human anatomy (biol 1010) e. goffe [email protected] office 1132f (providence)
TRANSCRIPT
Human Anatomy(BIOL 1010)
E. [email protected] 1132F (Providence)
What is Anatomy?Anatomy (= morphology): study of body’s structurePhysiology: study of body’s function
Structure reflects Function!!! Structure reflects Function!!! Branches of Anatomy Gross: Large structures Surface: Landmarks Histology: Cells and Tissues Developmental: Structures change through life Embryology: Structures form and develop before birth
Hierarchy of the Body
Moleculesmade of chemicals (4 macromolecules in body) carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Cellsmade of molecules cells and organelles
Tissuemade of cells epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
Organsmade of tissues made of >1 type of tissue
Systemsmade of organs 11 systems in human body
Organismsmade of systemsPg 3
Anatomical DirectionsAnatomical positionRegions Axial vs. Appendicular
Anatomical Directions-It’s all Relative! Anterior (ventral) vs. Posterior (dorsal) Medial vs. Lateral Superior (cranial) vs. Inferior (caudal) Superficial vs. Deep Proximal vs. Distal
Anatomical Planes Frontal = Coronal Transverse = Horizontal = Cross
Section Sagittal
Pg 6
Embryology: growth and development
of the body before birth
38 weeks from conception to birthPrenatal period Embryonic: weeks 1-8 Fetal: weeks 9-38
Basic adult body plan shows by 2nd month Skin = epidermis, dermis Outer body wall=muscle,
vertebral column and spinal cord Body cavity and digestive tubes Kidney and gonads Limbs=skin, muscle, bone
Weeks 5-8 and Fetal Period
Second month, tadpole person Tail disappears Head enlarges Extremities form (day 28, limb buds appear) Eyes, nose, ears form Organs in place
Fetal Period Rapid growth and maturation Organs grow and increase in complexity
& competence
4 Types of Tissue
1)Epithelium
2)Connective
3)Muscle
4)Nervous
Tissues: groups of cells closely associated that have a similar structure and perform a related function
Four types of tissue Epithelial = covering/lining Connective = support Muscle = movement Nervous = control
Most organs contain all 4 typesTissue has non-living extracellular material between its cells
EPITHELIAL TISSUE: sheets of cells cover a surface or line a cavity (tissue type #1)
Functions Protection Secretion Absorption Ion Transport Slippery Surface
Characteristics of Epithelium
CellularitySpecialized ContactsPolarity Apical vs. Basal
Supported by Connective TissueAvascularInnervatedRegenerative
Classification of Epithelium-based on number of layers and cell shape
Layers Simple Stratified Psuedostratified
Stratified layers characterized by shape of apical layerShapes Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Transitional Pg 71
Can You Identify the Classes of Epithelium?
A B
C
D
E
Quiz!!
Features of Apical Surface of Epithelium
Microvilli: (ex) in small intestine
Finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane of apical epithelial cell
Increase surface area for absorption
Cilia: (ex) respiratory tubes
Whip-like, motile extension of plasma membrane
Moves mucus, etc. over epithelial surface 1-way
Flagella: (ex) spermatoza
Extra long cilia Moves cell
Features of Lateral Surface of Epithelium
Cells are connected to neighboring cells via: Proteins-link cells together, interdigitate Contour of cells-wavy contour fits together Cell Junctions
Desmosomes-adhesive spots on lateral sides linked by proteins/filaments, holds tissues
together Tight Junctions-at apical area, plasma membrane of
adjacent cells fuse, nothing passes
Gap junction- spot-like junction occurring anywhere made of hollow cylinders of
protein, lets small molecules pass
Pg 80
Desomosomes
Features of the Basal Surface of Epithelium
Basement membrane = Sheet between the epithelial and connective tissue layers Attaches epithelium to connective tissue below Basal lamina: thin, non-cellular, supportive sheet
Made of proteins Superficial layer Acts as a selective filter Assists epithelial cell regeneration by moving new cells
Reticular fiber layer Deeper layer Support
Name that Epithelial Feature!
(name and location on cell)
CiliaTight junctionMicrovilliBasement membrane
2
3
4
1
3
1
2
4
Glands: epithelial cells that make and secrete a water-based substance w/proteins
Exocrine Glands Secrete substance onto body
surface or into body cavity Have ducts (simple vs.
