http www.spppumps

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WATER

FIRE

OIL & GAS

AUTOPRIME

STANDARD PRODUCTS

SERVICE

ENERGY

PARTS

TRANSFORMER OIL PUMPS


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DATA FORPUMP USERS


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2Contents

CONTACTS

Sales and Administration

1420 Lakeview

Arlington Business ParkTheale

Reading

Berkshire

RG7 4SA

Email: [email protected]

Tel: +44(0)118 932 3123

Fax: +44(0)118 932 3302

Manufacturing Centre

Crucible Close

Mushet Industrial Park

Coleford

Gloucestershire GL16 8PS


Tel: +44(0)1594 832701Fax: +44(0)1594 836300

UK Service Centre Contact Directory

Western Service Centre

Tufthorn Avenue, Coleford

Gloucestershire

England GL16 8PJ

Tel: +44 (0) 1594 832701

Fax: +44 (0) 1594 810043

North West Service Centre

Greg Street, Reddish

Stockport

Cheshire

England SK5 7BU

Tel: +44 (0) 161 480 4955

Fax: +44 (0) 161 476 2193

Southern Service Centre

Unit 1 Stanstead Road

Boyatt Wood Industrial EstateEastleigh, Hampshire

England SO50 4RZ

Tel: +44 (0) 2380 616004

Fax: +44 (0) 2380 614522

Northern Ireland Service Centre

Unit 2 Oak Bank

Channel Commercial ParkQueens Road, Queens Island

Belfast

Northern Ireland

BT3 9DT

Tel: +44 (0) 2890 469802

Fax: +44 (0) 2890 466152

Scottish Service Centre

137 Deerdykes View

Cumbernauld

Scotland

G68 9HN

Tel: +44 (0) 1236 455035

Fax: +44 (0) 1236 455036
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


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France

SPP Pumps

2 rue du Chateau deau95450 US

France


Tel: +33 (0) 1 30 27 96 96

Fax: +33 (0) 1 34 66 07 33

North and South America

SPP Pumps, Inc.6716 Best Friend Road

Norcross GA 30071, U.S.A.

Email:[email protected]

Tel: +1(770) 409-3280

Fax: +1(770) 409-3290

www.spppumpsusa.com

Middle East

SPP Pumps Limited (Middle East)

P O Box 61491, Jebel Ali

Dubai

United Arab Emirates


Tel: +971 (0) 4 8838 733

Fax: +971 (0) 4 8838 735

Asia

SPP Pumps Limited (Asia)

152 Beach Road

Gateway East #05 - 01 to 04

Singapore 189721


Tel: +(65) 6576 5725Fax: +(65) 6576 5701

South Africa

SPP Pumps (South Africa)

6c Roller StreetSpartan Ext 7 Kempton Park

Gautent

R.S.A

1619


Tel: +27 (0) 860 777786

Fax: +27 11 970 2472

Italy

SPP Italy

Via Watt, 13/A

20143 Milano


Tel: +(0039) 02 58111782

Fax: +(0039) 02 58111782Mobile: +(0039) 346 3204457

Poland


Parent Company

Kirloskar Brothers Limited

YAMUNA

Plot No 98

(3-17), Baner

411045 Pune

India

Tel: +91 20 2721 4444

www.kbl.co.in
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.spppumpsusa.com/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.kbl.co.in/http://www.kbl.co.in/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.spppumpsusa.com/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


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USEFULWEBSITES

USEFUL WEBSITES

TRADE ASSOCIATIONS:

British Pump Manufacturers Association (BPMA)

www.bpma.org.uk

Construction Equipment Association (CEA)

www.coneq.org.uk

Fire Protection Association (FPA)

www.thefpa.co.uk

British Automatic Sprinkler Association

www.basa.org.uk

European Fire Sprinkler Network

www.eurosprinkler.org

Energy Industries Council

www.the-eic.com

Pump Centre

www.pumpcentre.com

REGULATORY AUTHORITIES:

Factory Mutual (FM)

www.fmglobal.com

Underwriters Laboratories

www.ul.com

Loss Prevention Certification Board

www.brecertification.co.uk

National Fire Protection Association

www.nfpa.org

Pump Distributors Association

www.the-pda.com

Pumps-Directory

www.pumps-directory.com
http://www.bpma.org.uk/http://www.coneq.org.uk/http://www.thefpa.co.uk/http://www.basa.org.uk/http://www.eurosprinkler.org/http://www.the-eic.com/http://www.pumpcentre.com/http://www.fmglobal.com/http://www.ul.com/http://www.brecertification.co.uk/http://www.nfpa.org/http://www.the-pda.com/http://www.pumps-directory.com/http://www.pumps-directory.com/http://www.the-pda.com/http://www.nfpa.org/http://www.brecertification.co.uk/http://www.ul.com/http://www.fmglobal.com/http://www.pumpcentre.com/http://www.the-eic.com/http://www.eurosprinkler.org/http://www.basa.org.uk/http://www.thefpa.co.uk/http://www.coneq.org.uk/http://www.bpma.org.uk/


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CONTENTS

Introduction to SPP.................................8 -14

Manufacturing .................................................. 8

Test Faciylity ..................................................... 8 SPP Divisions .................................................... 9

SPP International ............................................ 13

Fire Protection and Approval Standards ........... 14

Pump Specification & Operation..... 16 36

Data Required When Buying Pumps ................ 16

Dimensions of Cast Iron Flanges to

BS EN 109221 ................................................ 18

Dimensions of Cast Iron Flanges to ASME/ANSI B16.1 ........................................... 21

Dimensions of Steel Flanges to

ASME/ANSI B16.5 ........................................... 23

Pump Installation ............................................ 25

Pump Operation .............................................. 25

Faults and Remedial Action ............................. 26

Vibration Tolerance ......................................... 28

Condition Monitoring ....................................... 30

Flow Estimation Methods ................................ 31

Application Dos and Donts ............................ 36

Hydraulic Design Data........................ 41 61

Pressure (bar) vs Head (m of Water) ................ 41

Calculation of Head for Pump Selection ........... 43

Autoprime Pumping Terms .............................. 46

Friction Loss for Water

Hazen-Williams Formula, C=140) .................... 48

Resistance in Fittings ...................................... 51

Quantities Passed by Pipes at

different Velocities .......................................... 52

Recommended Maximum Flow

through Valves (l/s) ......................................... 52

Water Discharged by Round Spray Holes in thin

walled Pipes Under Different Pressures ........... 53

Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH).................... 54

Maximum Suction Lift with Barometric Pressure

at Different Altitudes ....................................... 56

Liquid Viscosity and its Effect on Pump Performance ......................................... 57

Approximate Viscosity Conversion Schedule .... 59

Test Tolerances and Different Standards ......... 61

Velocity Head Correction................... 66 74

Electrical Design Data........................ 76 84

Average Efficiencies and Power Factors

of Electric Motors ............................................ 76

Approximate Full Load Speeds (RPM)

of AC Motors ................................................... 78

Starting AC Motors .......................................... 79

Whole Life Cost..................................... 82 84

Whole Life Cost Principles and Pump Design ... 82

Features of a Low Life-Cycle cost centrifugal pumps ........................................... 84

Energy..................................................... 87 90

Conversion Factors.............................. 92 97 Conversion Factor Tables ................................ 92

Vacuum Technical Data ................................... 96

Product / Application Charts ............................ 97


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Engineered Pumping Solutions Focused on

Markets where Application Knowledge, Service and

Expertise Add Value

For more than 130 years SPP Pumps has been a leading manufacturer of

centrifugal pumps and associated systems. A global principal in design, supply

and servicing of pumps, pump packages and equipment for a wide range of

applications and industry sectors.

SPP pumps and systems are installed on all continents providing valuable high

integrity services for diverse industries, such as oil and gas production, water

and waste water treatment, power generation, construction, mines and forlarge industrial plants.

Major applications include water treatment & supply, sewage & waste water

treatment, fire protection, and mobile pumps for rental sectors, for which

our low life cost and environmental considerations are fundamental design

priorities.

Certificate Number: EMS111 Issue 1


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MANUFACTURING

SPP requires the highest standards of manufacturing excellence from

its facilities around the world. This is crucial to the on-going growth and

development of the company. At the main manufacturing facility located in the

UK, SPP set the highest standards attainable in the industry for quality andreliability.

SPP distinguishes its product split between pre-engineered standard products

and fully customised equipment engineered and packaged to order. The

extensive manufacturing and testing capabilities reflect this wide and diverse

product range.

To ensure efficient use of production resources, an ERP manufacturingplanning system is utilised. Assembly areas are segregated into the main

product groups; standard pumps, industrial fire pumps, contractors pumps

and engineered products. The machine shop is planned in cell layout with

individual cells specialising in types, or ranges of components. CNC machines

are linked by a DNC system allowing programming to be carried out on the

machine or offline.

Lean manufacturing principles ensure that SPP are always focused oncontinuous improvement to support their Right First Time philosophy.

Customers are always welcome to visit the facility, either during

manufacturing or when equipment is on test.

TEST FACILITY

Testing, including witness testing,of all SPPs range of pumps is

performed at SPPs own extensive

in-house test facility. The main test

area has a 1.4 million litre test tank

with a depth of 6 metres. It can test

pressures up to 50 bar, flows up to

2000 l/s and powers up to 800kW

at 6.6kV, 400kW at 415V and 400kWat 60Hz. Generators can be used for

higher powers or voltages.


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SPP is a world leader in the design and manufacture of pumping equipment

for both onshore and offshore applications. In-house expertise ensures

compliance with all applicable specifications and regulations. SPP has also

established quality assurance and document control business systems allied

to the needs of the major oil and gas contractors and end users.

SPP is the packager as well as the pump manufacturer and takes full unit

responsibility for the complete scope of supply.

The SPP Autoprime range is a proven, versatile and comprehensive product

range suitable for use in a variety of applications worldwide. The Autoprime

is primarily sold to rental organisations, contractors, utility companies, open

cast mining companies and municipalities providing a durable solution.

