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United States History Review Sheet

Geography Atlantic and Pacific Oceans most influenced U.S. foreign policy throughout the 18th, 19th, and 20th century. • Oceans on the east & west coasts helped the U.S. maintain its foreign policy of neutrality during much of the 1800s. • Natural harbors contributed to the development of commerce. • Appalachian Mountains served as the western boundary for British colonial settlements prior to the Revolutionary War. • Proclamation Line of 1763- Border established by Great Britain in order to avoid conflicts between American colonists and Native Americans. • Early colonial settlements were similar in that each developed near the coast line. EX) Jamestown (1607) Plymouth (1620) New Amsterdam (1625) • New England Colonies- Influenced by good harbors, abundant forests, rocky soil, and a short growing season. Geographic factors influenced the economy of New England by promoting the growth of trade and manufacturing. Developed villages with town-hall meetings. Had small farms, commercial fishing, and the first American college. • Southern Colonies- The climate and topography of the southeastern U.S. had a major impact on the history of the U.S. before 1860 because the region provided agricultural products that were processed in the North and in Europe. Developed plantations (large farms that used slave labor) because of fertile land and a long growing season. • Great Plains The relatively flat, grassy region of the U.S. between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains is known as the Great Plains. The states with the largest percentage of land used for agriculture are located in areas with relatively flat terrain. Known for producing grain crops (aka food).

Part 1: Geography

During the colonial period, the economic development of the South was most directly dependent on the labor of

1. factory workers 2. wheat farmers3. Irish immigrants4. enslaved Africans

Which heading best completes the partial outline below?

1. Factors in the Economic Development of Colonial New England

2. Reasons for the Development of Southern Plantations


3. Features Contributing to Dutch Success in Colonial New Amsterdam

4. Components of the British System of Mercantilism

A conclusion supported by the information on the map is that slavery in the American colonies was

1. declining by the start of the Revolutionary War

2. concentrated in areas suitable for large plantations

3. becoming illegal in the northern colonies

4. growing fastest in the New England colonies

Jamestown, founded in 1607 Plymouth colony, founded in 1620 New Amsterdam, founded in 1625

These early colonial settlements were similar in that each was located

1. at the base of a mountain range2. near the coastline3. in an arid climate4. on offshore islands

Which generalization is most clearly supported by the information provided by the map?

1. Most early European settlements were located west of the Appalachian Mountains.

2. Rivers and harbors played a major role in the location of early settlements.

3. Only Dutch colonists settled away from the Atlantic coast.

4. The Great Lakes were important shipping routes for the early settlers.

The Proclamation of 1763 was intended to

1. allow American farmers to use the Mississippi River

2. outlaw slavery in the Ohio River valley

3. prevent France from expanding into the Great Lakes region

4. avoid conflicts with Native American Indians west of the Appalachian Mountains


Part 2: Colonial Period

Colonial Period

• Triangular Trade- led directly to the increased importation of enslaved Africans to the Western Hemisphere (colonies) • British Mercantilism- Economic policy used by the British in which the American Colonies served as a source of raw materials and a market to sell goods. British buy raw materials from the colonies and sell them finished products. Limited manufacturing in America. Limited colonies’ trade with other nations. This policy would eventually become one of the reasons for the American Revolution. • Salutary Neglect- Period of time when the British ignored the colonies because they only wanted to benefit from the economic prosperity of the colonies. Led to the development of independent colonial trade practices. • French and Indian War- Caused by disputed land claims in the Ohio River valley between the French and the British (the French and Indians were on the same side). War led to the end of the period of Salutary Neglect, because of the British need to tax the American colonists in order to pay for the war. This increase in taxes became one of the major causes of the Revolutionary War (war for American independence from Great Britain). • Virginia House of Burgesses/Mayflower Compact/Town Hall Meetings- Early colonial efforts in self- government. They all contributed to the development of representative democracy. • Albany Plan of Union (1754)- Early attempt to unify American colonies but under British rule. Many colonies objected to it because colonial assemblies did not want to give up their individual power.

Under mercantilism, the thirteen American colonies were expected to provide Great Britain with

1. finished American-manufactured goods

2. raw materials and markets for British products

3. officials to represent colonial interest in Parliament

4. laborers to work in British factories

In the 1700s, the triangular trade led directly to the

1. middle colonies’ role as the chief importers of agricultural products

2. rapid industrialization of the southern colonies

3. decline of the New England economy

4. increased importation of enslaved Africans to the Western Hemisphere

Before 1763, the British policy of salutary neglect toward its American colonies was based on the desire of Great Britain to

1. treat all English people, including colonists, on an equal basis

2. benefit from the economic prosperity of the American colonies

3. encourage manufacturing in the American colonies


4. ensure that all mercantile regulations were strictly followed

During the early to mid-1700s, the British policy of salutary neglect toward the American colonies contributed to

1. a decline in colonial manufacturing2. the decline of slavery in the northern

colonies3. a decrease in French and Spanish

influence in North America4. the development of independent

colonial trade practices

The results of the French and Indian War (1754–1763) led to the independence movement in the thirteen colonies because the British

1. lost control of Canada and Florida2. began imposing new taxes on the

colonists3. removed the Spanish threat to the

colonists4. opened the area west of the

Appalachian Mountains to colonial settlers

The creation of the Virginia House of Burgesses and the signing of the Mayflower Compact showed that American colonists

1. supported the abolition of slavery2. practiced elements of self-

government3. promoted public education4. demanded immediate independence

In colonial America, the House of Burgesses, the Mayflower Compact, and town hall meetings were all developments that led to the

1. regulation of trade with Native American Indians

2. protection of the rights of women3. elimination of the power of the upper

classes4. creation of representative

government


1. Ideas of Social Darwinism2. Basis of British Mercantilism3. Contributions to American Literature4. Influences on United States

