html foundations, pt 2
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http://shawncalvert.com/webdesign-1 Web Design 1 Columbia College ChicagoTRANSCRIPT
22-3375 Web Design I // Columbia College Chicago
HTML Foundations, pt 2
Review
Anatomy of an Element
An HTML element includes both the HTML tag and everything between
the tag (the content).
<tag>Content</tag>
Anatomy of an Element
The element tag gives the content structure and meaning.
<tag>Content</tag>
Anatomy of an Element
Tags normally come in pairs. The first tag is the start tag, and the second
tag is the end tag.
<tag>Content</tag>
Anatomy of an Element
HTML has a defined set of tag names (also called keywords) that
the browser understands.
<h1>Main Headline</h1>
The essential element tags so far
PrimaryStructure html head body
Head Elements title meta
BodyElements p br h1 – h6
ul ol a img
Anatomy of an Element
Most elements can have attributes, which provides additional informatin
about the element.
<html lang=”en”></html>
Anatomy of an Element
Attributes always follow the sameformat: name=”value”. You can use
either single or double quotes.
<div class=”left-nav”></div>
The essential attributes so far
html <html lang=”en”></html>
meta <meta charset=”utf-8”>
link <link rel=”stylesheet” type-”text/css” href=”stylesheet/styles.css”>
img <img src=”images/image.jpg” alt=”Sam”>
a <a href=”http://colum.edu”>My school</a>
Properties
What are properties? While attributes provide additional information about a specific element’s content, every element type has a set of default properties that define how that element will be shown in the browser.
Properties
Element human
Properties name=”Liam”gender=”male” age=”5” !!
Block and Inline elements
One important default style applied to elements is whether they are block or inline. This is called their display property (we will talk about properties when we get to CSS).
A block element takes up the full width available to the element, and forces a line above and below. Examples include <p>, <div>, <ul>, <blockquote> and all headers.
block element
another element
another element
another element
Block and Inline elements
A inline element can be inserted within block elements or other inline elements and do no create additional space or line breaks. Examples include <img>, <em>, <strong>, <a>, and <span>.
<p></p>
<p>
<p></p>
<a></a> </p>
Class Exercise
!
Open ‘elements.html’ in bbedit and create tags around the
unstructured text.
Tags: Anchors (linking)
<a></a> STRUCTURE
The <a> element is an inline tag that works anywhere in the
body to create a hyperlink.
EXAMPLE
<a href="aboutme.html">About Me</a>
<a> tags are always used in pairs, wrapping the content you want to activate
as a link. If you use an absolute URL, it must start with “http://”.
<a href="http://www.colum.edu">My school</a>
Relative vs Absolute links
Whenever you link to a file with an ‘href‘ (hypertext reference ) or ‘src’ (source) attribute, you are providing the browser and address to the resource. That address can be relative or absolute.
root directory (www.mysite.com)
index.html
images
logo.png
report.pdf
stylesheet.css
!
Relative vs Absolute links
A relative link is relative to the resource’s location in its directory. It is like saying “the restaurant is 2 blocks away.” In the example below, if ‘logo.png‘ were linked from the homepage (index.html), the tag would be:
<img src=”images/logo.png”>
root directory (www.mysite.com)
index.html
images
logo.png
report.pdf
stylesheet.css
!
Relative vs Absolute links
An absolute link is the full address to the resource’s location in the entire web. It is like saying “the restaurant is at 222 West Grand, Chicago IL 60625.”
<img src=”http://www.mysite.com/images/logo.png”>
root directory (www.mysite.com)
index.html
images
logo.png
report.pdf
stylesheet.css
!
Directories
Room 902
<a href=” ”>
Room 902 Room 901 Room 903
9th Floor
9th Floor/Room 902/
Room 902 Room 901 Room 903
9th Floor
../Room 902/
Two dots in front of a forward slash means: “step up one directory.” In this example it says:
“step out of room 903 and then back into room 902, talk to “
Room 902 Room 901 Room 903
9th Floor8th Floor 10th Floor ++
WabashCampus
Mich AveCampus
Book & Paper Center ++
ColumbiaCollege
Universityof IL SAAIC ++
/Columbia College/Wabash Campus/9th Floor/Room 902/
http://Columbia College/Wabash Campus/9th Floor/Room 902/
Relative link to root A relative link (does not start with “http://”) with a slash at the beginning forces the link to start at the root of the website. This will only work on the server, not when you are working locally.
Absolute links Absolute links are typically used for linking to pages or files outside of your site’s directories.
The index file
When an absolute link is directed to a folder, the browser needs to know which file to open. By default, it looks for a file named “index” (the extension is not important, usually is it index.html, or index.php). This is why the homepage is always named “index”.
So, <a href=”http://www.mysite.com/”> and <a href=”http://www.mysite.com/index.html”> will open the same file.
root directory (www.mysite.com)
index.html
images
logo.png
Class Exercise
!
Open the folder ‘linking exercise” for a tutorial
Tables
What are tables? Tables are html elements that are used for presenting rows and columns of tabular data.
Tables are always created using three or more nested tags (at a minimum: table, tr, td)
For many years, designers used tables for layout, which is now done with CSS, except in certain scenarios (mainly for html emails).
table
thead
tfoot
tbody
tr
th
td
<table></table> STRUCTURE
The <table> tag defines and encloses the entire HTML table.
<thead></thead> STRUCTURE
The <thead> tag is used to group header content in an HTML table.