Continual investment in market-led research and development ensure that

the products are designed to meet market requirements and legislation,

providing significant benefits and solutions to owners and users alike.

OIL & GAS

AUTOPRIME


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STANDARD PRODUCTS

The SPP standard pump product range has been expertly designed to enable

you to fit them to any of your existing DIN Standard Pump Applications. SPPs

excellent modular pump design allows interchangeability across the rangeand with the ability to use standard shaft motors, gives much more flexibility

in terms of maintenance, stock holding and material options. SPP Standard

pumps can also be used for a variety of new pump application needs.

TRANSFORMER OIL PUMPS

SPPs transformer oil pump range is designed and manufactured to the

highest quality standards. SPP have been producing transformer oil pumpsfor more than sixty years. Life expectancy in many cases has exceeded forty

years. Applications include oil circulation in the following: power transmission,

distribution and electric traction locomotive transformers.

ENERGY

Through the use of proven systems and techniques, the Energy Division offers

a complete energy saving package that can be applied equally to new projects

and existing installations. The new division offers the following services:

Energy Audits, Customer Training, Energy Management, Surveys/reports/

analysis and recommendations. By monitoring and/or analysing the actual

requirement of the installation and comparing this with the specifications of

the equipment installed, SPP can make recommendations that can reduce

running costs (eg: power requirements), minimise maintenance costs

(eg: parts/servicing and downtime) and improve plant reliability (eg: upgradedmaterial specifications).


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LorSERVICE

At SPP we are committed to providing the very best in customer support.

We have built our reputation by providing a fast, cost effective service whilst

maintaining continually high standards of workmanship and quality. Withstrategically located service centres in the UK and around the world, help is

never far away. Each service centre is fully equipped to offer a comprehensive

range of equipment repair and refurbishment techniques. Our support is

available 24 hours a day, and is only ever a phone call away.

SPP supports our customers around the globe through our extensive network

of field service engineers. SPP field service engineers have thousands of

hours of experience, backed by intensive product and applications training.Whatever your technical support requirement, we can help you get the best

performance from our equipment in your application Field service engineers

can provide.

Equipment installation and commissioning

Preventative maintenance

Equipment repair and upgrades

Product training

On SPP and other manufacturers pumps.


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SPP INTERNATIONAL

USA

France

South

Africa

Ita

ly

Singapore

North

ern

Ireland

Poland

JebelAli

India

Abu

Dhabi

Reading

Stockport

Eastliegh

Coleford

SPPisatrulyglobalcompanywiththemainR&D,

manufacturingandtest

facilitiescentrallylocat

ed

intheUKandlocalsitesin

theUnitedStates,India

,France,

SouthAfrica,S

ingapore,Dubai,Italyand

Poland.


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FIRE PROTECTION APPROVAL STANDARDS

SPP has one of the widest ranges of approved and listed equipment in

the world complying with the demanding requirements of the UL and FM

approval standards and meeting all the requirements of NFPA 20. Along with

these approvals, SPPs fire products are also approved for use in many othermarkets such as Europe, The Far East, The Middle East and Africa. Although

many pump companies can offer equipment designed to the various

locally applicable fire rules and regulations, only a very select few have had

their pumps subjected to the stringent performance and reliability tests of

specialist fire approval laboratories.

Being the first to achieve fire pump approval and listing by the internationally

recognised Loss Prevention Certification Board the company today has morepumps approved by the LPCB than any other manufacturer.


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PUMP SPECIFICATIONAND OPERATION


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PUMPSPECIFICATIONANDOPERATIO

N

SECTION 1

DATA REQUIRED WHEN BUYING PUMPS

Fundamentals

Number required.

Nature of service.

Whether continuous or intermittent.

Performance

Capacity (State whether total or per unit).

Total head or pressure to be developed.

Suction lift (including friction), inlet pressure or head, or NPSH available.

(State range of any variation in above items. Otherwise, send sketch or give

full details of lifts and pipe runs including lengths, bores, materials and class

of pipes and number and nature of bends, valves etc.).

Pumped Medium

Nature of liquid (if other than cold, clean water).

Values or ranges of actual pumping temperature with corresponding specific

gravities, viscosities (if greater than for water) and vapour pressures.

Any corrosive and/or abrasive properties.

Nature, proportion and maximum size of any solids content.

Driver

Nature of driver.

If driver to be supplied, give full specification.

If electric motor, state electricity supply details, any speed restriction.

Whether lining-up and connecting free issue driver required.

Details of starting equipment and/or other accessories required

system of control if automatic.


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Other Data

If required to run in parallel with other units.

Is it to be self-priming with suction lift.

Pump type and arrangement.Fixed or portable.

Horizontal or vertical shaft.

Whether close-coupled, dry well, wet well or borehole (if vertical).

Borehole diameter or any other space restrictions.

If baseplate and coupling required.

Constructional / material specification required.Site conditions:

If altitude above 150m.

If ambient temperature above 30 C.

If to work outdoors.

Type of drive:

Direct or indirect (i.e. coupling, gearbox or V belt).

Direction of rotation (if restricted).

Official tests/inspection, packing and shipping requirements.

Tender receipt/material despatch date required.

Any other significant information.

Items printed in boldare minimum requirements for quotation of any standard

horizontal pump. All other items, so far as they apply, are necessary for the

correct execution of all orders and quotations other than standard horizontal

pumps.


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SECTION 2

DIMENSIONS OF CAST IRON FLANGES TO BS EN 1092

Pumps and Fittings

NOM.

DIA.

FLANGE RAISED FACE BOLTS DRILLING NECK

D b d4 Fmax DIA. No d2 k d3 r

10 75 12 33 2 M10 4 11 50 26 4

15 80 12 38 2 M10 4 11 55 30 4

20 90 14 48 2 M10 4 11 65 38 4

25 100 14 58 3 M10 4 11 75 42 4

32 120 14 69 3 M12 4 14 90 55 6

40 130 14 78 3 M12 4 14 100 62 6

50 140 14 88 3 M12 4 14 110 74 6

65 160 14 108 3 M12 4 14 130 88 6

80 190 16 128 3 M16 4 18 150 102 8100 210 16 144 3 M16 4 18 170 130 8

125 240 18 174 3 M16 8 18 200 155 8

150 265 18 199 3 M16 8 18 225 184 10

200 320 20 254 3 M16 8 18 280 236 10

250 375 22 309 3 M16 12 18 335 290 12

300 440 22 363 4 M20 12 22 395 342 12

350 490 22 415 4 M20 12 22 445 385 12

400 540 22 463 4 M20 16 22 495 438 12

450 595 22 518 4 M20 16 22 550 492 12

500 645 24 568 4 M20 20 22 600 538 12

600 755 30 667 5 M24 20 26 705 640 12700 860 24 772 5 M24 24 26 810 740 12

800 975 24 878 5 M27 24 30 920 842 12

900 1075 26 978 5 M27 24 30 1020 942 12

1000 1175 26 1078 5 M27 28 30 1120 1045 16


N

BS EN 1092 TABLE PN6

NOTE - All dimensions listed below are in millimetres


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NOM.

DIA.


D b d4 Fmx DIA. No d2 k d3 r

NOTE: FOR NOMINAL SIZES 10 - 150 USE PN6 TABLE200 340 24 266 3 M20 8 23 295 240 8

250 395 26 319 3 M20 12 23 350 392 8

300 445 26 370 4 M20 12 23 400 342 8

350 505 26 429 4 M20 16 23 460 396 8

400 565 26 480 4 M24 16 28 515 448 10

450 615 28 530 4 M24 20 28 565 498 10

500 670 28 582 4 M24 20 28 620 552 10

600 780 28 682 5 M27 20 31 725 654 10

700 895 30 794 5 M27 24 31 840 760 10

800 1015 32 901 5 M30 24 34 950 866 12

900 1115 34 1001 5 M30 28 34 1050 970 12

1000 1230 34 1112 5 M33 28 37 1160 1076 12

1200 1455 38 1328 5 M36 32 40 1380 1284 12

1400 1675 42 1530 5 M39 36 43 1590 1494 12

1600 1915 46 1750 5 M45 40 49 1820 1702 12

1800 2115 50 1950 5 M45 44 49 2020 1906 15

2000 2325 54 2150 5 M45 48 49 2230 2112 15

2200 2550 58 - - M52 52 56 2440 2320 20


NOM.

DIA.



10 90 16 41 2 M12 4 14 60 74 4

15 95 16 46 2 M12 4 14 65 92 4

20 105 18 56 2 M12 4 14 75 105 4

25 115 18 65 3 M12 4 14 85 131 4

32 140 18 76 3 M16 4 18 100 56 6

40 150 18 84 3 M16 4 18 110 64 6

50 165 18 99 3 M16 4 18 125 74 665 185 18 118 3 M16 8 18 145 92 6

80 200 20 132 3 M16 8 18 160 105 8

100 220 20 156 3 M16 8 18 180 131 8

125 250 22 186 3 M16 8 18 210 156 10

150 285 22 211 3 M20 8 22 240 184 10

200 340 24 266 3 M20 12 22 295 235 12

250 405 26 319 3 M24 12 26 355 292 12

300 460 28 370 4 M24 12 26 410 344 12

350 520 30 429 4 M24 16 26 470 390 12

400 580 32 480 4 M27 16 30 525 445 12

450 640 40 548 4 M27 20 30 585 490 12500 715 44 609 4 M30 20 33 650 548 12

600 840 54 720 5 M33 20 36 770 652 12

700 910 36 794 5 M33 24 36 840 755 12

800 1025 38 901 5 M36 24 39 950 855 12


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N


NOM.

DIA.