Constitutional Government

The Mayflower Compact, New England town meetings, and the Virginia House of Burgesses are examples of

1. early colonial efforts in self-government

2. colonial protests against British taxation

3. governments imposed by Parliament4. attempts to limit democracy


Part 3: Independence Movement/Revolutionary War (American Revolution)Declaration of Independence-

• States the colonial grievances against British rule (a list of reasons for separating from Great Britain). • Written by Thomas Jefferson who was most influenced by the writers of the Enlightenment.• Takes ideas from John Locke’s theory of natural rights-power to govern belongs to the people (“consent of the governed”). • political development: the social contract theory of government- the purpose of government is to secure the natural rights of the people. If a government denies its people certain basic rights, that government can be overthrown. • Similar to the Bill of Rights because both documents support limitations on governmental power and stress the importance of individual liberty. • NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION- Many colonists believed they could not be taxed by the British because they had no representatives in the British government, which means that the British did not have consent of the governed. • Thomas Paine- Published Common Sense which was influential in persuading American colonists to support colonial independence from Britain. Convinced many Americans who had been undecided on declaring independence from Britain. • Response to Mercantilist Policies- Committees of Correspondence/Non-importation Agreements/Boston Tea Party First Continental Congress

Major Events Leading to Revolutionary War

Sugar and Stamp Acts- tax foreign molasses and printed material. Quartering Act-requires colonists to house and feed British soldiers. Townshend Acts-taxes imported goods and tea. Boston Massacre-five people killed by British soldiers. • American Colonies win the war and independence with the help of familiar land and foreign aid (France). colonists desired the right to control the basic aspects of their economy• At the end of the Revolutionary War the Mississippi became the western boundary of the U.S.

What is the fundamental purpose of government, as stated in the Declaration of Independence?

1. Ensure domestic tranquility2. Promote the general welfare3. Secure the blessings of liberty4. Protect the natural rights of citizens

The colonists’ slogan, “No taxation without representation,” expresses a belief in

1. free trade2. economic interdependence3. the supremacy of Parliament4. the consent of the governed


The main purpose for writing the Declaration of Independence was to

1. declare war on Great Britain2. force France to support the

Revolutionary War3. convince Great Britain to abolish slavery4. state the colonists’ reasons for separating

from Great Britain

Which two key principles of government are included in the Declaration of Independence?

1. majority rule and minority rights2. universal suffrage and judicial

independence3. direct democracy and equality for

women4. consent of the governed and natural

rights

The principles of government that Thomas Jefferson included in the Declaration of Independence were most influenced by

1. John Locke’s social contract theory2. Adam Smith’s ideas of free enterprise3. Louis XIV’s belief in divine right4. William Penn’s views on religious

toleration

In the publication Common Sense, Thomas Paine argued that

1. foreign nations would reject an independent American government

2. the British government would be impossible to overthrow

3. America was dependent on British trade and protection

4. the American colonies should break away from England

In the publication Common Sense, Thomas Paine argued that the American colonies should

1. approve the Treaty of Paris (1763)2. ratify the Constitution of the United

States3. end their political relationship with

Great Britain4. support the policies of King George III

“The only representatives of the people of these colonies are persons chosen therein by themselves; and that no taxes ever have been, or can be constitutionally imposed on them by their respective legislatures.”– Statement by the Stamp Act Congress, 1765What is a valid conclusion that can be drawn from this quotation?

1. The colonial legislatures should be appointed by the English King with the consent of Parliament.

2. Only the colonists' elected representatives should have the power to levy taxes.

3. The English King should have the right to tax the colonists.

4. The colonists should be opposed to all taxation.

Which is an important reason that the American colonists rebelled against England in the 1770s?

1. The colonists desired the right to control the basic aspects of their economy

2. An overwhelming majority of the colonists favored rebellion

3. England did not adequately protect America from attack by other European nations

4. England had reduced the number of colonial representatives in Parliament


Part 4: Early Government

Articles of Confederation

First form of government used by the U.S. after independence from Britain. First plan of union for the original 13 states.

distrusted a strong central government because of their experiences under the rule of Great Britain.

limit the central government’s opportunities to infringe upon the people’s liberties so they established a decentralized (power is broken up and divided among many groups, not unified) political system in which the state governments had all the power. Problems and Weaknesses- Largely unsuccessful at solving many

major problems because most power remained with the state governments. Congress depended on the states for men and money to support an army. National (aka Federal) government could not enforce its laws.

States had the power to collect taxes, coin money, and control trade. 3 Success of the Articles- It provided a system for governing the Western

territories and a process for admitting new states to the union. Shays’ Rebellion (1786)- Significant because it convinced many

Americans of the need for a stronger national government. Exposed the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation. Led to a call for the Constitutional Convention.

• Led to the creation of the U.S. Constitution.Constitutional Convention (1787)

Major American delegates (politicians) meet in Philadelphia to revise (correct) the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation. • central government needed power (the states had too much power).

Great Compromise-

Settled a dispute over how the states would be represented in the national legislature aka Congress (group of people who write and vote on laws).

Small states with small populations supported the idea of equal representation for the states in the national legislature (ex New Jersey Plan).

Large states with large populations supported the idea of representation based on the size of population (ex Virginia Plan).

Solution- Created a bicameral legislature (two houses that write and vote on laws). One house would be based on population (House of Representatives) and the other house would have equal representation for all states (Senate).

Three-Fifths Compromise- Solution to the problem of how to determine the number of representatives in the House of Representatives (branch of Congress) from states with large slave populations. Determined that 3/5 of the slave population would be counted for representation in the House.

• Other Major Compromises- Slave Trade, Taxation, Election of President.

U.S. Constitution vs. Articles of Confederation


Similarities• Both provided a national legislature

(lawmaking body).• Both provided some form of cooperation between states.

