hum 2220 greek and roman
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J Fitzgerald HUM 2220 1
Humanities & Employment
How can the humanities help prepare us for employment?
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Surveys show that employers are looking for the following things:
• Writing skills• Speaking skills• Computation skills• Social skills• Reading skills
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Employers Realize
The more high-tech we become…
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Humanities: Greek & Roman
Laocoon, by Agesander, et al, of Rhodes, late 2nd centuryB.C., Vatican Museum, Rome, Italy
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Employers Realize
• Technology can lead to isolationism
• This results in a loss of humaneness
• Humanities help keep us humane
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Humanities & Definition
“...Humanities is about who we are, who we were, and who we will be…
it is the study of humankind and its achievements, both glorious and humble…
It is...the study of the human experience, an experience that is universal and timeless…” --Vandermast
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Humanities & History
• History has a flow• The flow of history is rooted in ideas• Ideas determine actions
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How Ideas Spread
• Geographically• Sociologically• One discipline to
another
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How Ideas Penetrate the Culture
• Philosophy• Art & Music• General Culture
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Levels of Discussion
• Theorhetical• Emotional• Table Talk
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Divisions of History
Ancient Middle Modern Post-modern
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Greek & Roman Timeline1000 BC 400 323-146 133-476ADHeroic Age Classical Period Hellenistic Period Roman
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Dominant Ideas of the Greeks
The Polis
The Gods
Philosophy
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Dominant Ideas of the Romans
Republican Rome
Imperial Rome
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The Legend of Theseus
According to Greek legend, the hero Theseus,
the son of Aegeus,
king of Athens, was born and brought up in a distant land.
his mother did not send him to Athens until he was a young man able to lift a stone under which his father had put a sword and a pair of sandals.
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Theseus Arrives In Athens
When Theseus arrived in Athens after many adventures,
he found the city in deep mourning. it was again time to send to Minos, king of Crete,
the yearly tribute of seven youths and seven maidens
to be devoured by the Minotaur. • This was a terrible monster, half human and half bull.
Theseus offered himself as one of the victims, hoping that he would be able to slay the monster.
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Thesues Reaches Crete
When he reached Crete, Ariadne, the beautiful daughter of the king, fell in love with him.
She aided him by giving him a sword,
with which he killed the Minotaur,
and a ball of thread, with which he was able to find his way out of the winding labyrinth where the monster was kept.
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Theseus Returns
Theseus had promised his father that if he succeeded in his quest he would hoist white sails on his ship when he returned; it had black sails when he left. He forgot his promise. King Aegeus, seeing the dark sails, thought his son was dead and jumped into the sea. The sea has since been called the Aegean in his honor. Theseus then became king of the Athenians. He united the village communities of the plain of Attica into a strong and powerful nation.
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Theseus Is KilledTheseus was killed by treachery during a revolt of the Athenians.
Later his memory was held in great reverence. At the battle of Marathon in 490 BC many of the Athenians believed they saw his spirit leading them against the Persians.
After the Persian Wars the oracle at Delphi ordered the Athenians to find the grave of Theseus on the island of Skyros, where he had been killed, and to bring back his bones to Athens.
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Theseus’ Remains Carried to Athens
The oracle's instructions were obeyed.
In 469 BC the supposed remains of Theseus were carried back to Athens.
The tomb of the great hero became a place of refuge for the poor and oppressed people of the city.
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Minoan Civilization: 3000-1300 B.C.
Developed on Crete highly organized bronze age culture
Built large towns served as centers for ruling families & religious leaders
In 1900 Arthur Evans discovered the palace at Knosis covering 5.5 acres
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Characteristics of the Minoans
Palace walls Decorated with vivid paintings & porcelain pottery
Elaborate jewelry Was worn by figures pictured
StoreroomsWere found with huge oils jars
bathrooms W/drainage, waste shoots & ventilation
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Minoan Religion & MythologyCalled Minoan after King Minos
who was according to mythology the son of Zeus and Europa, a Phoenician princes
Worshiped the mother goddess whose symbol was the double bladed ax called the labrys
The maze of rooms in the palace recall the Greek myth of the labyrinth
Daedalus built a labyrinth to house the maneating Minotaur (half-man, half-bull)
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Mysterious End of the Minoans
The Mycenaeans conquered the Minoans c. 1400 B.C.