10 90 16 41 2 M12 4 14 60 28 415 95 16 46 2 M12 4 14 65 32 4

20 105 18 56 2 M12 4 14 75 40 4

25 115 18 65 3 M12 4 14 85 46 4

32 140 18 76 3 M16 4 18 100 56 6

40 150 18 84 3 M16 4 18 110 64 6

50 165 20 99 3 M16 4 18 125 74 6

65 185 22 118 3 M16 8 18 145 92 6

80 200 24 132 3 M16 8 18 160 105 8

100 235 26 156 3 M20 8 22 190 134 8

125 270 28 186 3 M24 8 26 220 162 8

150 300 30 211 3 M24 8 26 250 192 10200 360 32 274 3 M24 12 36 310 244 10

250 425 35 330 3 M27 12 30 370 298 12

300 485 38 389 4 M27 16 30 430 352 12

350 555 42 448 4 M30 16 33 490 398 12

400 620 46 403 4 M33 16 36 550 452 12

450 670 50 548 4 M33 20 36 600 500 12

500 730 56 609 4 M33 20 36 660 558 12

600 845 68 720 5 M36 20 39 770 660 12

700 960 50 820 5 M39 24 42 875 760 12

800 1085 54 928 5 M45 24 48 990 864 12


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DIMENSIONS OF CAST IRON FLANGES to ASME/ANSI B16.1

ASME/ANSI B16.1 125lb RATING CAST IRON

NOM.

DIA.

FLANGE BOLTS DRILLING SPOTFACE

DIAMETER

HUB

D b DIA. No d2 k d3 r

1 4.25 0.44 0.50 4 0.62 3.12 1.00 1.94 0.12

1 1/4 4.62 0.50 0.50 4 0.62 3.50 1.00 2.31 0.12

1 1/2 5.00 0.56 0.50 4 0.62 3.88 1.00 2.56 0.12

2 6.00 0.62 0.62 4 0.75 4.75 1.25 3.06 0.25

2 1/2 7.00 0.69 0.62 4 0.75 5.50 1.25 3.56 0.25

3 7.50 0.75 0.62 4 0.75 6.00 1.25 4.25 0.25

3 1/2 8.50 0.81 0.62 8 0.75 7.00 1.25 4.81 0.25

4 9.00 0.94 0.62 8 0.75 7.50 1.25 5.31 0.25

5 10.00 0.94 0.75 8 0.88 8.50 1.50 6.44 0.25

6 11.00 1.00 0.75 8 0.88 9.50 1.50 7.56 0.258 13.50 1.12 0.75 8 0.88 11.75 1.50 9.69 0.25

10 16.00 1.19 0.88 12 1.00 14.25 1.62 11.94 0.25

12 19.00 1.25 0.88 12 1.00 17.00 1.62 14.06 0.25

14 21.00 1.38 1.00 12 1.12 18.75 1.88 15.38 0.25

16 23.50 1.44 1.00 16 1.12 21.25 1.88 17.50 0.25

18 25.00 1.56 1.12 16 1.25 22.75 2.12 19.62 0.25

20 27.50 1.69 1.12 20 1.25 25.00 2.12 21.75 0.38

24 32.00 1.88 1.25 20 1.38 29.50 2.25 26.00 0.38

30 38.75 2.12 1.25 28 1.38 36.00 2.25 - 0.38


250lb RATING CAST IRON

NOTE - All dimensions listed below are in inches


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N


NOM.

DIA.

FLANGE BOLTS DRILLING SPOTFACE

DIAMETER

HUB

D b DIA. No d2 k d3 r

1 4.88 0.69 0.62 4 0.75 3.50 1.25 2.06 0.131 1/4 5.25 0.75 0.62 4 0.75 3.88 1.25 2.50 0.13

1 1/2 6.12 0.81 0.75 4 0.88 4.50 1.50 2.75 0.13

2 6.50 0.88 0.62 8 0.75 5.00 1.25 3.31 0.25

2 1/2 7.50 1.00 0.75 8 0.88 5.88 1.50 3.94 0.25

3 8.25 1.12 0.75 8 0.88 6.62 1.50 4.62 0.25

3 1/2 9.00 1.19 0.75 8 0.88 7.25 1.50 5.25 0.25

4 10.00 1.25 0.75 8 0.88 7.88 1.50 5.75 0.25

5 11.00 1.38 0.75 8 0.88 9.25 1.50 7.00 0.25

6 12.50 1.44 0.75 12 0.88 10.62 1.50 8.12 0.25

8 15.00 1.62 0.88 12 1.00 13.00 1.63 10.25 0.25

10 17.50 1.88 1.00 16 1.12 15.25 1.88 12.62 0.2512 20.50 2.00 1.12 16 1.25 17.75 2.13 14.75 0.25

14 23.00 2.12 1.12 20 1.25 20.25 2.13 16.25 0.25

16 25.50 2.25 1.25 20 1.38 22.50 2.25 18.38 0.25

18 28.00 2.38 1.25 24 1.38 24.75 2.25 20.75 0.25

20 30.50 2.50 1.25 24 1.38 27.00 2.25 23.00 0.38

24 36.00 2.75 1.50 24 1.62 32.00 2.75 27.25 0.38

30 43.00 3.00 1.75 28 2.00 39.25 34.00 34.00 0.38


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NOM.

DIA.

FLANGE RAISED FACE BOLTS DRILLING SPOTFACE

DIAMETER

HUB

D b d4 Fmax No DIA. d2 k d3 r

1/2 3.50 0.44 - - 4 1/2 0.62 2.38 1.00 1.19 0.12

3/4 3.88 0.50 - - 4 1/2 0.62 2.75 1.00 1.50 0.12

1 4.25 0.56 2.00 1/16 4 1/2 0.62 3.12 1.00 1.94 0.12

1 1/4 4.62 0.62 2.50 1/16 4 1/2 0.62 3.50 1.00 2.31 0.12

1 1/2 5.00 0.69 2.88 1/16 4 1/2 0.62 3.88 1.00 2.56 0.12

2 6.00 0.75 3.62 1/16 4 5/8 0.75 4.75 1.25 3.06 0.25

2 1/2 7.00 0.88 4.12 1/16 4 5/8 0.75 5.50 1.25 3.56 0.25

3 7.50 0.94 5.00 1/16 4 5/8 0.75 6.00 1.25 4.25 0.25

3 1/2 8.50 0.94 5.50 1/16 8 5/8 0.75 7.00 1.25 4.81 0.25

4 9.00 0.94 6.19 1/16 8 5/8 0.75 7.50 1.25 5.31 0.25

5 10.00 0.94 7.31 1/16 8 3/4 0.88 8.50 1.50 6.44 0.25

6 11.00 1.00 8.50 1/16 8 3/4 0.88 9.50 1.50 7.56 0.25

8 13.50 1.12 10.62 1/16 8 3/4 0.88 11.75 1.50 9.69 0.25

10 16.00 1.19 12.75 1/16 12 7/8 1.00 14.25 1.62 12.00 0.25

12 19.00 1.25 15.00 1/16 12 7/8 1.00 17.00 1.62 14.38 0.25

14 21.00 1.38 16.25 1/16 12 1 1.12 18.75 1.88 15.75 0.2516 23.50 1.44 18.50 1/16 16 1 1.12 21.25 1.88 18.00 0.25

18 25.00 1.56 21.00 1/16 16 1 1/8 1.25 22.75 2.12 19.88 0.25

20 27.50 1.69 23.00 1/16 20 1 1/8 1.25 25.00 2.12 22.00 0.38

24 32.00 1.88 27.25 1/16 20 1 1/4 1.38 29.50 2.25 26.12 0.38

DIMENSIONS OF STEEL FLANGES TO ASME/ANSI B16.5

ASME/ANSI B16.5 150lb RATING - STEEL

NOTE - All dimensions listed below are in inches


300lb RATING - STEEL


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NOM.

DIA.

FLANGE RAISED FACE BOLTS DRILLING SPOTFACE

DIAMETER

HUB

D b d4 Fmax No DIA. d2 k d3 r

1/2 3.75 0.56 1.38 1/16 4 1/2 0.62 2.62 1.00 1.50 0.12

3/4 4.62 0.62 1.69 1/16 4 5/8 0.75 3.25 1.25 1.88 0.121 4.88 0.69 2.00 1/16 4 5/8 0.75 3.50 1.25 2.12 0.12

1 1/4 5.25 0.75 2.50 1/16 4 5/8 0.75 3.88 1.25 2.50 0.12

1 1/2 6.12 0.81 2.88 1/16 4 3/4 0.88 4.50 1.50 2.75 0.12

2 6.50 0.88 3.62 1/16 8 5/8 0.75 5.00 1.25 3.31 0.25

2 1/2 7.50 1.00 4.12 1/16 8 3/4 0.88 5.88 1.50 3.94 0.25

3 8.25 1.12 5.00 1/16 8 3/4 0.88 6.62 1.50 4.62 0.25

3 1/2 9.00 1.19 5.50 1/16 8 3/4 0.88 7.25 1.50 5.25 0.25

4 10.00 1.25 6.19 1/16 8 3/4 0.88 7.88 1.50 5.75 0.25

5 11.00 1.38 7.31 1/16 8 3/4 0.88 9.25 1.50 7.00 0.25

6 12.50 1.44 8.50 1/16 12 3/4 0.88 10.62 1.50 8.12 0.25

8 15.00 1.62 10.62 1/16 12 7/8 1.00 13.00 1.62 10.25 0.2510 17.50 1.88 12.75 1/16 16 1 1.12 15.25 1.88 12.62 0.25

12 20.50 2.00 15.00 1/16 16 1 1/8 1.25 17.75 2.12 14.75 0.25

14 23.00 2.12 16.25 1/16 20 1 1/8 1.25 20.25 2.12 16.75 0.25

16 25.50 2.25 18.50 1/16 20 1 1/4 1.38 22.50 2.25 19.00 0.25

18 28.00 2.38 21.00 1/16 24 1 1/4 1.38 24.75 2.25 21.00 0.25

20 30.50 2.50 23.00 1/16 24 1 1/4 1.38 27.00 2.25 23.12 0.38

24 36.00 2.75 27.25 1/16 24 1 1/2 1.62 32.00 2.75 27.62 0.38


*NOTE:

The standard for Ductile Iron flanges is ASME/ANSI B16.42 150lb and 300lb rating.