Differences• Constitution strengthened the power of the Federal

(aka national) Government.• Constitution granted Congress sole control over interstate and foreign commerce (trading between different states and trading with other countries).• Constitution created three separate, independent

branches of government.• Constitution gave the Federal (national) Government the power to collect taxes.

Federalists Group that supported ratification (make into a law) of the U.S. Constitution.

Wanted a strong national government to provide order. Published the Federalist Papers which encouraged ratification of the

Constitution.Anti-Federalists

Group that was against ratification of the Constitution. Believed it would threaten the rights of individual citizens. Did not want the national government to have too much power. Only agreed to ratify the Constitution after the addition of the Bill of

Rights to the Constitution.Bill of Rights- First ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution.

Main purpose is to protect civil liberties and protect the people from government abuse.

stress the importance of individual liberty. Unreasonable Search and Seizure- Protects U.S. citizens from being

jailed or searched for no reason. Major Rights- Right to assemble peacefully, freedom of speech,

protection against unreasonable search and seizure, etc. • Separation of church and state (religion is separate from the government) is established in the 1st Amendment.

Freedom of Speech (1st Amendment) o John Peter Zenger- Arrested by governor of New York (1733) for printing an article that criticized the governor. Was found to be not guilty because the article was based on fact. Led to a strengthening of freedom of press.

The most serious weakness of the Articles of Confederation was brought about by the authors'

1. fear of concentration of power in national government

2. distrust of representative government3. disregard of the principles of States

rights4. inability to provide for regional

differences

Which statement best explains why the Articles of Confederation established a weak rather than a strong central government?

1. Americans were following the plan of government set up in the Declaration of Independence.


2. The absence of national problems made a strong government unnecessary.

3. Colonial experiences under Great Britain had created a fear of unlimited government.

4. Revenues were not adequate to support a strong central government.

Why did the authors of the Articles of Confederation create a weak central government?

1. They lacked an understanding of state problems.

2. They anticipated the threat of foreign invasion.

3. They relied on advice from royal governors.

4. They feared the kind of rule experienced under the British monarchy.

Shays’ Rebellion (1786) became a concern for many national leaders because it

1. indicated there would be future conflicts over the spread of slavery

2. exposed fundamental weaknesses in government under the Articles of Confederation

3. pointed to the need for federal government regulation of interstate commerce

4. showed that frontier settlements were vulnerable to raids by Native American Indians

The government that was created under the Articles of Confederation lasted only a few years because the government

1. supported the extension of slavery into the Northwest Territory

2. lacked the ability to enforce its authority3. circulated a uniform paper currency

4. compelled the states to abide by its treaties

Which statement is accurate about governmental power under the Articles of Confederation?

1. State governments had the power to collect taxes, coin money, and control trade.

2. The executive branch of the central government was more powerful than the legislative and judicial branches.

3. The central government was made stronger than state governments.

4. The states with the largest populations had the most votes in Congress.

The United States Government under the Articles of Confederation could be considered a success because it

1. established a strong, widely respected foreign policy

2. created an open market that fostered interstate trade

3. set the nation on a sound financial base4. provided a system for governing the

Western territories that aided the nation's expansion

Many Antifederalists opposed ratification of the Constitution until they were guaranteed

1. better protection of individual liberties2. increased presidential authority to wage

war3. stricter control over state spending4. expanded police powers


What was the primary objection of the Antifederalists to ratification of the Constitution?

1. They opposed a bicameral legislature.2. They believed the rights of the people

were not protected.3. They feared a weak central government.4. They wanted to give more power to the

executive branch.

To address the concerns of many Antifederalists during the debate over ratification of the Constitution, the Federalists agreed that

1. political parties would be formed2. states would retain control of interstate

commerce3. slavery would be eliminated by an

amendment4. a bill of rights would be added

At the Constitutional Convention of 1787, the Great Compromise and the Three-fifths Compromise both involved the issue of how

1. new states would be created2. states would be represented in the

national government3. the armed forces would be controlled4. presidential elections would be

conducted

The Federalist Papers were published in 1787 and 1788 to help gain support for

1. a bill of rights2. the ratification of the Constitution3. a weaker central government4. the abolition of slavery and the slave

trade

At the Constitutional Convention of 1787, a major obstacle to drafting a new constitution was the

5. disagreement between the states over representation in Congress

6. controversy over the separation between church and state

7. delegates' lack of talent and lack of government experience

8. hostility of the Federalists

The adoption of the Bill of Rights (1791) addressed Antifederalist criticism of the new Constitution by

1. providing for an indirect method of electing the president

2. protecting citizens from abuses of power by the national government

3. allowing the national government to coin money

4. establishing a process for impeaching federal officials

Part 5: Constitution: Basic Principals

U.S. Constitution A statement of rules and procedures for governing the U.S.Enlightenment Idea of sovereignty of the people came from social contract


Influence philosophers of the Enlightenment period. Sovereignty is derived from the consent of the governed (only the

citizens give the government the power to rule). Limitations on the power of government were influenced by the ideas

of John Locke and Baron de Montesquieu (checks & balances, three branches of government). Democracy- A government for the people by the people. A democracy must have citizen participation in government. Ex) the citizens of the U.S. choose their congressional representatives (House & Senate) through elections. The most essential feature of democratic government is a free and open election process.

Republican Government- Described as one in which representatives are elected by the people.

Division of Power-The framers of the Constitution included the concepts of federalism, checks &balances, and separation of powers in the document because they feared a government with unlimited power. Federalism- Division of powers between the national and state government.

• Reserved Powers- Powers only granted to the state governments by the Constitution. Ex) Public Education

• Delegated Powers - Powers only granted to the Federal Government by the Constitution. EX) Power to declare war, coin money, control interstate commerce.

• Concurrent Powers- Powers shared by the federal and state governments Ex) power to tax.