Knossos was abandoned for unkown reasons
Both cultures became a source for later Greek mythology
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Mycenae 1900-1100 B.C.
Mycenaean life also centered around the palace complexes
The lions gate (left) opens to the citidel of Mycenae
escavated by Heinrich Schliemann
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Mycenaean Characteristics
Power center of MediterraneanProsperous traders from Egypt to ItalyMilitaristic: fortress-palaceHero worship,
later influence on Greeks
Trojan war: reality & myth (inspiration for Homer’s Iliad.
c. 1200 B.C. Mycenae mysteriously fellinvasion, internal strife, natural causes all suggested as responsible for fall
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The Dark Age
The death of one civilized order
The birth of a new civilized order
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Early Greece
Zeus or Poseidon, ca 460-450 B.C. National Museum, Athens, Greece
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Early Greece:Three Periods
The Heroic Age (c. 1000-750 B.C.)
Age of Colonization(c. 750-600 B.C.)
Archaic Period (c. 600-480 B. C.)
Apollo, from pediment of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia, ca 460 B.C. Museum Olympia.
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The Heroic Period
First three hundred years of iron agelimited contact with other Mediterranean peoples
First great works of literature known as epic poems: Illiad & Odyssey (heroic themes)
Development slow
Geometric visual art
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The Age of Colonization
Greek travelers & merchants explore lands east & west
Many new ideas & artistic styles brought to Greece
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The Archaic Period
Foreign influences absorbed
Paved the way for the Classical Period
Victory over Persians in wars lasting from 490-479 B.C.
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Polis: City-State
After fall Mycenaeans Greece was divided regionally/geographically into city-states.
Athens - Attica
Thebes - Boeotia
Sparta - Laconia, etc.
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City-States in Ancient Greece
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Athens as an Example
The polis was the center of political, religious, social, and artistic lifeCitizens maintained a strong sense of loyalty to the polisThe individuals identity was tied to the polisMap of ancient Athens
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The Acropolis: Athens
A fortified, elevated citadel
Or hilltop fortress around which life revolved in the Greek city-states
(Left) The famed Athenian Acropolis, a hill about 260 feet high
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Architeture of Acropolis
The Propylaea, by Mnesicles, 437-432 B.C. Temple of Athena Nike, 427-424 B.C.The Erechtheum, 421-405 B.C. The Parthenon, by Ictinus and Callicrates, 438-432 B.C.
Model of Acropolis
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The City-State: Glorious & Humble
Each city developed its unique artistic styleThis led to competition
Competition led to bitter & destructive rivalries
Rivalry produced unsurpassed development and internal struggles
It proved an insufficient base for the larger superstructure
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Greek Gods
Zeus - Father of Gods & MenHera - Wife of Zeus, Queen of HeavenPoseidon - Brother of Zeus, God of SeaHephaestus - Son of Zeus & Hera, God of FireAres - God of WarApollo - God of prophecy, intellect, Music & Medicine
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Greek Gods Continued
• Artemis - Goddess of Chastity & Moon• Demeter - Earth Mother, Goddess of Fertility• Aphrodite - Goddess of Beauty, Love & Marriage• Athena - Goddess of Wisdom• Hermes - Messenger of Gods, God of Cleverness• Dionysus - God of Wine & Emotions
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Greek Gods & Western God
• Greek• polytheistic
• dualistic - good & evil
• amplified humanity
