HUMAN ANATOMYLecture 2

Anatomical Directions and Gross Anatomical

Structures

Southern Boone County Schools

Bill Palmer

Human Anatomy

There are several basic terms you need to know to get started in anatomy. These terms are used to describe how anatomical structures are positioned in relationship to each other.

Hint: They generally occur in pairs and if you learn one then it is easier to learn the other.

Human Anatomy-Position

Standard Anatomical PositionStand erect

Feet slightly apart

Head and toes pointed forward

Arms at sides

Palms facing forward

Q: Is this comfortable?

Human Anatomy-Position

Human Anatomy-Directions

Right/Left-The subject’s Right and left

Anterior/Posterior-Front/Back

Medial/Lateral-Toward the middle/away from the middle

Cephalad (cranial)/Caudal-Toward the head/toward the butt

Dorsal/Ventral-Toward the back/toward the belly

Superior/Inferior-Above/below

Human Anatomy-Directions

Deep-moving toward the middle of the specimen

Superficial-moving away from the middle of the specimen

Radial-Toward the thumbs

Ulnar-Toward the little finger

Palmar-toward the palm side

Human Anatomy-Body PlanesA Plane is how a specimen is sliced. 3 main typesTransverse Plane-a plane dividing a standing person into an upper and lower parts (belt)Frontal Plane (coronal)-a plane that divides a standing person into dorsal and ventral partsSagittal Plane-a plane that divides a standing person into right and left partsMidsaggital Plane-a plane that divides a standing person into EQUAL right and left parts

Human Anatomy-Body Planes

Human Anatomy-Landmarks

Antebrachial-Forearm

Antecubital-Anterior of elbow

Axillary-Armpit

Brachial-Arm

Buccal-Mouth

Carpal-Wrist

Cervical-neck

Coxal-Hip

Crural-Leg

Digital-Fingers, Toes

Femoral-Thigh

Frontal-Forehead

Hallux-Great (Big) Toe

Inguinal-Groin

Human Anatomy-Landmarks

Mammary-Breast

Mental-Chin

Nasal-Nose

Oral-Mouth

Orbital-Eye Socket

Palmar-Palm of hand

Patellar-Anterior knee

Pedal-foot

Pelvic-Pelvis

Fibular-Side of leg

Pollex-Thumb

Pubic-Genital Region

Sternal-Breastbone

Tarsal-Ankle

Thoracic-Chest

Umbillical-Navel

Human Anatomy-Landmarks

Acrominial-Point of Shoulder

Brachial-Arm

Calcaneal-Heel of foot

Cephalic-Head

Dorsum-Back

Femoral-Thigh

Gluteal-Buttocks

Lumbar-Small of backManus-HandOccipital-posterior of skullOlecranal-posterior of elbowOtic-EarPerineal-area between anus and genitals

Human Anatomy-Landmarks

Plantar-Sole of foot

Popliteal-Back of knee

Sacral-Between the hips

Scapular-shoulder blade

Sural-posterior of calf of leg

Vertebral-near the spinal column

Human AnatomyAbdominopelvic Regions

Umbilical Region-Centermost

Epigastric Region-Above center

Hypogastric Region-Below Center

Iliac Region-Lower Right and Left

Lumbar Region-Center Right and Left

Hypochondriac Region-Upper Right and Left

Human AnatomyAbdominopelvic Regions

Human AnatomyBody Cavities

Dorsal Body Cavity-Brain and SpineCranial Cavity-Brain

Spinal Cavity-Spine

Ventral Body Cavity-Chest and AbdomenThoracic Cavity-Chest

Abdominopelvic Cavity-Gut• Abdominal Cavity-Stomach Intestines

• Pelvic Cavity-Reproductive organs, Bladder, rectum

Human AnatomyBody Cavities

Oral Cavity-Mouth

Nasal Cavity-Nose

Orbital Cavity-Eye

Middle Ear Cavity-Internal Ear

Synovial Cavity-Joints

Human AnatomyBody Cavities

Human AnatomyWrap Ups

1. The wrist is _____ to the hand.

2. The brain is _____ to the spinal cord.

3. The thumb is ______ to the ring finger.

4. The skin is _____ to the skeleton.

5. Name two organs found in the left hypochondriac region.

Human AnatomyWrap Ups

6. A patient presents with severe pain in the right iliac region. What might it be?

7. What organ of the pelvic cavity is sectioned equally by the midsagittal section?

8. What cavity contains the brain?9. The knee joint is what type of body cavity?10. What is the most uncomfortable part of the

standard anatomical position?