Structure of the Federal Government

Legislative Branch- AKA Congress (House of Representatives and Senate) Group of representatives from each state that propose, write, vote on laws, approve treaties. • Executive Branch- The President of the U.S. and his cabinet.

1. Chief Legislator- It is the President’s role to ask executive department staff to propose and support legislation. 2. Chief Executive- President is highest military official (Commander & Chief). 3. Chief Diplomat- President meets and negotiates with other foreign rulers.

Judicial Branch- Federal Courts and Supreme Court. Marbury v. Madison

• Heard under Chief Justice John Marshall. • Established judicial review. • Strengthened the Judiciary branch (Supreme Court) of the U.S. • First time a Federal law was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court

Checks & Balances- Each of the three branches of government (executive, legislative, judicial) checks the other to ensure that no one branch has too much power.

• President can be impeached (removed from office by trial) by


congress. • Congress (legislative branch) can pass a bill and the President (executive branch) can sign the bill into law or veto (reject) the bill. Congress can override the veto by a two-thirds vote of both houses. • President can negotiate treaties but the senate must ratify (pass) them. • The Supreme Court can rule that a law is unconstitutional. • The President appoints Supreme Court judges but the Senate must approve the appointments.

Flexibility of Constitution- Amendments (changes to the constitution), the Elastic Clause, necessary and proper clause, unwritten constitution, and Judicial Review all allow for the Constitution to meet the needs of a changing society (adapt to changing times). • The elastic clause has been used primarily to broaden the power of Congress (because it allows Congress to pass more laws).

• Examples- Pure Food and Drug Act (1906), Social Security Act (1935), Louisiana Purchase, creation of Federal Communications Commission (FCC), creation of Federal Reserve were all enacted using the elastic clause.

Unwritten Constitution- Practices of the U.S. government that are based on custom and tradition, but not actually written anywhere in the Constitution. • Examples- creation of the presidential cabinet, political parties, committee system in Congress, Judicial Review- supreme court to reviews constitutional lawsElectoral College- President of the U.S. is elected by winning electoral votes from each state, not a popular vote. • The number of electoral votes a state receives is based on the size of its population. • This indicates that the authors of the original Constitution did not completely trust the common voter to make decisions

The term supreme law of the land refers to which document?

1. Fundamental Orders of Connecticut2. Constitution of the United States3. Articles of Confederation4. Declaration of Independence


1. Ideas of Social Darwinism2. Basis of British Mercantilism3. Contributions to American Literature4. Influences on United States

Constitutional Government

“The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.”


— United States Constitution, 10th amendmentThis part of the Bill of Rights was intended to

1. give the people the right to vote on important issues

2. reduce the rights of citizens3. limit the powers of the federal

government4. assure federal control over the states

The basic purpose of the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution is to

1. describe the powers of the three branches of government

2. limit the powers of state governments

3. guarantee the rights of individuals4. establish a system of checks and

balances

To prevent tyranny, the authors of the Constitution drew on Montesquieu’s concept of

1. religious liberty2. universal suffrage3. separation of powers4. supremacy of the nobility

The decision in Marbury v. Madison (1803) was significant because it established that the Supreme Court

1. had limited powers over state courts2. had the power to choose its own

members3. could declare a federal law

unconstitutional4. could impeach the president and

other government officials

The establishment of judicial review in Marbury v. Madison (1803) gave federal courts the authority to

1. decide whether a law is constitutional

2. create lower courts3. approve foreign treaties4. appoint judges to lifetime terms

Which United States governmental principle includes the concepts of reserved powers, delegated powers, and concurrent powers?

1. the amending process2. judicial review3. federalism4. the unwritten constitution

The United States Constitution corrected one of the major weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation by

1. granting the right of universal suffrage

2. giving the National Government the power to collect taxes

3. increasing the powers of state governments

4. establishing a policy for the admission of new states

Federalism is best described as the

1. authority to make and enforce decisions based on a written constitution

2. difference in the function of the public and private sectors of the economy

3. division of powers between a national government and state governments

4. use of checks and balances between the three branches of government


A federal system of government must be based upon

1. citizen participation in free elections2. the election of a President3. the supremacy of state governments4. a division of power between state

and national governments

Which constitutional principle is the focus of this cartoon?

1. individual liberties2. separation of powers3. freedom of speech4. federalism

Which action best illustrates the system of checks and balances in the United States Government?

1. Congress overrides a veto by the President.

2. The House and Senate pass different versions of a bill.

3. The Supreme Court reverses an earlier decision.

4. The President fires a member of the Cabinet.

To prevent tyranny, the authors of the Constitution drew on Montesquieu’s concept of

1. religious liberty2. universal suffrage3. separation of powers4. supremacy of the nobility

What was the primary reason for holding the Constitutional Convention of 1787?

1. outlaw slavery in both the North and the South

2. place taxes on imports and exports3. revise the Articles of Confederation4. reduce the power of the federal

government

The most significant change from the Articles of Confederation to the United States Constitution was the

1. establishment of a written form of government

2. strengthening of the power of the Federal Government

3. expansion of voting rights4. increased emphasis on States' rights


Part 6: Early Political Leaders

George Washington

First President of the U.S. and Revolutionary War general. Did not want to become entangled (involved) with European affairs. Issued the Proclamation of Neutrality in order to isolate the U.S. from

Europe and keep it independent.• Set a precedent (example) for all future presidents by using the

unwritten constitution to form the first cabinet (group of close advisers to the President).

• Whiskey Rebellion- Passage of a new excise tax led to a rebellion in western Pennsylvania. Washington used state militia (army) to put down the rebellion, demonstrating that the new national government intended to enforce federal laws.