They are dimensionally the same as ASME/ANSI B16.5 including the raised face.

The standard for Copper Alloy flanges is ASME/ANSI B16.24 150lb and 300lb rating.

They are dimensionally the same as ASME/ANSI B16.5 except they are FLAT FACE.


N


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26Contents


N

Potential Fault or Defect:

No liquid delivered.

Insufficient liquid delivered.

Liquid delivered at low pressure.

Loss of liquid after starting.

Excessive vibration.

Motor runs hotter than normal.

PROBABLE CAUSES

Pump not primed.

Speed too low.

Speed too high.

Air leak in suction pipework.

Air leak in mechanical seal.

Air or gas in liquid.

Discharge head too high (above rating).

Suction lift too high.

Not enough head for hot liquid.

Inlet pipe not submerged enough.

Viscosity of liquid greater than rating.

Liquid density higher than rating.

Insufficient nett inlet head.

Impeller blocked.

Wrong direction of rotation.

Excessive impeller clearance. Damaged impeller.

Rotor binding.

Defects in motor.

Voltage and/or frequency lower than rating.

Lubricating grease or dirty oil or contaminated.

Foundation not rigid.

Misalignment of pump and driver.

Bearing worn.

Rotor out of balance.

Shaft bent.

Impeller too small.

SECTION 5

Excessive noise from pump cavitation.

Pump bearings run hotter than normal.

FAULTS AND REMEDIAL ACTION

SPPs service division can carry out fault identification andrectification on a wide range of pumps.Contact your local SPP office for details


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CAUSE REMEDIAL ACTIONPump not primed. Fill pump and suction pipe completely with fluid.

Speed too low.Check that the motor is correctly connected and receiving the full supply

voltage also confirm that the supply frequency is correct.

Speed too high. Check the motor voltage.

Air leak in suction pipework. Check each flange for suction draught, rectify as necessary.

Air leak in mechanical seal.

Check all joints, plugs and flushing lines, if fitted. Note that prolonged

running with air in the mechanical seal will result in damage and failure

of the seal.

Air or gas in liquid.It may be possible to increase the pump performance to provide

adequate pumping.

Discharge head too high (above

rating).

Check that valves are fully open and for pipe friction losses. An increase

in pipe diameter may reduce the discharge pressure.

Suction lift too high.

Check for obstruction of pump inlet and for inlet pipe friction losses.

Measure the static lift, if above rating, raise the liquid level or lower

the pump.

Not enough head for hot liquid. Reduce the positive suction head by raising the liquid level.

Inlet pipe not submerged

enough.

If the pump inlet cannot be lowered, provide a baffle to smother the inlet

vortex and prevent air entering with the liquid.

Viscosity of liquid greater than

rating.

Refer to SPP Pumps Ltd for guidance to increase the size or power of

the motor or engine.

Liquid density higher than

rating.

Refer to SPP Pumps Ltd for guidance to increase the size or power of

the motor or engine.

Insufficient nett inlet head.Increase the positive suction head by lowering the pump or raising the

liquid level.Impeller blocked. Dismantle the pump and clean the impeller.

Wrong direction of rotation. Check driver rotation with the direction arrow on the pump casing.

Excessive impeller clearance. Replace the impeller when clearance exceeds the maximum adjustment.

Rotor binding. Check for shaft deflection, check and replace bearings if necessary.

Defects in motor.Ensure that motor is adequately ventilated. Refer to manufacturers

instructions.

Voltage and/or frequency lower

than rating.

If voltage and frequency are lower than the motor rating, arrange for

provision of correct supply.

Lubricating grease or oil dirtyor contaminated.

Dismantle the pump, clean the bearings, reassemble the pump and fillwith new grease or oil.

Foundation not rigid.Ensure that the foundation bolts are tight, check that foundations match

SPP Pumps Ltd recommendations.

Misalignment of pump and

driver.Realign the pump and driver as specified.

Bearings worn.Remove the bearings, clean and inspect for damage and wear, replace

as necessary.

Rotor out of balance. Check impeller for damage, replace as necessary.

Shaft bent. Check shaft run-out and replace if necessary.

Impeller too small. Refer to SPP Pumps Ltd for options to fit a larger impeller.

SPPs service division can carry out fault identification and rectification on a wide range of pumps.Contact your local SPP office for details


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28Contents

SECTION 6

VIBRATION TOLERANCE

In every pump there are dynamic forces of hydraulic or mechanical origin that

will inevitably lead to a certain level of vibration. To maintain the integrity ofthe pump unit and associated equipment the level of vibration must be kept

within certain limits.

Acceptance Criteria

The following table defines the maximum allowable level of vibration

measured in mm/s RMS overall velocity during a factory acceptance test.

It should be noted that the factory acceptance test is not necessarily an

accurate representation of the vibration on site, when the unit is grouted inwith permanent pipe supports etc.

Pump Classes

Class 1 pumps will only include those that have been designed in full

accordance with A.P.I. 610, for use in critical applications. None of thestandard ranges of SPP fall into this class and pumps that meet it are only

available on an engineered to order basis.

Class 2 pumps will include all SPP general purpose industrial designs apart

from those specifically identified as class 3 below.

Class 3 pumps shall include any pumps with less than three impeller vanes,

split case pumps of the through bore type and any unit driven by a dieselengine of four or more cylinders. (Refer to SPP Engineering for units driven by

engines of three or less cylinders).


N

Application / Class Class 1 Class 2 Class 3

Continuousoperation over the preferred

operating range

3.0 4.7 7.1

Continuousoperation over the allowable

operating range3.9 5.6 9.0

Intermittent operation over the allowable

operaing range

Not applicable 9.0 13.0


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Method

Vibration measurements will be made on the pump bearing housings, as close

as is practical to the bearing positions.

For each bearing position two measurements will be taken perpendicular tothe pump rotation axis. In addition an axial measurement will be taken at the

thrust bearing position.

The measurements will be of velocity, overall RMS values, in mm/s.

In order to reliably achieve the stated acceptance limits the pump must

be rigidly restrained, aligned to the driver within the coupling makers

recommendations, operating without cavitation or air entrainment. Pipe work

must be arranged to provide straight uniform flow into the pump and be

connected and anchored so as avoid strains and resonance.

SPPs field service engineers can undertake vibration analysis. Contact your

local SPP office for details


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30Contents

SECTION 7

CONDITION MONITORING

In order to minimise the ownership costs of capital

equipment, it is critical for the user to monitor andmaintain the equipment once installed. Failure to

do so will impact both on the mechanical integrity

and economic performance of the installed

equipment.

Early diagnosis of potential equipment failure

can result in considerable repair cost savings

and crucially a reduction in unplanned downtime.Monitoring of pump energy consumption and

system efficiency will bring visibility to pump

wear, operating efficiency and highlight any

system irregularities. All of these factors will

help minimise energy consumption and reduce

operating costs.

The SPP condition monitoring systems can providethis level of security by detecting, analysing and

evaluating key equipment performance. These

include the following:

Performance/Efciency degradation

Bearing vibration levels

Bearing element damage

Bearing operating temperatures

Driver alignment condition

Residual unbalance

Cavitation

The system provides considerable flexibility in the display and use of

the diagnostic output. The options include web based user configurabledashboard for live and trend data, automatic notification of alerts by text or

email and local download of data to PC for detailed evaluation.


N


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31Contents

SECTION 8

FLOW ESTIMATION METHODS

Many pumping systems are fitted with permanently installed flowmeters

which enable a reasonably accurate measurement of system flow to beobtained. Where permanent flowmeters are not installed, it is often possible

to use external clamp-on meters, insertion meters or thermodynamic testing

equipment to determine system flow. However, it is not always practical to

use these devices either for financial reasons or system layout constraints

and where this is the case, alternative indirect methods need to be used for

estimating system flow.

There are a number of methods available to enable an estimation of flow to bemade in the field. Each of these methods requires some form of knowledge of

the system or the pump, and all have inherent inaccuracies of varying degrees.

However, in the absence of any more accurate flow measuring apparatus,

these can be the only alternatives available.

There are four main indirect methods of determining pump flow in the field:

Pressure method

Power method Drop test

Suction pressure measurement

The Pressure and Power methods require the use of the pump curve, whilst the

drop test requires sump geometry and level details.

PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

This is the more accurate and simplest of the four methods, requiring suctionand delivery pressure gauge readings, a copy of the pump performance curve

at the correct operational speed and knowledge of the impeller diameter.

Determine the differential head across the pump by subtracting the suction

head from the discharge head. Then use the pump performance curve to

obtain the pump flow at the measured head and impeller diameter.

For example, if the suction head is measured as 3m and the discharge headas 63m, the pump differential head is 60m. Using the pump manufacturers

original test curve for the pump, the flow can be estimated as 150 l/s.


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N

Over time, a pumps Flow/Head curve will change as wear occurs within the

pump. Therefore, the accuracy of this method will tend to reduce as the pump

gets older. However, this will remain a more accurate method than the others

detailed below.

Where existing installed site gauges are used, it should be remembered that

their accuracy may be far from ideal.

Remember that the pump Q/H curve is based on differential head, normally

pumping water with an SG of 1. If the site liquid being pumped has an SG

other than 1, SG correction should be applied to the site pressure readings to

match the performance curve being used.

POWER MEASUREMENT

Power meters are rarely available on site, but amps (I) and volts (V) are

commonly displayed at the control panel. These readings can be used to

calculate power, although this also requires motor efficiency and power factor

data - which will need to be estimated if motor manufacturers information is

not available.

Power (kW) = (1.732 x I x V x eff x pf)/1000Using this equation, the pump power can be calculated and from this, the flow

can be read off the pump curve.


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33Contents

Reading across the power scale on the pump manufacturers curve, the flow at

this absorbed power can be obtained 150 l/s in this example.

As mentioned above, a pumps Flow/Head curve and efficiency curve will

change as wear occurs within the pump. This will affect the pumps power

curve and therefore, as with the pressure measurement method, accuracy will

tend to reduce as the pump gets older.