• limited knowledge
• limited power
• mutable
• finite
• not transcendent
• Western• monotheistic
• omnibenevolent - all good
• supreme spirit
• omniscient
• omnipotent
• immutable
• infinite
• transcendent
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Homer & Epic Poems
• Iliad & Odyssey • held in high esteem for centuries
• Homer is their accepted author• regarded as the first & best Western literary figure
• although little is known about him
• verbal tradition
• passed down by professional bards (storytellers)
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The Iliad
• Takes place during the final year of Greeks siege of Troy
• Only indirectly concerned with Trojan War• Its subject
• is really the anger of Achilles & its consequences
• Its message or moral• be prepared to take responsibility for our actions• wrong actions effect more than ourselves, even
those we love
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The Story• Agamemnon
– Commander of Greek forces– Angers Apollos by taking Chryseis, the daughter of Chryses
& priest of Apollo, as a spoil of war– He refuses to return her to her father unless he takes another– He takes Briseis who is Achilles spoil
• Achilles– The Greeks most powerful warrior & hero– He avenges the actions of Agamemnon by withdrawing his
military support– This results in the death of his best friend Patroclus
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The Odyssey
• Odysseus encounters:– The island of the
Lotus-Eaters, the one eyed Cyclopes, the Aeolian wind
– Laestrygone cannibals– The enchantress Circe– Hades, the nymphs of
Siren, Scylla & Charybdis, the Isle of the Sun, Calypso
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Art In Heroic Age• Painted pottery is all
that remains from 1st 300 yrs. of Greek art
• Pottery decorated with abstract geometric designs
• Two divisions of period:• Protogeometric (1000-
900 B.C. text p. 40)• Geometric (900-700
B.C. left)
Dipylon Amphora. c. 750 B.C. Height4’11’’. National Museum, Athens. Or-iginally grave marker. Note: dead man& mourners on main band.
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Characteristics of Geometric Art• 1000-900 designs:
concentric circles & semicircles (text 40, 2.2)
• Qualities of clarity & order begin to show
• 900-700 linear designs zigzags, triangles, diamonds, meander (maze pattern), human & animal figures
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Art in Age Of Colonization
– City-states ruled by small groups of aristocrats
– Their graves marked by Amphoras– Two centuries of peace led to prosperity– Ruling class became image conscious
regarding city-states– They began to function as patrons of the arts– Festivals became competitive sites for artists
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Greeks Go Abroad
• Italy & Sicily were colonized to the west• Egypt & Black Sea region to south• Asia minor to the east including
Phoenicians & Persians– Rivalries persisted in colonies
• Greece art & life profited from rich culture in Near East.
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Visual Art In Corinth & Athens
• Corinthian art used variety of eastern motifs– Sphinxes, winged
humans, floral designs
– More colorful
• Athens was slower to respond
Red-figure amphora: vase of Meidias, 5th century B.C. Archaeological Museum, Florence, Italy.
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Beginning of Greek Sculpture• Greek settlers in Egypt
given land mid-7th cent. by pharaoh Psammetichos I
• Egyptian sculpture influenced Greeks
• Small number of figures are repeated
• Kouros & Kore
Left, Kouros of Anavysos, ca 550-525 B.C. Right, Standing Statue, uninscribed,Egyptian XII Dynasty.
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Beginnings of Greek Sculpture Continued
• By 600 B.C. Greek Art changed
• From abstract to realism
Copyright © 1994-1996 Zane Publishing, Inc.Kore, ca 510-500 B.C., National Museum, Athens, Greece
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Progress of Greek Sculpture
• Calf-Bearer. c. 550 B.C.