• His actions and policies strengthened the Federal Government. • Washington pursued neutrality because he believed the U.S. needed

time to gain economic and military strength. • Farewell Address- Washington urges the U.S. to avoid European

conflicts, stay neutral, and avoid alliances with any other nation of the world.

Alexander Hamilton

First Secretary of Treasury of the U.S. Proposed a national bank to improve the economic position of the U.S.

government. • Argued that the government has the power to create a National Bank

based on the elastic clause of the Constitution. • Devised a plan to pay off U.S. debt.• Urged Congress to pass a protective tariff (tax on foreign goods) to

encourage the growth of U.S. manufacturing. • Believed the government should exercise all powers necessary and

proper to meet its responsibilities (loose interpretation of the Constitution).

Thomas Jefferson-

• Sought to avoid involvement in European affairs (isolationist). • Disagreement between Hamilton and Jefferson over the

interpretation of the Constitution led to the development of the political party system.

• Authorized the Lewis and Clark expedition in order to explore a route to the Pacific Ocean (helped lead to westward expansion).

• Made the Louisiana Purchase while President of the U.S. Louisiana Purchase- • In deciding to purchase the Louisiana


Territory, Jefferson had to overcome the problem of contradicting his belief in a strict interpretation of the Constitution. • He used the Elastic Clause and implied powers to make the purchase.

• The purchase was made because he was worried about a strong French and Spanish presence and wanted American control of New Orleans which had a valuable port.

• Secured U.S. control of the Mississippi River. • Farmers needed a water route to help ship their products to

market. • Farmers in the Ohio River Valley gained greatest economic benefit

as a result of the purchase. • Focused the U.S. on westward expansion.

Part 6: Early Political Leaders

Washington, Jefferson or Hamilton, 2 or 3?

Did not want to become entangled (involved) with European affairsSecretary of Treasury of the U.S.Put down the Whiskey Rebellion with Federal Army Believed in strict interpretation of the Constitutionpursued neutrality because he believed the U.S. needed time to gain economic and military strengthArgued that the government has the power to create a National Bank based on the elastic clause of the Constitution. Authorized the Lewis and Clark expedition in order to explore a route to the Pacific OceanBelieved in loose interpretation of the Constitution Made the Louisiana Purchase, overcame problem of contradicting strict personal beliefs 1st President to set precedents Focused the U.S. on westward expansion.His actions and policies strengthened the Federal Government

Whiskey Rebellion

precedent geographic isolation

unwritten constitution

foreign trade

neutrality alliances strengthening federal

In United States history, the Cabinet, and congressional committees developed as a result of custom and …………………………. An example of the use of the ………………………… ………………………………….. is the creation of the president’s cabinet. President George


Washington’s leadership during the ……………………. …………………………..(1794) was important because it showed the ability of the new government to enforce ……………….. law. In George Washington’s foreign policy toward Europe, he recommended in his Farewell Address the concept of…………………….. The goal of the United States during the first half of the 1800s was maintaining neutrality while increasing………………... ………………. President Washington believed that the United States should avoid involvement in the political disputes of Europe. President Washington was offering this advice because he believed ………………… could draw the United States into wars. The United States was able to follow this advice from President Washington for several decades primarily because of ……………….……… ………………….. from Europe. Actions and policies of the government under President George Washington generally resulted in the ………………………….. of the Federal Government.

Changing elastic clause national bank Democratic-Republicans

improve

Alexander Hamilton

business national debt stabilize excise tax

The ………………………………………………… early political party supported states’ rights, believed in a strict interpretation of the Constitution, and envisioned the nation’s economy to be based on agriculture. The ………………. ………………….. provision of the original Constitution allows Congress to enact legislation that adapts to changing circumstances. The major benefit of having the elastic clause in the United States Constitution is that it allows the government to respond to ……………………… conditions. During the 1790s, one way Congress applied the elastic clause was establishing a ………………………. One major reason that Alexander Hamilton proposed a national bank was to ………………………. the economic position of the United States government. ……………………. …………………..believed that a major role of the Federal Government was to support and encourage ……………………. and industry. The purpose of his financial plan was to fully fund the ………………………… and collect an ……………….. ………….. on whiskey. The newly created Bank of the United States helped …………………. the economy.

New Orleans Louisiana Purchase

strict constructionist

midnight judges Mississippi River

The ……………………. …………………. initially presented a dilemma for President Thomas Jefferson because he believed it would violate his ………………. ………………………….view of the Constitution. The …………………………. ……………….. was the geographic feature was the boundary line between the United States and French Louisiana. In 1803, a primary goal of President Thomas Jefferson’s decision to purchase the Louisiana Territory was gaining control


of the port of …………. …………………. Thomas Jefferson withheld the essential documents needed to swear in the “…………….. ……………” when he took office because he was a Democratic-Republican who did not want to have so many Federalist judges in place.

President George Washington’s principal reason for issuing the Proclamation of Neutrality (1793) was to

1. repay France for help in the Revolutionary War

2. protect United States interests in the Caribbean area

3. safeguard the newly won independence4. punish the British for failing to withdraw

from American territory

In his Farewell Address, President George Washington warned against establishing alliances with European countries because he was concerned primarily about

1. restrictions on trade with Latin America2. French colonization of the Caribbean3. United States involvement in foreign

wars4. protection of the western frontier

Which action did Alexander Hamilton support during the 1790s?

1. restrictions on trade with England2. distribution of free land3. creation of the national bank4. elimination of the whiskey tax

How did Alexander Hamilton’s financial plan affect the economy of the United States during the 1790s?

1. National tax revenues decreased.2. High tariffs increased foreign trade.3. Treasury policies contributed to

widespread inflation.4. The newly created Bank of the United

States helped stabilize the economy.

Thomas Jefferson opposed Alexander Hamilton’s plan to create a national bank primarily because the plan would

1. weaken the nation’s currency2. increase the national debt3. promote the interests of farmers4. depend on a loose interpretation of the

Constitution

Which early political party supported states’ rights, believed in a strict interpretation of the Constitution, and envisioned the nation’s economy to be based on agriculture?

