, using (for components of the HDI) projections of the components conducted by agencies that provide the UNDP with data for the HDI.Criticism[edit]The Human Development Index has been criticized on a number of grounds includingalleged ideological biases towards egalitarianism and so-called "Western modelsof development", failure to include any ecological considerations, lack of consideration of technological development or contributions to the human civilization, focusing exclusively on national performance and ranking, lack of attention to development from a global perspective, measurement error of the underlying statistics, and on the UNDP s changes in formula which can lead to severe misclassification in the categorisation of low , medium , high or very high human development countries.[28]Economists Hendrik Wolff, Howard Chong and Maximilian Auffhammer discuss the HDI

from the perspective of data error in the underlying health, education and income statistics used to construct the HDI.[28] They identify three sources of dataerror which are due to (i) data updating, (ii) formula revisions and (iii) thresholds to classify a countrys development status and find that 11%, 21% and 34% of all countries can be interpreted as currently misclassified in the developmentbins due to the three sources of data error, respectively. The authors suggestthat the United Nations should discontinue the practice of classifying countriesinto development bins because the cut-off values seem arbitrary, can provide incentives for strategic behavior in reporting official statistics, and have the potential to misguide politicians, investors, charity donors and the public who use the HDI at large. In 2010 the UNDP reacted to the criticism and updated the thresholds to classify nations as low, medium, and high human development countries. In a comment to The Economist in early January 2011, the Human Development Report Office responded[29] to a January 6, 2011 article in the magazine[30] which discusses the Wolff et al. paper. The Human Development Report Office states that they undertook a systematic revision of the methods used for the calculationof the HDI and that the new methodology directly addresses the critique by Wolff et al. in that it generates a system for continuous updating of the human development categories whenever formula or data revisions take place.Each year, UN member states are listed and ranked according to the computed HDI.If high, the rank in the list can be easily used as a means of national aggrandizement; alternatively, if low, it can be used to highlight national insufficiencies. Using the HDI as an absolute index of social welfare, some authors have used panel HDI data to measure the impact of economic policies on quality of life.[31]Geographical coverage[edit]The HDI has extended its geographical coverage: David Hastings, of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, published a report geographically extending the HDI to 230+ economies, whereas the UNDP HDI for 2009 enumerates 182 economies and coverage for the 2010 HDI dropped to 169 countries.[32][33]Country/Region specific HDI lists[edit]African countriesArgentine provincesAustralian states and territoriesBrazilian statesChilean regionsChinese administrative divisionsEuropean countriesIndian statesIndonesian provincesLatin American countriesMexican statesPakistani DistrictsPhilippine provincesRussian federal subjectsSouth African provincesU.S. statesVenezuelan statesSee also[edit]Portal iconSustainable development portalCity development index explains how the CDI or City Development Index is calculated.Demographic economicsEconomic developmentEthics of careHuman Development and Capability Association