It should also be remembered that the installed instruments from which

readings are taken may themselves be inaccurate, as it is unlikely that they

will not have been calibrated to any significant accuracy since their originalinstallation.

As an alternative to the above calculation, taking a simple current ratio (actual

current/full load current) and applying it to the motor rated power can give

a reasonable estimation of the motor output power. In the above example,

assuming a 132kW motor with a full load current of 230A, this method would

result in a duty power of (165/230)*132 = 95kW, and a resultant flow of around

135 l/s.

For example, if the

current is read as 165A,

the voltage as 400V and

motor efficiency and pf

from manufacturersdata are 95% and

0.92 respectively,

the calculated power

becomes:

Power = (1.732 x 400 x

165 x 0.95 x 0.92)/1000

= 100kW


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Contents35

fittings friction (K) factor is also required.

Convert the suction pressure drop (P in kPA) into a head drop (Zd in meters)

using the equation:

Zd = P x 0.102

sg

(note that this Zd calculation will change depending on your site measured units)

Obtain a total K factor for the suction fittings up to the measurement point.

Assuming there are no significant straight pipe losses in the suction, the

following equation can then be used to determine the flow velocity:

Zd = V2 x (1+K) 2g

Once the velocity is known, the flow rate can be calculated using the suction

diameter. This method can be adapted to suit a wide variety of suction and pump

configuration and the available locations for pressure measurement.

Although there are potential inaccuracies in determining K factors and internal

diameters, careful use of this method can allow the velocity to be estimated towithin a few percent.

CONCLUSION

There is no single simple and accurate method of determining flow in systems

where installed meters are not present, or where the use of alternative

temporary flow metering equipment cannot be fitted. Instead there are a number

of methods that can be utilised to obtain an approximate pumping rate, which inmany cases may be sufficient for the purposes required.

All these methods have limitations and inherent inaccuracies. Where these

methods need to be employed, it is worthwhile applying at least two methods to

get comparative results.


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N

SECTION 9

APPLICATION DOS AND DONTS

Suction & Delivery Piping

Ensure that bolt grouting or chemical anchors are allowed to dry thoroughlybefore connecting any pipework.

Note that fire pumpsets have regulatory requirements for piping and these

must be strictly observed. Refer to the appropriate standard for details.

Both suction and discharge piping should be supported independently and

close to the pump so that no strain is transmitted to the pump when the

flange bolts are tightened. Use pipe hangers or other supports at intervalsnecessary to provide support. When expansion joints are used in the piping

system, they must be installed beyond the piping supports closest to the

pump.

Install piping as straight as possible, avoiding unnecessary bends. Where

necessary, use 45 or long sweep 90 bends to decrease friction losses.

Eccentric Reducer on a Split CasePump

Typical End Suction Pump PipingInstallation


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37Contents

Make sure that all piping joints are airtight. Where reducers are used, eccentric

or flat top reducers are to be fitted in suction lines and concentric or straight

taper reducers in discharge lines. The length of eccentric reducers should be

about four times the pump suction diameter. Undulations in the pipe runs are

also to be avoided. Failure to comply with this may cause the formation of airpockets in the pipework and thus prevent the correct operation of the pump

and measuring equipment.

The suction pipe should be as short and direct as possible, and should be

flushed clean before connecting to the pump. For suction lift applications, it is

advisable to use a foot valve. Horizontal suction lines must have a gradual rise

to the pump. If the pumped fluid is likely to contain foreign matter then a filter

or coarse strainer should be fitted to prevent ingress to the pump.

The discharge pipe is usually preceded by a non-return valve or check valve

and a discharge gate valve. The check valve is to maintain system pressure in

case of stoppage or failure of the driver. The discharge valve is used to prevent

back flow when shutting down the pump for maintenance.

COUPLING ALIGNMENT

Periodical checks of shaft alignments should be undertaken and if necessaryadjusted accordingly. In order to maintain the warranty status of your SPP

pump it is recommended to take out an SPP preventative maintenance

contract. SPPs field service engineers have extensive experience in pump and

coupling alignment. Refer to the pump and coupling

instruction manuals for details of shaft alignment

procedures and tolerances or proceed generally thus:

a) Lateral AlignmentMount a dial gauge on the motor shaft or coupling

with the gauge running on the outer-machined

diameter of the pump coupling. Turn the motor shaft

and note the total indicator reading.

b) Angular Alignment

Mount a dial gauge on the motor shaft or coupling

to run on a face of the pump coupling as near to theoutside diameter as possible. Turn the motor shaft and note the total indicator

reading at top & bottom and each side.


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N

c) Confirm Lateral Alignment

Mount the dial gauge on the pump shaft or

coupling with the gauge running on the machined

outer diameter of the motor coupling. Turn the

pump shaft and note the total indicator reading.

d) Adjustment

The motor must be shimmed and re-positioned to align the shafts to the

coupling manufacturers specifications.

Note:

Shaft alignment must be checked again after the final positioning of the pump

unit and connection to pipework as this may have disturbed the pump ordriver mounting positions.

ENGINE DRIVEN PUMPS

Air is required for combustion and cooling purposes, with air and radiator

cooled engines in particular needing large volumes of air for cooling. Inlet

and outlet apertures, suitably sized and positioned to prevent air recirculation,

must be provided in the pump house structure. It is recommended that a low

level vent be matched by a high level vent in the opposite wall.

Exhaust runs should be as short as possible. Small bore pipe and/or excessive

length will cause backpressure on the engine, reducing engine performance

and therefore pump output.

Engine driven fire pumps should not be left unattended whilst undertaking

weekly test runs. The run-to-crash design of fire pump engines makes it

essential to that they are commissioned by experienced personnel to avoidpermanent damage. SPP offers fixed price fire pump commissioning services

PRE-COMMISSIONING CHECK

If SPP Pumps Ltd is contracted to carry out the commissioning, the following

check list shows items to be completed before the commissioning engineer

arrives.

SPP COMMISSIONING SERVICESSPP use qualified engineers to maintain approved systems, warranty and

approved parts.


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Contents39

CHECK LIST

1 Installation:

Mounting plinths comply with instructions for size, construction

and location The baseplate has been accurately levelled and adequately supported.

This prevents distortion and makes achievable the final shaft alignment

to within manufacturers specification

The xing bolts are grouted as instructed and tightened to the

required torque

The shaft alignment has been checked and set to within the stated

tolerances.

2 Suction and delivery pipework is adequately supported and NEGLIGIBLE

forces are transmitted to the pump casing.

3 Where applicable, all drain, minimum flow, and test pipelines are fitted,

together with valves gauges and flow meters.

4 The diesel engine exhaust has been fitted in line with recommendations.

5 The engine fuel tank is filled with sufficient fuel.

6 Batteries are filled and charged in accordance with the manufacturers

instructions.

7 All wiring to controls and to remote alarm panels is completed in line with

appropriate regulations & power supplies are connected.

8 The area is clear of all builders material and rubbish to allow access to

the pumps.


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40Contents

HYDRAULIC DESIGN DATA

40


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41Contents

SECTION 10

PRESSURE (bar) VS HEAD (mOF WATER)

bar

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

0.00

0.00

1.02

2

.04

3.06

4.08

5.10

6.12

7.14

8.16

9.18

1.00

10.19

11.22

12.24

13.26

14.28

15.30

16.32

17.33

18.35

19.37

2.00

20.39

21.41

22.43

23.45

24.47

25.49

26.51

27.53

28.55

29.57

3.00

30.59

31.61

32.63

33.65

34.67

35.69

36.71

37.73

38.75

39.77

4.00

40.79

41.81

42.83

43.85

44.87

45.89

46.91

47.93

48.95

49.97

5.00

50.99

52.00

53.02

54.04

55.06

56.08

57.10

58.12

59.14

60.16

6.00

61.18

62.20

63.22

64.24

65.26

66.28

67.30

68.32

69.34

70.36

7.00

71.38

72.40

73.42

74.44

75.46

76.48

77.50

78.52

79.54

80.56

8.00

81.58

82.60

83.62

84.64

85.65

86.67

87.69

88.71

89.73

90.75

9.00

91.77

92.97

93.81

94.83

95.85

96.87

97.89

98.91

99.93

100.9

5

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

bar

101.97

203.94

305.91

40

7.88

509.85

611.82

713.79

815.76

9

17.73

1019.70

metre

s


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42Contents

HYDRAULICD

ESIGNDATA

EXAMPLE

Find the metres head of water (1.0 s.g.) equivalent of 54.76 bar

From bottom two lines: 50.00 bar = 509.85m

Select 4 bar line in first column and

read along to figure under 0.7 in

top line, hence:

4.70 bar = 47.93m

For 0.06 bar, read under 0.6 top line:

hence 6.12m dividing both figures by 10:

0.06 bar = 0.612m

Thus by addition 54.76 bar = 558.392m

Note:For liquids with specific gravities differing from 1.0, answer must be divided by

actual specific gravity to obtain head in metres of liquid.


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SECTION 11

CALCULATION OF HEAD FOR PUMP SELECTION

To fulfill a pumping duty a pump must develop sufficient head and meet the

suction conditions. The total head of a system must take into account thedifference in liquid levels at inlet and outlet, friction in the pipes, surface

pressure (or in some cases vacuum) on inlet and outlet and the velocity of

the fluid at discharge. The following diagram and example explains how to

calculate the system head taking all these factors into account.

hd = total discharge head

hsd = discharge static head

hpd = discharge surface pressure head

hfd = discharge friction head

hvd = discharge velocity head

System head = total discharge head -

total suction head

H = hd hs

The total discharge head is made fromfour separate heads:

hd = hsd + hpd + hfd + hvd


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HYDRAULICD

ESIGNDATA

The total suction head consists of four separate heads

hs = hss + hps - hfs - hvs

hs = total suction head

hss = suction static head hps = suction surface pressure head

hfs = suction friction head

hvs = suction velocity head

Example

Calculate the total head of the

following pump system.