1. Democratic-Republicans2. Federalists3. Whigs4. Anti-Federalist


I. ___________________________ A. Creation of a national bank B. Full funding of the national debt C. Collection of an excise tax on whiskey

1. The Spoils System2. The American System3. Hamilton’s Financial Plan4. Constitutional Amendments

Thomas Jefferson opposed Alexander Hamilton’s plan to create a national bank primarily because the plan would


1. weaken the nation’s currency2. increase the national debt3. promote the interests of farmers4. depend on a loose interpretation of

the Constitution

How did President George Washington react to the conflict between France and England in 1793?

1. He used the opportunity to begin the war for American independence.

2. He declared the neutrality of the United States.

3. He aided the French because they had supported the American Revolution.

4. He negotiated a peace settlement between the warring nations.

Actions and policies of the government under President George Washington generally resulted in the

1. establishment of strong political ties with other nations

2. liberation of many enslaved persons3. failure to create a sound financial

program for the country4. strengthening of the Federal

Government

Which geographic area was added to the United States by the Louisiana Purchase?

1. Appalachian Mountains2. Columbia River valley3. Great Plains4. Piedmont Plateau

One reason President Thomas Jefferson supported the Louisiana Purchase was that he wanted to

1. gain full control of the Mississippi River

2. establish a base for controlling the Caribbean

3. maintain control of the slave trade

4. acquire an established manufacturing region

Which group benefited most from the United States acquisition of the port of New Orleans?

1. farmers in the Ohio River Valley2. Native American Indians in the Southwest3. fur trappers in the Columbia River Valley4. gold miners in northern California


Part 7: Nationalism/ Sectionalism

Nationalism

War of 1812- War between U.S. and Britain over trade in the Atlantic Ocean. • War Hawks- A group of Congressmen from the South and West who supported the War of 1812. • Ended by the Treaty of Ghent. • Increased American nationalism- the loyalty of a people to their values, traditions, and/or geographic region (intense pride for one’s nation or culture). President James Monroe-

• Monroe Doctrine (1823)-Foreign policy intended to limit European influence in the Western Hemisphere. • Warned Europe against any further colonization in Latin America. • Resulted from the close geographic relationship between the U.S. and Latin America.

• Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine - President Theodore Roosevelt would later add to the Monroe Doctrine to make the U.S. the “policeman of the Western Hemisphere.”. Roosevelt’s foreign policy was that the Monroe Doctrine permitted the U.S. to intervene actively in the affairs of Latin American nations.

President Andrew Jackson-

Starting with the election of Jackson in 1828, voter participation increased due to the end of property requirements for voting by many states

(White, male U.S. citizens no longer had to own property in order to vote which meant that lower class citizens who could not afford land, gained the opportunity to vote).

• Used the spoils system to provide jobs to political party supporters. The spoils system resulted in elected officials rewarding their supporters with government jobs.

• Jackson claimed that the spoils system increased democracy in the federal government because it allowed larger numbers of citizens to hold office.

• Expanded presidential powers through frequent use of the veto.• Forced Native Americans to move west of the Mississippi River to

modern day Oklahoma (the trip became known as the Trail of Tears)

• Worcester v. Georgia- Supreme Court ruled in favor of Native Americans who were being forcefully removed from Georgia, but President Andrew Jackson did not enforce the ruling.

• Whig party began as a group unified against Andrew Jackson. • Political Machines- Politicians in these organizations often accepted

bribes in return for favors.Erie Canal- A waterway connecting Lake Erie to the Hudson River that aided the

economic development – lowered farmers cost of goods from Midwest to


Atlantic coast. North East economies (ex, New York, New England) promoted the growth

of trade and manufacturing as a result.True or False?

War of 1812 was a war between U.S. and Britain over trade in the Atlantic Ocean that decreased American nationalismThe Monroe Doctrine (1823)was foreign policy intended to expand European influence in the Western HemisphereThe Monroe Doctrine was similar to Washington’s Proclamation of Neutrality Starting with the election of Jackson in 1828, voter participation increased due to the end of property requirements for voting by many states

Andrew Jackson used the veto to provide jobs to political party supporters. The spoils system resulted in elected officials rewarding their supporters with government jobs.

Andrew Jackson Forced Native Americans to move west of the Mississippi River to modern day Oklahoma on the Trail of TearsThe Panama Canal was waterway connecting Lake Erie to the Amazon River that aided the economic development by lowering farmers cost of goods from Midwest to Atlantic coast.

Nationalism

canals and roads Monroe Doctrine

shipping agricultural

Erie Canal transportation revolution

immigrants Proclamation of Neutrality

northern and western

During the first half of the 19th century, the construction of ………………………………….. led to

expansion of trade between Midwestern farmers and eastern merchants. River and canal

systems were important to the development of the United States because they provided routes

for ………………………………….. and manufacturing products. One economic change that resulted

from the ……………………………………… before the Civil War was the Northeast became better

connected to the western section of the country. Completion of the Erie Canal in 1825

encouraged the growth of the Midwest because it linked the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Coast.

The ……………………………….. improved transportation between the Hudson River and the Great

Lakes. The main purpose of the ……………………………. (1823) was to limit European influence in

the Americas. A common goal of the ……………………………...(1793), the Embargo Act (1807), and


the Monroe Doctrine (1823) avoiding conflicts with European nations. The majority of

………………….. who arrived in the United States between 1800 and 1860 came

…………………………………… Europe from.