• First break from traditional stance
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Architecture: Doric & Ionic
• Archaic period marked by many temples in Doric Style
• Also influenced by Egyptian models
• Doric order c. 600 B.C.• Ionic style used in
classical period 5th cent & later
The Basilica, ca 530 B.C., Paestum, Italy
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Doric & Ionic Columns
• Comparison of two styles
• Ionic left• Doric right
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Doric Style
• Doric Simpler & grander
• Columns:– have no base & rise
from floor– Columns taper toward
top– Have 20 flutes (vertical
grooves)
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Ionic Style
• More elaborate– Tiered base– 24 flutes– spiraled capitals
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Corinthian Style
• Discussed in chapter 4
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Greek Dance & Music• Frequent references show music was central to Greek
life• History of Greek music problematic
• little evidence exists today• less than a dozen fragments exist• the earliest from 5th century B.C.• understanding of notation makes performance impossible
• Greeks believed music had a divine origin• played important part of everyday life• important in religious context• Plato & Aristotle wrote about Greek music theory & it
was part of the general education curriculum
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Modal Music
• Greek music was centered around modes or scales– Each mode had the power to change behavior in a
spefific way– Olympus (from Asia Minor) was the mythological
founder of music
• Musical instruments included the lyre, kithara & the aulos
• Music was mainly vocal
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Dance in Early Greece
• Played central role in drama• Little is known about dance, but some is
pictured in visual arts• It was both religious & social• Like all art, dance too told a story
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Literature
• Literature between Homer & Archaic period is limited
• Hesiod c. 700 B.C. is exception– Theogony - origins of
the world– Works & Days -
disadvantages of being poor & oppressed
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Lyric Poetry• Homer for aristocrats• Lyric poetry concerned
w/poets own thoughts & feelings
• Sappho most significant lyric poet
– First women lyricist w/ legacy– Born c. 612 B.C. at Lesbos– Wife, mother, poet, teacher– Both her beauty & passion
have been debated
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Herodotus (484-420 B.C.)
• First Greek Historian• Called the “Father of History”• Great Story teller• Wrote History of the Persian Wars (an
account of the final years of archaic period)
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Herodotus’ Weaknesses
• Not scientific• Did not understand military strategy• Interpreted events in terms of personality
rather than political or economic
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Herodotus’ Strengths
• Impartial• Free from national prejudice• Acute observer• Recorded voluminous information• Provided his own evaluation of the
reliability of his sources
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Herodotus’ Analysis
• Based on Philosophical & theological presuppositions– The Persians were defeated because they were
morally in the wrong– Defeat was due to hubris or excessive ambition
& pride– Greek victory an example of right over might– Also that the gods guarantee the triumph of
justice
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Herodotus to the Modern Reader
• Greeks were successful because they were united against a common enemy
• Victory led to the Classical Age - the greatest period in Greek history
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The Classical Period 479-323
• Victory in Persians wars produced optimism– No limit to possibilities of human development– Level of civilization rarely ever achieved– High point last half of 5th cent.– Golden Age of Greece– Drama, historiography, town planning, medicine,
painting, sculpture, math, government, philosophy
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The Classical Ideal
• Greece’s conquerors spread their ideas– Macedonians, Romans
• Greeks did not live in peace– Inability to practice own ideals– War between city states
• Success of Classical Age– Belief that quest for reason & order gave unifying ideal– Central principle: existence can be ordered &
controlled, human ability can triumph over chaos
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Philosophy
• The early philosophers were not great because of the answers they gave; they were great because of the questions they asked
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The Presocratic Philosophers 585 B.C.
• Study of nature• What is everything made of? • All things consist of some basic “stuff” or Arche
– Thales – water– Anaximenes – air – Heraclitus – fire– Anaximander – an indefinite or boundless realm– Parmenides – whatever is, is– Empedocles – earth, air, fire, water (basic elements)– Leucippus & Democritus – atoms
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The Sophists
• The Study of humankind & human behavior• Five core beliefs
– Atheists– Naturalists– Relativists– Materialists– Mechanists– Hylozoists
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Sophists
• Protagoras – “man is the measure of all things” Knowledge is relative to each person
• Gorgias – nothing exisirs, if anything does exist you couldn’t know it, and even if you could know it you couldn’t communicate it
• Thrasymachus – injustice to be preferred to justice, might is right, people should aggressively, pursue their own interests, justice is whatever is in the interest of the stronger…
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Socrates (470-399 B.C.)
• Life overlapped with sophists• 1st real giant in History. of Phil.• Goals
– shift attention from means to end– define key terms i.e. “justice”
• Why he was executed– impiety against Olympian Gods– corrupting the youth of Athens
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Socrates: Major Elements
• Major elements:– The unexamined life is not worth living
• reason separates us from animals (when humans fail to examine their lives they are subhuman/animal-like)
– The well being of a person’s soul is more important than their body
– Better to suffer injustice than to commit injustice– Virtue is knowledge
• The reason why most people do wrong is ignorance
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Plato’s Writings
• Early Dialogues– Primarily Socratic
• Middle Dialogues– Mixture of Plato’s and Socrates’ ideas
• Later Dialogues– Socrates doesn’t appear at all
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Seven Ideas Plato Opposed
• Atheism– Plato knew there was a Divine something
• Olympian Religion
• Greek Mysteries Religions
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Seven Ideas Plato Opposed
• Empiricism– All knowledge through sense perception
• Plato’s alternative was rationalism
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Seven Ideas Plato Opposed
• Relativism– Plato was an absolutist
• There are standards which are absolute and unchanging.