compound) Unicellular (goblet cells) or
Multicellular (tubular, alveolar, tubuloalveolar)
(ex) salivary, mammary, pancreas, liver
Goblet cell in small intestine
Glands: epithelial cells that make and secrete a water-based substance w/proteins
Endocrine Glands Secrete product into blood stream Either stored in secretory cells or in follicle
surrounded by secretory cells Hormones travel to target organ to
increase response (excitatory) No ducts (ex) pancreas, adrenal,
pituitary, thyroidThyroid gland: hormone in follicles
(F) released into capillaries (C)
4 Types of Connective Tissue
1) Connective Tissue Proper
2) Cartilage3) Bone Tissue4) Blood
Connective Tissue (CT): most abundant and diverse tissue
(tissue type #2)
Four Classes Functions include connecting, storing & carrying nutrients, protection, fight infection CT contains large amounts of non-living extracellular matrix Some types vascularized All CT originates from mesenchyme
1) Connective Tissue Proper
Two kinds: Loose CT & Dense CTPrototype: Loose Areolar Tissue Underneath epithelial tissue Functions
Support and bind to other tissue Hold body fluids Defends against infection Stores nutrients as fat
Each function performed by different kind of fiber in tissue
Fibers in Connective TissueFibers For Support Reticular: form networks for structure &
support (ex) cover capillaries Collagen: strongest, most numerous, provide
tensile strength (ex) dominant fiber in ligaments Elastic: long + thin, stretch and retain shape (ex) dominant fiber in elastic cartilage
In Connective Tissue Proper
Fibroblasts: cells that produce all fibers in CT, produce + secrete protein subunits to make them, produce ground matrixInterstitial (Tissue) Fluid: derived from blood in CT proper; medium for nutrients, waste + oxygen to travel to cells; found in ground matrixGround Matrix (substance): part of extra-cellular material that holds and absorbs interstitial fluid, jelly-like with sugar & protein molecules
Defense from Infection
Areolar tissue below epithelium is body’s first defenseCells travel to CT in blood Macrophages-eat foreign particles Plasma cells-secrete antibodies, mark
molecules for destruction Mast cells-contain chemical mediators for
inflammation response White Blood Cells = neutrophils, lymphocytes,
eosinophils-fight infection
Ground substance + cell fibers-slow invading microorganisms
Areolar Connective Tissue Model
Pg 85Histological slide
Specialized Loose CT ProperAdipose tissue-loaded with adipocytes, highly vascularized, high metabolic activity Insulates, produces energy, supports
(eg) in hypodermis under skin
Reticular CT-contains only reticular fibers Forms caverns to hold free cells
(eg) bone marrow, holds blood cells Forms internal “skeleton” of some organs
(eg) lymph nodes, spleen
Dense/Fibrous Connective Tissue
Contains more collagen Can resist extremely strong pulling forcesRegular vs. Irregular Regular-fibers run same direction, parallel to pull
(eg) fascia, tendons, ligaments Irregular-fibers thicker, run in different directions
(eg) dermis, fibrous capsules at ends of bones
Dense regular
Dense irregular
Components of CT Proper Summarized
Cells Matrix
Fibroblasts Gel-like ground substance
Defense cells-macrophages-white blood cells
Collagen fibersReticular fibersElastic fibers
Adipocytes
2) CartilageChondroblasts produce cartilageChondrocytes mature cartilage cellsMore abundant in embryo than adultFirm, FlexibleResists compression
(eg) trachea, meniscus
80% waterAvascular (chondrocytes can function w/low oxygen)
NOT InnervatedPerichondrium-dense, irregular connective tissue around cartilage
growth/repair of cartilage resists expansion during compression of cartilage
Cartilage in the Body
Three types: Hyaline
most abundant fibrils in matrix support via flexibility/resilience (eg) at limb joints, ribs, nose
Elastic many elastic fibers in matrix
too great flexibility (eg) external ear, epiglottis
Fibrocartilage resists both compression and
tension (eg) meniscus, annulus
fibrosus
Pg 125
Histology of Cartilage
Hyaline Cartilage
Histology of Cartilage
Elastic Cartilage
Histology of Cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Components of Cartilage Summarized
Cells Matrix
Chondrocytes Gel-like ground substance
Chondroblasts(in growing cartilage)
Lots of water
Some have collagen and elastic fibers
3) Bone Tissue:(a bone is an organ)
Well-vascularized Function: support (eg) pelvic bowl, legs protect (eg) skull, vertebrae mineral storage (eg) calcium, phosphate (inorganic
component) movement (eg) walk, grasp objects blood-cell formation (eg) red bone marrow
Osteoblasts: secrete organic part of bone matrix
Osteocytes: mature bone cells, maintain bone matrix
Periosteum: external layer of CT surrounds bone
Endosteum: internal layer of CT lines cavities and covers trabeculae
Compact bone: dense, external layer Haversian system = osteon
long, cylindrical structures run parallel to long axis of bone within each osteon, groups of concentric tubes (lamella) Lamella: layer of bone matrix all fibers run in same direction fibers on each lamella runs in opposite directions to one near it Haversian canal-runs through center of osteon, contain blood