The total friction through suction

pipes and fittings is equivalent

to 1m head and through delivery

pipes and fittings is equivalent to

10m head.

The header tank and discharge

pipe is open to atmosphere at sea

level.

The suction velocity head is 0.1m

and the discharge velocity head

is 0.5m

Pumped fluid is cold clean water.


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First we calculate the total delivery head, hsd and hss from the diagram we

can see that the discharge static head is 40m and the suction static head is

5m hpd

millimeters of mercury x = meters of liquid

pressure at sea level is approx. 760mm Hg, specific gravity of cold clean water

is 1, so 760 x 0.014/1 = 10.6m

so hpd is 10.6m, the header tank is also open to atmosphere so hps is also

10.6m

hd = hsd + hpd + hfd + hvd

= 40 + 10.6 + 10 + 0.5

= 61.1 m

hs = hss + hps - hfs - hvs

= 5 + 10.6 - 1 - 0.1

= 14.5 m

Total system head H = hd hs

= 61.1 14.5

= 46.6 m

Note:

Gauge readings need correcting for height of gauge mounting. For this purposeit is important that pressure gauges should be full of liquid. Where a vacuum

gauge is used for a suction lift, the gauge pipe should be left empty and

correction made from the point of connection, not from the gauge itself.

0.014

specific gravity


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HYDRAULICD

ESIGNDATA

AUTOPRIME PUMPING TERMS

Head

Total Head from all Causes is the combination of both Total Suction Head

and Total Discharge Head.

When static heights are kept to a minimum and pipework of the correct size

for the pump is used, performance will be maintained and running costs

minimised.

Suction head will be affected by changes in liquid viscosity and specific

gravity and in the vapour pressure resulting from increased liquid

temperature.

Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)

NPSHr: minimum liquid head (pressure) required by the pump at the impeller

to pump the liquid, this is determined by the pump design. NPSHa: minimum

liquid head (pressure) available from the atmosphere to deliver the liquid to

the impeller for pumping.

Example:

NPSHa (Available) 10.5 m

less Static Lift 3.0 m

Friction & Vapour Loss 1.5 m

NPSHr (Required) 2.0 m

Therefore leaving for Suction Lift 4.0 m


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TYPICAL SUCTION LIFT CONFIGURATION

AUTOPRIME

TOTAL

HEAD

FROM

ALL

CAUSES

TotalDischarge

Head

Discharge

Hose

Friction

Static

Delivery

Head

StaticSuction

Lift

Suction

HoseFriction


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For other types of pipe, multiply foregoing figures as below, for pipes in smooth

and new condition.

Galvanised iron 1.33

Uncoated cast iron 1.23

Coated cast iron, wrought iron, coated steel 1.07

Coated spun iron 1.04

Smooth pipe (lead, brass, copper, stainless steel, glass, plastic) 0.88

Friction losses are affected to an even greater degree by deviations of actualbore from the standard dimensions represented in the foregoing table.

To correct for actual bore, multiply also by

(D/d)4.87

Where D = Standard (nominal) bore.

d = Actual internal diameter.

Multiplying factors for grey iron pipes to BS 4622 (both sand mould cast and

spun): ductile iron pipes to BS 4772: and uPVC pipes to BS 3505 taking into

account the corrections both for type of pipe and for actual bore, are as follows

on the next page.


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50Contents

Nomina

lboremm

20

25

32

40

50

65

80

100

125

150

175

200

225

250

300

(in)

()

(1)

(1)

(1)

(2)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

(12)

GreyIron,BS4622:

Class

1(spun)

-

-

-

0.84

0.90

-

0.93

-

0.95

-

0.96

0.97

Class

2(spun)

-

-

-

0.91

0.97

-

0.99

-

1.00

-

1.00

1.00

Class

3(spun)

-

-

-

0.99

1.04

-

1.04

-

1.04

-

1.04

1.04

Class

4(spun)

-

-

-

1.18

1.21

-

1.16

-

1.14

-

1.13

1.12

Forsandmouldcastpipesmultiplyby1.03:alsoforuncoatedborep

ipesby1.15

DuctileIron,BS4722:

Cla

ssK9

-

-

-

0.73

0.97

-

0.77

-

0.78

-

0.80

0.78

ClassK12

-

-

-

0.82

0.88

-

0.85

-

0.86

-

0.87

0.84

uPVC,

BS3505:

ClassB

-

-

-

0.78

0.65

0.68

0.68

0.73

0.74

0.77

0.75

0.80

ClassC

-

0.57

0.6

8

0.83

0.72

0.79

0.79

0.84

0.85

0.88

0.86

0.90

ClassD

0.66

0.64

0.7

8

0.96

0.84

0.92

0.92

0.98

0.97

1.03

0.98

1.04

ClassE

0.75

0.75

0.9

1

1.12

0.97

1.06

1.07

1.13

1.10

1.16

1.12

1.19

SteelTub

es,BS1387

medium;

alsoX1.24

forga

lvanised

0.79

0.75

0.64

0.90

0.84

0.8

5

1.06

0.87

0.92

0.93

-

-

-

-

-

HYDRAULICD

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51Contents

SECTION 13

RESISTANCE IN FITTINGS

As in straight pipe, having length of following multiples of pipe diameter:

Flush sharp-edged entry 22

Slightly rounded entry 11

Flush bellmouth entry 4

Sharp entry projecting into liquid 36

Bellmouth entry projecting into liquid 9

Footvalve with strainer 113

Round elbow 45

Short radius bend 34Medium radius bend 18

Close return bend 100

Tee: straight through 11

side outlet, sharp angled 54

side outlet, radiused (swept tee) 22

Branch piece, straight through 7

Branch piece, flow to branch 45

Branch piece, flow from branch 22

Sluice (gate) valve 7

Reflux (back pressure, non-return) valve 45

Angle valve 225

Globe valve 450

Bellmouth outlet 9

Sudden enlargement 45

Taper, divergence angle above 60 45

Taper, divergence angle 15 - 60 22

Taper increaser or reduced with less than 15 divergence angle: Equivalent to pipe of mean

diameter.

Flap 0.06m Head

Note:

Multiplying factor for type and class of pipe to be applied to above equivalent

lengths for pipe fittings (elbows, bends, tees etc) but notto those for valves.


53/103

52Contents

SECTION 14

QUANTITIES PASSED BY PIPES AT DIFFERENT VELOCITIES

SECTION 15

RECOMMENDED MAXIMUM FLOW THROUGH VALVES (l/s)

Actual bore of pipe, mm

Velocity

of flow,

m/s

50 80 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 300

l/s

1 1.96 5.03 7.85 12.27 17.67 24.1 31.4 39.7 49.1 70.7

1.5 2.95 7.54 11.78 18.41 26.51 36.1 47.1 59.6 73.6 106.1

2 3.93 10.05 15.71 24.54 35.34 48.1 62.8 79.5 98.2 141.4

2.5 4.91 12.57 19.64 30.68 44.18 60.1 78.5 99.4 122.7 176.7

3 5.89 15.08 23.56 36.82 53.02 72.2 94.3 119.3 147.3 212.1

3.5 6.87 17.59 27.49 42.95 61.85 84.2 110 139.2 171.8 247.4

4 7.85 20.11 31.42 49.09 70.69 96.2 125.7 159.0 196.4 282.8

5 9.82 25.13 39.27 61.36 88.36 120.3 157.1 198.8 245.4 353.4

Size of Valve, mm 50 65 80 100 125 150 175 200 250 300

Foot valve with

strainer

2.2 4.0 6.0 12.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 55.0 90.0 130.0

Back pressure valve 3.0 5.0 8.0 15.0 25.0 37.5 50.0 70.0 110.0 160.0

Sluice valve 5.5 10.0 15.0 25.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 160.0 220.0

HYDRAULICD

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53Contents

SECTION 16

QUANTITIES OF WATER DISCHARGED BY ROUND SPRAY HOLES IN THIN

WALLED PIPES UNDER DIFFERENT PRESSURES

Pre

ssure

(bar)

Head

(mw

ater)

Sizeofhole(mm)

3

4

5

6

8

10

12

l/sperhole

0.5

5.1

0.04

3

0.077

0.120

0.173

0.307

0.48

0.69

1.0

10.2

0.06

1

0.109

0.170

0.245

0.435

0.68

0.98

1.5

15.3

0.07

5

0.133

0.208

0.300

0.532

0.83

1.20

2.0

20.4

0.08

6

0.154

0.240

0.346

0.615

0.96

1.38

2.5

25.5

0.09

6

0.172

0.269

0.387

0.688

1.07

1.55

3.0

30.6

0.10

6

0.188

0.294

0.424

0.754

1.18

1.70

3.5

35.7

0.11

4

0.204

0.318

0.458

0.814

1.27

1.83

4.0

40.8

0.12

2

0.218

0.340

0.489

0.870

1.36

1.96

5.0

51.0

0.13

6

0.243

0.380

0.546

0.972

1.52

2.19

6.0

61.2

0.15

0

0.266

0.416

0.600

1.065

1.67

2.40


55/103

54Contents

SECTION 17

NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD (NPSH)

For a pump to fulfil a particular duty it must first be able to get the required

quantity in. For example, a pump may work satisfactorily when installed at agiven height above the liquid level on the suction side, but no longer do so if

it is placed higher, even though the total head remains unaltered in view of a

corresponding reduction in the height of lift on the delivery side.

The criteria for this is termed NPSH, which has two aspects, the NPSH the

installation and operating conditions provide (NPSH available) and the NPSH

needed to get stable flow into the pump impeller (NPSH required). The

installation conditions and pump selection must be reconciled so that theNPSH required does not exceed the NPSH available.

Fluid not being sensibly cohesive, it cannot be towed. To be made to flow, it

must be pressed from behind. There must, therefore, be either an extraneous

pressure on the liquid and/or a head of the liquid itself, which is sufficient to

cover losses as far as the pump inlet and then overcome pump inlet losses

and create the requisite velocity into the impeller vanes.