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Seven Ideas Plato Opposed
• Hedonism– belief that pleasure is
the highest good.
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Seven Ideas Plato Opposed
• Materialism– Plato was an Idealist
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Seven Ideas Plato Opposed
• Naturalism– Plato was a supernaturalist
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Seven Ideas Plato Opposed
• Mechanism– Belief that reality was a machine.– No purpose to anything that happens in nature.
• Plato was teleologist.
• He believed that a mind is at work in the universe.
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Plato’s Dualism (Three Kinds)
• Metaphysical • The Ideal and the Physical Worlds
– Theory of the Forms• Plato believed that human beings lived in two
different worlds.
• The worlds of being and becoming
• The lower and the upper world
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Plato’s Dualism (Metaphysical)
• The Lower World– The world of physical things– Everything is changing
• The Upper World– The World of Forms
• A Form is an eternal, unchangeable and universal essence.
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Plato’s Dualism
• Epistemological– Experience and Reason
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Plato’s Dualism
• Anthropological– Body and Soul
• Negations of Body/Soul Dualism in Socrates – The unexamined life is not worth living.– The well being of a person’s soul is more important
than his body.– Better to suffer injustice than to commit injustice.– Virtue is knowledge.
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Classical Period 479-323 B.C.• Victory in Persians wars
produced optimism– No limit to possibilities
of human development– Level of civilization
rarely ever achieved– High point last half of 5th
cent.– Golden Age of Greece– Drama, historiography,
town planning, medicine, painting, sculpture, math, government, philosophy Laocoon, by Agesander, et al of Rhodes, late 2nd
centuryB.C. Vatican Museum, Rome, Italy
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The Classical Ideal• Greece’s conquerors spread
their ideas– Macedonians, Romans
• Greeks did not live in peace– Inability to practice own ideals– War between city states
• Success of Classical Age– Belief that quest for reason &
order gave unifying ideal– Central principle: existence can
be ordered & controlled, human ability can triumph over chaos
The Acropolis, Athens
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Classical Impact
• Emphasis on order affected religion
• Also affected political & cultural life– democratic
government• ecclesia - directing
council
• boule - magistracies
• Juries
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The Athenian Tragic Dramatists• Three Great Masters
– Aeschylus– Sophocles– Euripides
• Theater was a religious ritual & considered sacred groud
• Each author submitted four plays (trilogy & satyr) performed consecutively on same day
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Dramatic Sources• Religious sources• Mythology
– dealt with relationship between human & divine– actors served as priests of Dionysus
• masks
• elaborate costumes
• raised shoes were worn• Chorus
• a groups centrally involved in the action • represent the point of view of the spectator• reduces intense emotions of principals to more human terms
& comments on them
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Aeschylus 525-456 B.C.• Earliest Playwright, died before Classical period• Work Shows
• deep insight into human weakness and dangers of power
• maintains belief that right will triumph in the end
• the process of recognizing right is painful
• one must suffer to learn one’s errors
• process is inevitable, controlled by divine force of Justice personified under the name of Zeus
• maintains optimism in spite of violence
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Aeschylus’ Dramas• Oresteia trilogy– first prize in festival of 485 B.C.– subject is growth of civilization
• the gradual transition from primitive law of vendetta to the rational society of civilized humanity
• Agamemnon (first play)– the tension between seeking the good of the individual
or that of the public• must make choice between sacrificing his daughter Iphigenia
• he sacrifices his daughter
• he is murdered by his wife
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Aeschylus’ 2nd & 3rd Plays
• Libation Bearers– Centered around the principle of violence breeds
violence with Agamemnon & Clytemnestra’s son Orestes
• Orestes kills his mother with the ecouragement of his sister Electra
• is tormented by the furies - the goddesses of vengence
• The Eumenides (The Kindly Ones)– violence can only end through power & reason
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Sophocles 496-406 B.C.