Washington’s Proclamation of Neutrality (1793), Jefferson’s Embargo Act (1807), and the Monroe Doctrine (1823) were all efforts to

1. avoid political conflicts with European nations

2. directly support European revolutions

3. aid Great Britain in its war against France

4. promote military alliances

President Andrew Jackson used the spoils system to

A. stop the westward expansion of slaveryB. strengthen the military for national

defenseC. reward loyal political supportersD. destroy the Bank of the United States

As a result of President Andrew Jackson’s policies, Native American Indians were

1. relocated to reservations in Mexico2. forcibly removed to areas west of the

Mississippi River3. gradually allowed to return to their

ancestral lands4. given United States citizenship

The main purpose of the Monroe Doctrine (1823) was to

A. stake a claim to Mexican territoryB. limit European influence in the

AmericasC. force the British out of the Oregon

Territory

D. establish full control over Canada

What was a common goal of the Proclamation of Neutrality (1793), the Embargo Act (1807), and the Monroe Doctrine (1823)?

A. forcing Great Britain to grant independence to Canada

B. avoiding conflicts with European nationsC. providing wartime aid to European

nationsD. encouraging independence movements

in Latin America

Completion of the Erie Canal in 1825 encouraged the growth of the Midwest because it

A. linked the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Coast

B. helped force the removal of British forts in the Northwest Territory

C. stimulated development of cotton production in the Ohio River valley

D. increased trade with Asia


Information on the map most clearly supports the conclusion that the Erie Canal

A. slowed migration to the Midwest

B. replaced railroads as the main method of transportation

C. improved transportation between the Hudson River and the Great Lakes

D. relied on the development of steamboats for canal use

Part 8: Westward Expansion

Manifest Destiny-

Idea that the U.S. should possess the entire continent. • Used to support westward expansion of the U.S. to the Pacific Ocean.• Used as an excuse to expand into lands claimed by other nations. • Led to the annexation of Texas, and the Mexican War.

President James Polk- Policies involving Texas, California, and Oregon Territory were all efforts to fulfill the goal of Manifest Destiny.

Gold Rush 1849- Resulted in an increase in westward migration. Led to the growth of the populations of California and the western territories.

Homestead Act 1862- Promoted development of western lands by providing free land to settlers. Demonstrated the federal government’s commitment to the settlement of western territories. Most directly affected the Great Plains.

Pacific (Transcontinental Act) Railway Act 1862 • In the second half of the 1800’s, the federal government encouraged the building of transcontinental railroads by giving land to the railroad companies.

In the late 1800s, goal of the Federal Government's policy toward Native American Indians

• was to destroy tribal bonds and thus weaken their traditional cultural values the federal government forced Native American Indians to live on reservations with definite boundaries

• Battle of Little Big Horn a Native American victory during the Indian Wars

• Dawes Act (1887) to encourage assimilation of Native American Indians

Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882 economic and race-based opposition to immigrants in the western United States

Nativists supported legislation


Part 8: Westward Expansion

Matching

Manifest Destiny a) encouraged the building of transcontinental railroads by giving land to the railroad companies

Battle of Little Big Horn b) economic and race-based opposition to immigrants in the western United States

Gold Rush 1849 c) President who passed policies involving Texas, California, and Oregon Territory were all efforts to fulfill the goal of Manifest Destiny

Pacific Railway Act 1862 d) Promoted development of western lands by providing free land to settlers

Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882

e) Used to support westward expansion of the U.S. to the Pacific Ocean.

James Polk f) Discriminated against immigrantsDawes Act g) Resulted in an increase in westward migration. Led to the

growth of the populations of California and the western territories.

Homestead Act 1862 h) to encourage assimilation of Native American Indians

Nativists i) a Native American victory during the Indian Wars

The term Manifest Destiny was first used to support

1. independence from Great Britain2. westward expansion to the Pacific Ocean3. efforts to stop secession of Southern

states4. laws restricting labor union activity

The annexation of Texas and the Mexican Cession are best described as efforts by the United States to

1. remove European threats2. limit the spread of slavery

3. end wars of aggression4. fulfill Manifest Destiny

The principal goal of the supporters of Manifest Destiny in the 1840s was to

A. convince Canada to become part of the United States

B. expand United States territory to the Pacific Ocean

C. build a canal across Central AmericaD. acquire naval bases in the Caribbean


The foreign policies of President James Polk involving Texas, California, and the Oregon Territory were all efforts to

A. remain neutral toward western territoriesB. continue traditional American

isolationismC. weaken the Monroe DoctrineD. fulfill the goal of Manifest Destiny

The Homestead Act of 1862 was important to the expansion of the United States because it provided

A. land for agricultural collegesB. assistance to sharecroppers in the SouthC. free land to settlers in the WestD. land grants for construction of

transcontinental railroads

Settlement of the Great Plains Creation of standard time zones Establishment of the first federal

regulatory agency Introduction of new methods of

business management and finance

These developments in the late 19th century show the importance of

1. railroads on the development of the United States

2. agrarian reformers in western states3. the labor union movement on the

nation4. the oil industry in increasing

American power in the world

In an effort to resolve conflicts with the frontier settlers in the 1870s, the federal government forced Native American Indians to

A. move west of the Mississippi RiverB. live on reservations with definite

boundariesC. relocate to urban industrial centersD. help build the transcontinental

railroad

What was the primary goal of the Dawes Act of 1887 regarding Native American Indians?