<tfoot></tfoot> STRUCTURE
The <tfoot> tag is used to group footer content in an HTML table.
<tbody></tbody> STRUCTURE
The <tbody> tag is used to group the body content in an HTML table.
<tr></tr> STRUCTURE
The <tr> tag defines a row in an HTML table.
<th></th>
These tags are the actual data cells:“table header” and “table data”.
Use <th> if the cell is inside <thead> tags.
<td></td>
EXAMPLE
from www.w3schools.com
<th colspan=”2”></th>
If your td or th element needs to span over another column, use the
colspan attribute.
<td colspan=”2”></td>
EXAMPLE
Every <tr> element in a table must contain the same number of cells, unless a ‘colspan’ element is used. In the example above, the first row has a cell that is using colspan=”2” to make a single cell take the space of two cells.
EXAMPLE
Every table must have table, tr and td (or th) tags. Marking up the header and body is good practice, but not essential.
Class Exercise
!
Open ‘table-exercises.html’ in bbedit and create two tables from
the un-marked-up content.
Forms
What is a form? HTML borrows the concept of a form to refer to different elements that allow you to collect information from visitors on your site.
How do HTML forms work? HTML form elements provide temporary storage for the information the user enters into the form. When the user clicks “submit,” the values are collected and sent to a server. The server processes the form data and sends back a new page (a response).
form server
Form Types
There are three basic types of form controls, for:
Adding Text
Making Choices
Submitting Forms
Uploading Files
Adding Text
Text Input
Password Input
Text Area
Making Choices
Radio Buttons
Checkboxes
Drop-downs
Submitting Forms
Submit Buttons
Image Buttons
Buttons
Uploading Files
File Upload
Form Syntax
The <form> tag is used to create an HTML form for user input.
<form></form>
The <form> tag contains the attributes that tell the browser how to handle the data when user hits ‘submit’. The essential, won’t-work-without-it, attribute is “action”. This is server address where the browser will send the data.
<form action=”http://www.mysite.com/process.php”>
</form>
<input> elements are used within a <form> element to declare input controls that allow users to input data.
<input> is an inline, self-closing tag.
An input field can vary in many ways, depending on the type attribute.
<form>
<input>
</form>
The <input> tag should always have, at a minimum, a type and name attribute.
The “type” attribute controls the form type (text, radio, dropdown, etc), and the “name” attribute is how you identify the data when it is sent to the server.
<form>
<input type=”text” name=”username”>
</form>
Input Attributes: type
You create the different type of form elements through the “type” attribute.
These include: text, password, radio, checkbox, select, file, submit, image, and hidden.
Input Attributes: type
For example:
<input type=”text”>
would create this:
Input Attributes: name
You then need to add a name so the data can be identified by the server:
<input type=”text” name=”username”>
!
Input Attributes: name
The data that is sent to the server is sent as a “name/value pair”. For example, if the user entered “Sarah” into the text box:
<input type=”text” name=”username”>
The server would receive:
username=”Sarah”
!
Class Exercise
!
Create a form for our tutorial:
Text input (name)
Dropdown (favorite color)
Radio (human or robot)
Text area (comment)
Submit
Adding Text: Examples
Text Input
Adding Text: Examples
Text Input You can add additional attributes to your text
inputs to control their width (size, in characters), and maxlength (in characthers). You can also control the width of the input field in your css (in pixels, % or ems).
Adding Text: Examples
Text Area Text areas are a bit different: they are not
contained in an <input> tag, and they require a closing tag (<textarea></textarea>.
Making Choices: Checkboxes
Checkboxes With checkboxes and radio buttons, the
“name” attribute creates the grouping between the options. The “value” attribute tells the server which option the user selected. add a “checked” value if you want an option to be preselected.
Making Choices: Radio Buttons
Radio Buttons Use a radio button when the user can only
select one option. Like checkboxes, add a “checked” value if you want an option to be preselected.
Making Choices: Dropdowns
Drop-downs Dropdowns are made up of two opening and
closing tags: <select> and <option>. Whatever option appears at the top is the default, unless you add a “selected=”selected” attribute to the option tag.
Uploading Files
File Upload
Submitting Forms: Submit
Submit A simple <input type=”submit”> is the easiest
way to add a submit button to your form. You can hook onto this element in css by using the pseudo selector input[type=submit].
Submitting Forms: Image
Image <input type=”image”> allows you to replace
the standard submit button with an image of a submit button. This method is not recommended.
Submitting Forms: Button
Button Inside a <button> element you can put
content, like text or images. This is the difference between this element and buttons created with the <input> element.
EXAMPLE
Form Labels
There are a few ways to add labels to your form elements. The simplest way is to just add unmarked up text with <br> elements.
<form>
Your Name<br> <input type=”text” name=”name”><br>
Your Email<br> <input type=”text” name=”email”><br>
<input type=”submit”>
</form>
Another way is to use the “label” element. It can wrap both the label and input, or stand outside of the input. You can style the label element in css.
If you use this method, you should add a “for” attribute to the label that matches the id of the form element (not required, but good for accessibility reasons).
<label for=”name”> Your Name<label><br>
<input type=”text” name=”name” id=”name”>
You can also wrap the entire element in the label tag. Both used of the label tag give your radio and checkboxes the added feature of making the entire field clickable.
<label>
Your Name<br> <input type=”text” name=”name”>
<label>
Form Design