vessels and nerves Interstitial Lamella- pieces of bone matrix between osteon Osteocytes between osteons
Bone Anatomy: Compact bonePg 128
Haversian System = Osteon
lamella
osteon
Pg 131
Pg 132
lamella
Spongy bone (cancellous bone): internal layer Trabeculae: small, needle-like pieces of bone
form honeycomb each made of several layers of lamellae +
osteocytes no canal for vessels space filled with bone marrow not as dense, no direct stress at bone’s center
Bone Anatomy: Spongy bone
Pg 130
12
3
4
Spongy Bone
Compact Bone
Lamella
Haversian canal
2
1
3
4
Histology of Bone
“Ground” Compact Bone
Components of Bone Tissue Summarized
Cells Matrix
Osteocytes Gel-like ground substance calcified with inorganic salts
Osteoblasts Collagen fibers
4) Blood: Atypical Connective Tissue
Function: Transports waste, gases, nutrients,
hormones through cardiovascular system Helps regulate body temperature Protects body by fighting infection
Derived from mesenchymeHematopoiesis: production of blood cells Occurs in red bone marrow In adults, axial skeleton, girdles, proximal
epiphyses of humerus and femur
Blood CellsErythrocytes: (RBC) small, oxygen-transporting
most abundant in bloodno organelles, filled w/hemoglobinpick up O2 at lungs, transport to rest of body
Platelets = Thrombocytes: fragments of cytoplasm
plug small tears in vessel walls, initiates clotting
Leukocytes: (WBC) complete cells , 5 types
fight against infectious microorganisms
stored in bone marrow for emergencies
Histology of Blood and Vessel Blood Smear
Histology of Blood Vessels
Artery Vein
Components of Blood Summarized
Cells Matrix
Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
Plasma (liquid matrix)
Leukocytes(white blood cells)
NO fibers
Platelets
Muscle Tissue (tissue type #3)
Muscle cells/fibers Elongated Contain many myofilaments: Actin & Myosin
FUNCTION Movement Maintenance of posture Joint Stabilization Heat Generation
Three types: Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth
Skeletal Muscle Tissue(each skeletal muscle is an organ)
Cells Long and cylindrical, in bundles Multinucleate Obvious Striations
Skeletal Muscles-VoluntaryConnective Tissue Components: Endomysium-surrounds fibers Perimysium-surrounds bundles Epimysium-surrounds the muscle
Attached to bones, fascia, skinOrigin & Insertionpg 235
Cardiac MuscleCells Branching, chains of cells Single or Binucleated Striations Connected by Intercalated
discs
Cardiac Muscle-InvoluntaryMyocardium-heart muscle Pumps blood through vessels
Connective Tissue Component Endomysium: surrounding cells
Pg 244
Smooth Muscle Tissue
CellsSingle cells, uninucleateNo striations
Smooth Muscle-Involuntary2 layers-opposite orientation (peristalsis)
Lines hollow organs, blood vesselsConnective Tissue Component
Endomysium: surrounds cells
Pg 246
Histology of Muscle Tissue
SMOOTH
CARDIAC
SKELETAL
Nervous Tissue
Neurons: specialized nerve cells conduct impulses Cell body, dendrite, axon
Interneuron: between motor & sensory neuron in CNSCharacterized by: No mitosis (cell replication) Longevity High metabolic rate
pg 322
Nervous Tissue: control
Support cells (= Glial): nourishment, insulation, protection Satellite cells-surround cell bodies
within ganglia Schwann cells-surround axons Microglia-phagocytes Oligodendrocytes-produce myelin
sheaths around axons Ependymal cells-line brain/spinal cord,
ciliated,help circulate CSF
Brain, spinal cord, nerves
Neuronal Anatomy
Synapse: cell junction where neurons communicateOne direction: presynaptic neuron, postsynaptic neuronPresynaptic neuron
Synaptic vesicles fuses w/presynaptic membrane
Neurotransmitters released, diffuse across synaptic cleft, bind to postsynaptic membrane ٠Creates impulse (action potential) in that neuron
٠Cycle repeats
pg 325
Histology of Neuron
Integumentary System
Skin Epidermis = epithelium Dermis = connective tissue
Hypodermis = connective tissueSkin Appendages = outgrowths of epidermis Hair follicles Sweat and Sebaceous glands Nails
Integumentary System
Functions Protection
Mechanical, thermal, chemical, UV Cushions & insulates deeper organs Prevention of water loss Thermoregulation Excretion
Salts, urea, water Sensory reception
Layers of the Epidermis Stratum corneum
Dead keratinocytes
Stratum lucidumDead keratinocytes
Stratum granulosumKeratinocytesTonofilamentsLamellated & keratohyaline granules
Stratum spinosumKeratinocytesTonofilamentsLangerhans cells
Stratum basaleKeratinocytesMelanocytesMerkel receptors
Dermis
Highly innervatedHighly vascularizedCollagen & Elastic fibersMany cell types
FibroblastsMacrophagesMast cellsWhite blood cells
Papillary layer (20%) Areolar CT Hair follicles
Reticular layer (80%) Dense Irregular CT Glands
Sebaceous glands Sweat glands
Smooth muscle fibers
Hypodermis
Also called superficial fasciaAreolar & Adipose Connective TissueFunctions Store fat Anchor skin to muscle, etc. Insulation
“May I please be excused? My brain is full!!”