• Antigone– Thebes has been attacked by forces under
Polynices – Polynices is killed– Creaon forbids anyone to burry Polynices– Polynices sister disobeys stating religious &
family rights are above the state– Creaon’s sttubornness bring tragedy for him
and Antigone
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Sophocles: Oedipus the King
• The choice between good & evil is never clear or easy and sometimes impossible
• He insists that we must revere the forces that we cannot see or understand makes him the most traditionally religious of the tragedies
• Doomed before his birth to kill his father & mary his mother
• attempts to avoid fate, he fails, and blinds himself
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Euripides 484-486 B.C. & Aristophanes 450-385 B.C.
• Hates war & senseless misery• Political satire & fantasy
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Greek Tragedy: Definition
• “An imitation of an action that is serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude; in language embellished with every kind of artistic ornament, the several kinds being found in separate parts of the play; in the form of dramatic action, not narrative; through pity and fear effecting the proper purifications of these emotions.” --Aristotle
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Six Parts of a Tragedy
• Plot (the most important)• Character (2nd in importance)• Diction• Thought• Spectacle (leat important)• Song
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Elements of Plot
• Beginning• Middle• End• Does not require single person as the hero
to achieve wholeness• Must be long enough to move sequence of
events “from calamity to good fortune,” or “from good fortune to calamity”
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Further Elements of Tragedy• Utilizes surprise• results from reversal
• results from recognition
• or to arouse pity or fear
• It’s complexity arises from cause & effect which proposes to the audience a plausible rationale for the action
• The tragic hero must be a noble individual who brings about his own downfall by error or frailty
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Visual Arts In Classical Greece
• Classical Features– Balance– Order– Realism– Motion– Naturalism– Proportion– Symmetry
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Myron (Mid 5th)• Most Famous 5th century
sculpor• None of his originals
survived• There are a number of
copies of his most famous piece: Discus Thrower
• realistic treatment of action• idealized portrayal of
athelete
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Polyclitus Doryphoros (mid 5th) • One of greatest sculptors
– Devised a mathematical formula for representing the perfect male body
– Wrote book: The Canon • “ideal beauty consists of a
precise relationship between the varios parts of the body
• Spear Bearer (left) to illustrate theory
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The Ideal of Polyclitus
• Chrysippus (280-207 B.C. wrote
• “…beauty consists of the proportion of the parts; of finger to finger; of all the fingers to the palm and the wrist; of those to the forearm; of the forearm to the upper arm; and of all these parts to one another as set forth in The canon of Polyclitus.”
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Architecture• Designers concerned with
proportion & interrelationship of varios parts to the whole
• The Propylaea, by Mnesicles, 437-432 B.C.
• Temple of Athena Nike, 427-424 B.C.
• The Erechtheum, 421-405 B.C.
• The Parthenon, by Ictinus and Callicrates, 438-432 B.C. Copyright © 1994-1996 Zane Publishing, Inc.
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Parthenon: Acropolis• Work began on Acropolis
in 499 by Phidias (greatest sculptor of his day) & Pericles
• Parthenon (parthenos or virgun for goddess Athena) was first building constructed (447-438 B.C.)
• Its sculpture done by 432 B.C.
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Ground Plan of Doric Temple
• Temple of Zeus example of first great architecture following Persian Wars
• Construction begun 470 & completed in 456 B.C.
• Largest Doric temple in Greece
• Illustration Classical preoccupation with proportion
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Temple of Zeus at Olympia• The distance from the
center of one column to the center of the next was the unit of measurement for the whole temple
• Thus the height of each column is equal to two units
• The combined length of a triglyph and metope equals half a unit
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The Acropolis• The Acropolis remains the
symbol of the golden age• Intended to perpetuate the
memory of Athens’ glorious achievements
• Instead it is a reminder of the gulf between classical ideals & realities of political existence in 5th c.