The pressure available behind a liquid for creating movement is the absolute

pressure on the liquid free surface, less the liquids own pressure to move in

the opposite direction, i.e. to evaporate into the spaces above the free surface

this is called vapour pressure. The head available at the pump inlet for

getting the flow into the pump impeller is therefore:-

Absolute pressure on liquid free surface Ha

Plus height of liquid free surface above pump impeller + hs Less liquid vapour pressure - hv

Less losses between liquid free surface and pump inlet - hl

(All expressed in metres head of the liquid).

HYDRAULICD

ESIGNDATA


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55Contents

Note:+hs becomes negative if the liquid free surface is below the pump impeller.

Care must be taken to state NPSH available taking all these factors into

account, even though in particular cases the two may equalise each other, e.g.

with a liquid at boiling point hv equals Ha and they thus cancel each other out.Otherwise confusion may arise through statement of NPSH, which is plainly

inconsistent with the circumstances, e.g. a figure being quoted as NPSH when

head over suction hs is meant.

The velocity required at inlet to the impeller vanes is a function of flow

quantity, area at vane inlets and velocity induced by impeller rotation.

Consequently the NPSH required varies with pump type and size, and increases

with both capacity and speed.

To maintain NPSH required within given limits, the permissible speed reduces

approximately as the square root of capacity increases.

The increased vapour pressure of warm water often affects suction as

indicated by the following table.

Negative figures represent minimum requirement of head of liquid above

impeller eye.

Note:The above figures are intentionally conservative in order to cover varyingsuction capabilities of different pumps. Better values may be obtainable

especially when the normal capacity of the pump is above the output required,

but to allow investigation, full details should be submitted, and the possibility

of the temperature being underestimated should not be overlooked.

Temp of water oC 40 50 60 70 75 80 85 90 95 100

Suction limit (m) 6.25 5.75 4.75 3.25 2.5 1.5 0.25 -1 -2 -3


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56Contents

SECTION 18

MAXIMUM SUCTION LIFT WITH BAROMETRIC PRESSURE AT

DIFFERENT ALTITUDES

SECTION 19

THERMOMETER SCALES

Temperature Conversion Formulae:-oF = (oC x 9/5) + 32 oC = (oF 32) x 5/9

Comparison values in oF and oC Scales of temperature

Altitude (m)

Barometric pressure Equivalenthead of

water (m)

Practicalmaximum suctionlift of pumps (m)bar mm Hg

Sea level 1.013 760 10,33 6.5

500 0.954 716 9.73 6

1000 0.899 674 9.16 5.5

1500 0.846 634 8.62 5

2000 0.796 597 8.12 4.5

oF

oC

oF

oC

oF

oC

-40 -40 113 45 302 150

-31 -35 122 50 320 160

-22 -30 131 55 338 170

-4 -20 140 60 356 180

5 -15 149 65 374 19014 -10 158 70 392 200

23 -5 167 75 410 210

32 0 176 80 428 220

41 5 185 85 446 230

50 10 194 90 464 240

59 15 203 95 482 250

68 20 212 100 500 260

77 25 230 110 518 270

86 30 248 120 536 280

95 35 266 130 554 290

104 40 284 140 572 300

HYDRAULICD

ESIGNDATA


58/103


59/103

58Contents

In the last column of the schedule, indications have been given of the

approximate minimum practical size of centrifugal pump corresponding to

each viscosity. In general, for greater viscosities exceeding 25 stokes, pumps

of a positive displacement type should be used.

HYDRAULICD

ESIGNDATA


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59Contents

APPROXIMATE VISCOSITY CONVERSION SCHEDULE

Kinem

atic

Viscosity

Stokes

Kinematic

Viscosity

Centistokes

Redwo

od

No1

Secon

ds

Saybolt

Universal

Seconds

Engler

Second

s

Engler

Degrees

Redwood

Admiralty

Seconds

Saybolt

Furol

S

econds

Barbey

Fluidity

Minim

umS

ize

Centrifugal

Pump(mm)

0.01

1

29.0

31.0

51.3

1.00

-

-

6200

Noreasonable

lim

itation

0.02

2

30.9

33.5

57.5

1.12

-

-

3100

0.03

3

33.0

36.2

62.6

1.22

-

-

2067

0.04

4

35.3

39.1

67.2

1.31

-

-

1550

0.05

5

37.9

42.3

71.3

1.39

-

-

1240

0.06

6

40.5

45.5

75.9

1.48

-

-

1033

0.07

7

43.2

48.7

80.1

1.56

-

-

886

0.08

8

46.0

52.0

84.7

1.65

-

-

775

0.09

9

48.8

55.4

89.3

1.74

-

-

689

0.1

10

51.7

58.6

93.9

1.83

-

-

620

0.2

20

85.0

97.5

147

2.87

9

15.0

310

20-25

0.3

30

123

141

209

4.07

12

18.5

207

25-32

0.4

40

163

186

274

5.33

16

22.2

153

32-40

0.5

50

203

231

340

6.61

20

26.0

124

40-50

0.6

60

244

277

406

7.90

24

30.5

103

40-50

0.7

70

284

323

473

9.21

28

35.0

88.6

50-65

0.8

80

324

370

559

10.5

32

39.5

77.5

50-65

0.9

90

364

416

606

11.8

36

44.0

68.9

50-65


61/103

60Contents

Kinematic

Viscos

ity

Stokes

Kinematic

Viscosity

Centistokes

Redwo

od

No1

Secon

ds

Saybolt

Universal

Seconds

Engler

Seconds

Engler

Degrees

Redwood

Admiralty

Seconds

Saybolt

Furol

S

econds

Barbey

Fluidity

MinimumS

ize

Centrifugal

Pump

(mm)

1

100

405

462

677

13.2

41

48.5

62.0

50

-80

2

200

810

924

1350

26.3

81

94.7

31.0

80-

100

3

300

1215

1386

2030

39.5

122

141

20.7

125

-150

4

400

1620

1848

2700

52.6

162

188

15.5

150

-175

5

500

2025

2310

3580

65.8

203

235

12.4

175

-200

6

600

2430

2772

4060

78.9

243

282

10.3

200

-250

7

700

2835

3234

4730

92.1

284

329

8.9

200

-250

8

800

3240

3696

5390

105

324

376

7.8

250

-300

9

900

3645

4158

6060

118

365

423

6.9

250

-300

10

1000

4050

4620

6770

132

405

470

6.2

300

-350

0

2000

8100

9240

13500

263

810

940

3.10

400

-450

30

3000

12150

13860

20300

395

1215

1410

2.07

Pos

itive

displacement

pum

prequired

40

4000

16200

18480

27000

526

1620

1880

1.55

50

5000

20250

23100

33800

658

2025

2350

1.24

60

6000

24300

27720

40600

789

2430

2820

1.03

70

7000

28350

32340

47300

921

2835

3290

80

8000

32400

36960

53900

1050

3240

3760

90

9000

36450

41580

60600

1180

3645

4230

100

10000

40500

46200

67700

1316

4050

4700

HYDRAULICD

ESIGNDATA


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62Contents

HYDRAULICD

ESIGNDATA

Hydraulic Institute Test Standards

In making tests under this standard no minus tolerance or margin shall be

allowed with respect to capacity, total head or efficiency at the rated or

specified conditions.

The following tolerances shall apply:

At rated head +10% of rated capacity

OR

At rated capacity +5% of rated head under 500 feet

+3 % of rated head 500 feet and over

Conformity with only one of the above tolerances is required. It should be

noted that there might be an increase in horsepower at the rated condition

when complying to plus tolerances for head or capacity.

For a fire pump the following tolerances from NFPA 20 shall also apply:

At 150% of rated capacity, head will range from minimum of 65% to

maximum of just below rated head.

Shutoff head will range from minimum of 101% to maximum of 140% of

rated head.

Exception

If available suction supplies do not permit the flowing of 150% of rated

capacity, the fire pump shall be operated at maximum allowable discharge

to determine if it is acceptable. This reduced capacity shall not constitute an

unacceptable test.


64/103

Contents63

ISO 9906:2000 (grade 1) Table 10

The following tolerances shall apply at duty flow rate: -

Rate of ow 4.5 %

Pump Total head 3 %

Pump Efciency - 3 %

Speed of rotation 1 %

ISO 9906:2000 (grade 2) Table 10


Rate of ow 8 %

Pump Total head 5.5 %

Pump Efciency - 5 %

Speed of rotation 1 %

ISO 9906:2000 (grade 2) Annex A.1 Pumps produced in series.