Human Poverty IndexInternational Association for Feminist EconomicsInternational developmentImportant publications in development economicsOxford Poverty and Human Development InitiativeSocial Progress IndexSustainable developmentSystem of National Accounts which contains alternative ways of measuring progress.UN Human Development IndexWelfare economicsWomen s education and developmentWorld Happiness ReportNotes and references[edit]Jump up ^ "The Human Development concept". UNDP. Retrieved 7 April 2012.Jump up ^ "United Nations Development Programme". Undp.org. 2013-05-26. Retrieved 2013-05-30.Jump up ^ Human Development Report, The Real Wealth of Nations: Pathways to Human Development (2010) 87Jump up ^ Fukuda-Parr, Sakiko (2003). "The Human Development Paradigm: operationalizing Sens ideas on capabilities". Feminist Economics 9 (23): 301317. doi:10.1080/1354570022000077980.Jump up ^ United Nations Development Programme (1999). Human Development Report1999. New York: Oxford University Press.Jump up ^ HDR_2013_EN_TechNotes. Page 2.Jump up ^ Mean years of schooling (of adults) (years) is a calculation of the average number of years of education received by people ages 25 and older in theirlifetime based on education attainment levels of the population converted intoyears of schooling based on theoretical durations of each level of education attended. Source: Barro, R. J.; Lee, J.-W. (2010). "A New Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World, 19502010". NBER Working Paper No. 15902.Jump up ^ (Expected years of schooling is a calculation of the number of years achild of school entrance age is expected to spend at school, or university, including years spent on repetition. It is the sum of the age-specific enrolment ratios for primary, secondary, post-secondary non-tertiary and tertiary educationand is calculated assuming the prevailing patterns of age-specific enrolment rates were to stay the same throughout the childs life. Expected years of schoolingis capped at 18 years. (Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2010). Correspondence on education indicators. March. Montreal.)Jump up ^ Definition, Calculator, etc. at UNDP site[dead link]^ Jump up to: a b c http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-report-en-1.pdf^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Human Development Report 2014 "Sustaining Human Progress: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Building Resilience"". HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 25 July 2014.^ Jump up to: a b http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdfJump up ^ "2011 Human Development Index" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-05-30.Jump up ^ "2011 Human Development Complete Report" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-05-30.^ Jump up to: a b International Human Rights Development Indicators, UNDPJump up ^ "2010 Human Development Index trends, 19802010" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-05-30.Jump up ^ "2010 Human Development Complete Report" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-05-30.Jump up ^ "Human Development Report 2010" (PDF). UNDP. pp. 152155. Retrieved 2014-08-03.Jump up ^ "Samoa left out of UNDP index", Samoa Observer, January 22, 2010Jump up ^ Cuba country profile, UNDPJump up ^ "Human Development Report 2009" (PDF). UNDP. pp. 167174. Retrieved 2014-08-03.

Jump up ^ "News Human Development Reports (UNDP)". Hdr.undp.org. 2008-12-18. Retrieved 2013-05-30.Jump up ^ "Human Development Indices: A statistical update 2008". UNDP. p. 29. Retrieved 2014-08-03.Jump up ^ "Human Development Indices: A statistical update 2008". UNDP. p. 32. Retrieved 2014-08-03.Jump up ^ "Human Development Report 2007/2008". UNDP. Retrieved 2014-08-03.Jump up ^ "Human Development Report 2007/2008" (PDF). UNDP. p. 229. Retrieved 2014-08-03.Jump up ^ In: Daponte Beth Osborne, and Hu difei: "Technical Note on Re-Calculating the HDI, Using Projections of Components of the HDI", April 2010, United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report Office.^ Jump up to: a b Wolff, Hendrik; Chong, Howard; Auffhammer, Maximilian (2011)."Classification, Detection and Consequences of Data Error: Evidence from the Human Development Index". Economic Journal 121 (553): 843870. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2010.02408.x.Jump up ^ "UNDP Human Development Report Office s comments". The Economist. January 2011.[dead link]Jump up ^ "The Economist (pages 6061 in the issue of Jan 8, 2011)". January 6, 2011.Jump up ^ Davies, A.; Quinlivan, G. (2006). "A Panel Data Analysis of the Impactof Trade on Human Development". Journal of Socio-Economics 35 (5): 868876. doi:10.1016/j.socec.2005.11.048.Jump up ^ Hastings, David A. (2009). "Filling Gaps in the Human Development Index". United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Working Paper WP/09/02.Jump up ^ Hastings, David A. (2011). "A "Classic" Human Development Index with 232 Countries". HumanSecurityIndex.org. Information Note linked to dataExternal links[edit]Human Development Report2010 Human Development Index UpdateHuman Development Interactive MapHuman Development Tools and RankingsTechnical note explaining the definition of the HDI PDF (5.54 MB)An independent HDI covering 232 countries, formulated along lines of the traditional (pre-2010) approach.List of countries by HDI at NationMaster.comAmerica Is # ... 15? by Dalton Conley, The Nation, March 4, 2009Human Development Index (HDI) by countries at world-statistics.org[show] v t eEconomic classification of countries[show] v t eLists of countries by population statistics[show] v t eLists of countries by quality of life rankingsWikimedia Commons has media related to Human Development Index.Categories: Human Development IndexInternational rankingsGlobalization-related indicesScience and technology in IndiaScience and technology in PakistanEnvironmental economicsNavigation menuCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView historyMain pageContentsFeatured contentCurrent eventsRandom articleDonate to WikipediaWikimedia ShopInteraction

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