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The Acropolis
• The fundraising of Parthenon symbolizes this gap between ideal & real
• Funding was provided by transfering of money from Delian League
• The League fund was an interstate war chest
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Parthenon: Pediment
• The figures in the pediments are freestanding
• Left: Isis from pediment
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Parthenon: Frieze
• The frieze is carved in low relief
• The middle section of a horizontal band of decoration on a building; usually a carving in stone
• Left : Detail of Seated Gods
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• The metopes are in high relief
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Propylaea
• The Propylaea served as the entrance to the Acropolis
• Begun in 437 B.C.• Unusual design in that
it used both Doric (front) & Ionic (Back) columns
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Erechtheum: Porch of Maiden• The Erechtheum is an
Ionic temple of complex design (421-406)
• Uneven ground level was chief technical problem architect faced
• Roof rests not on columns but on the famous caryatids
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Visual Art 4th Century
• Praxiteles – Hermes
• the gentle melancholy• view of male body as
object of beauty
– Aphrodite of Cyrene• view of female body as
object of beauty• 1st attempt at sensuality
• Scopas & Lysippus (see text p. 96)
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Hellenistic Period (322-146 B.C.)
• Alexander’s generals couldn’t agree on successor after his death causing the empire to split
• Syria, Egypt, Pergamum, Macedonia remained at odds until conquered by Rome
• Yet each spread Greek culture• Hellenistic from hellenize “to spread”• Alexandria, Egypt was greatest of all Greek
learning centers
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Hellenism
• The memory of Alexander’s spirit of adventure & experiment caused a new creative spirit that was more emotional & expressive
• Artists allowed themselves to depict a kind of righteous confusion
• Contrasts of light & shade & appearance of perpetual motion
• The wealthy patron replaced the state as promoter & provider of the Arts
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The Roman Legacy
• Origin of Western tradition– Greece (intellectual)– Rome (language, law, politics)
• Roads
• alphabet
• calendar
• symbol of civilization
• spread of ideas especially Greek & Christian
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Etruscans
• Late 8th century was time of great activity in Italy• The Latins were a agracultural people in the Tiber
valley– establishes small villiage that was to become Rome– inflenced by Etruscan technology, art & architecture– Etruscans were expelled by Romans in 510 B.C.
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Roman Republic
• Rome considered itself a Republic• Similar government to Greek city-states only less
democratic– two chief magistrates or consuls, elected for one-year
terms by male citizens– principal assembly was called Senate
• most members from aristocratic families
• power cocentrated in upper class or patricians
• lower class or plebians allowed to form its own assembly & tribunes represented their interests
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Republic Continued• The meeting place of assembly was the forum• Conflict between patricians & plebeians was
ongoing, but never seriously threatened the stability of Rome
• 247 B.C. marked the passing of the Hortensian Law which made decisions of plebians binding
• 3rd & 2nd centuries were marked by the expansion of the empire
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Republic Continued
• 1st century resulted in the whole Hellenistic world being conquered and divided into– provinces– protectorates– free kingdoms
• Expansion resulted in poor administration
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Literature
• Roman energy centered on political & military affairs
• Little time for literature– Ennius (239-169) father of Roman poetry, works are
lost– Plautus (254-184)– Terence (195-159)
• first Romans to have works survive in quantity• adaptation of Greek comedy• elaborate plots, everything sorted out in last scene
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Literature Continued• Catullus (80-54 B.C.)
• romantic themes• ecstacy• disillusionment & despair• direct expression of emotions• similar to Sappho
• Julius Caesar (100-44 B.C.)• most famous Roman• politician• general• administrator• historian
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Literature Continued
• Cicero (106-43)– lawyer– consul– conflict with Caesar– 100 letters published– orator
• Philosophy– Lucretius - Epicureanism– Cicero & Senaca (8 B.C. - 65 A.D.) Stoicism
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Roman Law
• Caesars Ius Civile– original creation of Rome– model for later law– edited by Justinian (527-565 A.D.) Corpus Iuris Civilis– influenced many in 20th century– international– universal– based on natural law, absolutes, equity
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