Rate of ow 9 %

Pump Total head 7 %

Pump Input Power + 9 %

Driver Input Power + 9 %

Pump Efciency - 7 %

ISO 9906:2000 (grade 2) Annex A.2 Pumps with a driver powerinput less than 10 kW


Rate of ow 10 %

Pump Total head 8 %


65/103


66/103

65Contents

VELOCITY HEADCORRECTION


67/103

66Contents

TABLES OF VELOCITY HEAD CORRECTION (BAR)

Flow (Litres/Minute)

Di Dd 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900

50 80 0.305 0.369 0.440 0.516 0.598 0.687 0.782 0.882 0.989 1.102

65 80 0.071 0.086 0.102 0.120 0.139 0.160 0.182 0.206 0.231 0.257

80 100 0.032 0.039 0.047 0.055 0.064 0.073 0.083 0.094 0.105 0.117

80 150 0.051 0.061 0.073 0.085 0.099 0.114 0.129 0.146 0.164 0.182

100 125 0.013 0.016 0.019 0.022 0.026 0.030 0.034 0.038 0.043 0.048

100 150 0.018 0.022 0.026 0.031 0.035 0.041 0.046 0.052 0.059 0.065

100 200 0.021 0.026 0.030 0.036 0.041 0.047 0.054 0.061 0.068 0.076

100 250 0.022 0.027 0.032 0.037 0.043 0.049 0.056 0.063 0.071 0.079

125 150 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.011 0.012 0.014 0.015 0.017

125 200 0.008 0.009 0.011 0.013 0.015 0.018 0.020 0.023 0.025 0.028

125 250 0.009 0.010 0.012 0.015 0.017 0.019 0.022 0.025 0.028 0.031

150 175 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.007

150 200 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.010 0.011150 250 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.010 0.011 0.013 0.014

150 300 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.011 0.012 0.014 0.015

175 200 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.004

200 225 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002

200 250 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.003

200 300 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.004

250 300 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001

300 350 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

350 400 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

Di - Smaller diameter (mm)

Dd - Larger diameter (mm)

Gauge pressure variations, where the flow is from :-the smaller diameter to the larger diameter, then VAR. is POS(+) or,

the larger diameter to the smaller diameter, then VAR. is NEG(-)


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67Contents

VELOCITYHE

ADCORRECTION


Di Dd 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900

50 80 1.2211 1.3463 1.4776 1.6149 1.7584 1.9080 2.0637 2.2255 2.3934 2.5674

65 80 0.2847 0.3138 0.3444 0.3765 0.4099 0.4448 0.4811 0.5188 0.5579 0.5985

80 100 0.1298 0.1431 0.1571 0.1717 0.1869 0.2028 0.2194 0.2366 0.2544 0.2729

80 150 0.2021 0.2228 0.2445 0.2673 0.2910 0.3158 0.3415 0.3683 0.3961 0.4249

100 125 0.0532 0.0586 0.0643 0.0703 0.0766 0.0831 0.0899 0.0969 0.1042 0.1118

100 150 0.0723 0.0797 0.0874 0.0956 0.1041 0.1129 0.1221 0.1317 0.1417 0.1520

100 200 0.0844 0.0931 0.1022 0.1117 0.1216 0.1319 0.1427 0.1539 0.1655 0.1775

100 250 0.0878 0.0968 0.1062 0.1161 0.1264 0.1371 0.1483 0.1599 0.1720 0.1845125 150 0.0191 0.0211 0.0231 0.0253 0.0275 0.0298 0.0323 0.0348 0.0374 0.0402

125 200 0.0313 0.0345 0.0378 0.0413 0.0450 0.0488 0.0528 0.0570 0.0613 0.0657

125 250 0.0346 0.0381 0.0418 0.0457 0.0498 0.0540 0.0584 0.0630 0.0678 0.0727

150 175 0.0082 0.0090 0.0099 0.0108 0.0118 0.0128 0.0138 0.0149 0.0160 0.0172

150 200 0.0122 0.0134 0.0147 0.0161 0.0175 0.0190 0.0206 0.0222 0.0238 0.0256

150 250 0.0155 0.0171 0.0187 0.0205 0.0223 0.0242 0.0262 0.0282 0.0303 0.0326

150 300 0.0167 0.0184 0.0202 0.0221 0.0240 0.0261 0.0282 0.0304 0.0327 0.0351

175 200 0.0040 0.0044 0.0048 0.0053 0.0057 0.0062 0.0067 0.0072 0.0078 0.0084

200 225 0.0021 0.0023 0.0026 0.0028 0.0030 0.0033 0.0036 0.0039 0.0041 0.0044

200 250 0.0033 0.0037 0.0040 0.0044 0.0048 0.0052 0.0056 0.0061 0.0065 0.0070

200 300 0.0045 0.0050 0.0055 0.0060 0.0065 0.0071 0.0076 0.0082 0.0089 0.0095

250 300 0.0012 0.0013 0.0014 0.0016 0.0017 0.0019 0.0020 0.0022 0.0023 0.0025

300 350 0.0005 0.0006 0.0006 0.0007 0.0007 0.0008 0.0009 0.0009 0.0010 0.0011

350 400 0.0002 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005


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68Contents


Di Dd 3000 3100 3200 3300 3400 3500 3600 3700 3800 3900

50 80 2.7475 2.9338 3.1261 3.3245 3.5291 3.7397 3.9564 4.1793 4.4083 4.6433

65 80 0.6405 0.6839 0.7287 0.7750 0.8227 0.8718 0.9223 0.9742 1.0276 1.0824

80 100 0.2921 0.3119 0.3323 0.3534 0.3752 0.3976 0.4206 0.4443 0.4686 0.4936

80 150 0.4547 0.4855 0.5174 0.5502 0.5840 0.6189 0.6548 0.6917 0.7295 0.7684

100 125 0.1196 0.1277 0.1361 0.1448 0.1537 0.1628 0.1723 0.1820 0.1920 0.2022

100 150 0.1626 0.1736 0.1850 0.1968 0.2089 0.2213 0.2342 0.2474 0.2609 0.2748

100 200 0.1900 0.2029 0.2162 0.2299 0.2440 0.2586 0.2736 0.2890 0.3048 0.3211

100 250 0.1975 0.2108 0.2247 0.2389 0.2536 0.2688 0.2843 0.3003 0.3168 0.3337125 150 0.0430 0.0459 0.0489 0.0520 0.0552 0.0585 0.0619 0.0654 0.0689 0.0726

125 200 0.0703 0.0751 0.0800 0.0851 0.0903 0.0957 0.1013 0.1070 0.1129 0.1189

125 250 0.0778 0.0831 0.0885 0.0942 0.0999 0.1059 0.1121 0.1184 0.1248 0.1315

150 175 0.0184 0.0197 0.0210 0.0223 0.0237 0.0251 0.0265 0.0280 0.0296 0.0311

150 200 0.0274 0.0292 0.0311 0.0331 0.0351 0.0372 0.0394 0.0416 0.0439 0.0462

150 250 0.0348 0.0372 0.0396 0.0422 0.0448 0.0474 0.0502 0.0530 0.0559 0.0589

150 300 0.0375 0.0401 0.0427 0.0454 0.0482 0.0511 0.0540 0.0571 0.0602 0.0634

175 200 0.0089 0.0095 0.0102 0.0108 0.0115 0.0122 0.0129 0.0136 0.0143 0.0151

200 225 0.0048 0.0051 0.0054 0.0058 0.0061 0.0065 0.0069 0.0072 0.0076 0.0080

200 250 0.0075 0.0080 0.0085 0.0090 0.0096 0.0102 0.0108 0.0114 0.0120 0.0126

200 300 0.0102 0.0109 0.0116 0.0123 0.0131 0.0138 0.0146 0.0155 0.0163 0.0172

250 300 0.0027 0.0029 0.0031 0.0032 0.0034 0.0037 0.0039 0.0041 0.0043 0.0045

300 350 0.0012 0.0012 0.0013 0.0014 0.0015 0.0016 0.0017 0.0018 0.0018 0.0019

350 400 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0007 0.0007 0.0008 0.0008 0.0009 0.0009 0.0009

Di - Smaller diameter (mm)

Dd - Larger diameter (mm)

Gauge pressure variations, where the flow is from :-

the smaller diameter to the larger diameter, then VAR. is POS(+) or,

the larger diameter to the smaller diameter, then VAR. is NEG(-)


70/103

69Contents

VELOCITYHE

ADCORRECTION


Di Dd 4000 4100 4200 4300 4400 4500 4600 4700 4800 4900

50 80 4.8845 5.1318 5.3852 5.6447 5.9102 6.1820 6.4598 6.7437 7.0337 7.3298

65 80 1.1386 1.1963 1.2553 1.3158 1.3777 1.4411 1.5058 1.5720 1.6396 1.7086

80 100 0.5193 0.5456 0.5725 0.6001 0.6283 0.6572 0.6867 0.7169 0.7477 0.7792

80 150 0.8084 0.8493 0.8912 0.9342 0.9781 1.0231 1.0691 1.1160 1.1640 1.2130

100 125 0.2127 0.2235 0.2345 0.2458 0.2574 0.2692 0.2813 0.2936 0.3063 0.3192

100 150 0.2891 0.3037 0.3187 0.3341 0.3498 0.3659 0.3823 0.3991 0.4163 0.4338

100 200 0.3377 0.3548 0.3724 0.3903 0.4087 0.4274 0.4467 0.4663 0.4863 0.5068

100 250 0.3510 0.3688 0.3870 0.4057 0.4247 0.4443 0.4642 0.4846 0.5055 0.5268125 150 0.0764 0.0803 0.0842 0.0883 0.0924 0.0967 0.1010 0.1055 0.1100 0.1146

125 200 0.1250 0.1314 0.1379 0.1445 0.1513 0.1583 0.1654 0.1726 0.1801 0.1876

125 250 0.1383 0.1453 0.1525 0.1599 0.1674 0.1751 0.1830 0.1910 0.1992 0.2076

150 175 0.0327 0.0344 0.0361 0.0378 0.0396 0.0414 0.0433 0.0452 0.0472 0.0491

150 200 0.0486 0.0511 0.0536 0.0562 0.0589 0.0616 0.0643 0.0672 0.0700 0.0730

150 250 0.0619 0.0651 0.0683 0.0716 0.0749 0.0784 0.0819 0.0855 0.0892 0.0929

150 300 0.0667 0.0701 0.0736 0.0771 0.0807 0.0844 0.0882 0.0921 0.0961 0.1001

175 200 0.0159 0.0167 0.0175 0.0184 0.0192 0.0201 0.0210 0.0219 0.0229 0.0239

200 225 0.0085 0.0089 0.0093 0.0098 0.0102 0.0107 0.0112 0.0117 0.0122 0.0127

200 250 0.0133 0.0140 0.0147 0.0154 0.0161 0.0168 0.0176 0.0184 0.0191 0.0199

200 300 0.0181 0.0190 0.0199 0.0209 0.0219 0.0229 0.0239 0.0249 0.0260 0.0271

250 300 0.0048 0.0050 0.0053 0.0055 0.0058 0.0060 0.0063 0.0066 0.0069 0.0072

300 350 0.0020 0.0022 0.0023 0.0024 0.0025 0.0026 0.0027 0.0028 0.0029 0.0031

350 400 0.0010 0.0010 0.0011 0.0011 0.0012 0.0013 0.0013 0.0014 0.0014 0.0015

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