A. assimilating Native American Indians into mainstream American life

B. increasing the size of Native American Indian reservations

C. promoting Native American Indian languages and cultures

D. strengthening Native American Indian tribal governments


Part 9: Sectionalism

Increase in North South Differences

Major Abolitionists- William Lloyd Garrison, Harriet Tubman, Harriet Beecher Stowe • Territorial expansion led to increased tensions over slavery (should the new territories be open to slavery) The debate was whether new states admitted to the union would be free or slave states.Missouri Compromise 1820/Compromise of 1850/Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854- All were efforts to settle disputes over the spread of slavery to the western territories. Missouri Compromise: Maine Free State, Missouri Slave State, Slavery prohibited north of 36 30Compromise of 1850: California Free State, Fugitive Slave LawRapid migration caused by the discovery of gold in California led to the Compromise. Kansas-Nebraska Act : Popular Sovereignty- The idea that settlers had the right to decide whether slavery would be legal in their new territory or not. Dred Scott v. Sanford 1857- Supreme Court decision which ruled that Congress could not ban slavery in the territories. Slaves were property Plantations- Large farms in the south that used slave labor. Slavery became more widespread in the South than in the North because geographic factors contributed to the grown to the southern plantation system. Slavery expanded in the South in the first half of the 1800’s because new inventions led to an increase in cotton production. Bleeding Kansas- Phrase used to describe clashes between proslavery and antislavery groups. Uncle Tom’s Cabin- Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe. Book describing slavery that contributed to the start of the Civil War by intensifying Northern dislike of slavery. Underground Railroad- A secret network that aided slaves in escaping slave-owners and reaching free states. Supported by many abolitionists.


Part 9: Sectionalism

Matching

Plantations a) Repealed Missouri Compromise, supported popular sovereignty

Abolitionists b) California Free State, Fugitive Slave LawKansas-Nebraska Act c) Supreme Court decision which ruled that Congress

could not ban slavery in the territories. Slaves were property

Missouri Compromise d) Phrase used to describe clashes between proslavery and antislavery groups.

Popular Sovereignty e) The idea that settlers had the right to decide whether slavery would be legal in their new territory or not.

Bleeding Kansas f) A secret network that aided slaves in escaping slave-owners and reaching free states

Dred Scott v. Sanford 1857 g) Large farms in the south that used slave laborUnderground Railroad h) Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe. Book describing

slavery that contributed to the start of the Civil War by intensifying Northern dislike of slavery.

Compromise of 1850 i) William Lloyd Garrison, Harriet Tubman, Harriet Beecher Stowe

Uncle Tom’s Cabin j) Maine Free State, Missouri Slave State, Slavery prohibited north of 36 30

Sectionalism and Reform

plantation Sectional balance of power

nullification expansion of slavery

abolition of slavery

Missouri Seneca Falls Convention

Missouri Compromise

reform movements

……………………………… rivalries during the period from 1820 to 1860 centered mainly around the

issues of States rights, the extension of slavery, and tariffs. From 1820 to 1865, the debates

over…………………………. , protective tariffs, and the spread of slavery into the new territories

concerned the constitutional issue of the …………………………… between the federal and state


governments. As the United States acquired more land between 1803 and 1850, controversy

over these territories focused on the ………………………………. The primary reason that slavery

became more widespread in the South than in the North was due to geographic factors

contributed to the growth of the southern …………………………..system. After the

…………………………………………….(1820) the balance between free and slave states was maintained.

……………………..was to be admitted as a slave state. Maine was to be admitted as a free state All

states north of 36°30' would be free states. There were different groups of social issues

considered in the major ……………………………..of the antebellum period. They included education

reform, women’s rights, the…………………………... The Declaration of Sentiments adopted during

The ………………………………………… of 1848 is often viewed as the beginning of the women’s rights

movement.

William Lloyd Garrison, Harriet Tubman, and Harriet Beecher Stowe are best known for their efforts to

A. create free public schoolsB. begin the temperance movementC. expand the rights of womenD. oppose the practice of slavery

Which term refers to the idea that settlers had the right to decide whether slavery would be legal in their territory?

1. nullification2. sectionalism3. popular sovereignty4. southern secession

One way that "Bleeding Kansas," the Dred Scott decision, and John Brown’s raid on Harper’s Ferry had a similar effect on the United States was that these events

A. ended conflict over slavery in the territories

B. eased tensions between the North and the South

C. contributed to the formation of the Whig Party

D. made sectional compromise more difficult

The Missouri Compromise (1820), the Compromise of 1850, and the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) were all efforts to

A. end fighting between midwestern farmers and Native American Indians

B. encourage manufacturing in the WestC. increase the number of people who voted

in presidential electionsD. settle disputes over the spread of slavery

to the western territories

The Supreme Court decision in Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) was significant because it

A. allowed slavery in CaliforniaB. outlawed slavery in the Southern StatesC. upheld the actions of the Underground

RailroadD. ruled that Congress could not ban

slavery in the territories


Part 10: U.S. Civil War

Cause Abraham Lincoln is elected and Southern states secede (leave or break away) from the Union, causing a war between the North (Union) and the South (Confederate States).

The two major issues dividing the North and South were States rights and the status of slavery.

Reasons for Succession of Southern States-

Increasing sectionalism Disagreements over states rights issues/ slavery/Breakdown of

compromise- failure of the Compromise of 1820/1850 and Kansas Nebraska Act.

Election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860. Abraham Lincoln-

sectional differences threatened to destroy the Union. “A house divided against itself cannot stand.”

primary goal was to preserve the Union (states remain united). • Lincoln justified the war by stating that his oath of office required

him to defend and preserve the Union. Lincoln expands Presidential powers during wartime

• Suspended the writ of habeas corpus (law that prevents a person from being held in jail without just cause) during the Civil War.

• Arrested and jailed anti-Unionists without giving a reason. • Increased the size of the army without congressional authorization. • Censored some anti-Union newspapers and had some editors and

publishers arrested This demonstrates that restrictions on people’s rights may occur during wartime.

Emancipation Proclamation- Order issued by President Abraham Lincoln in 1862 (effective Jan. 1863) that declared slaves free in the areas still held by the Confederates. Major purpose was to help the North win the Civil War because it helped keep England from siding with the South.

Results Reasons for North (Union) Victory- • North was better prepared economically to fight the war. • North had more human resources and war material.

Results (U.S. Civil War)- • Power of the central government (aka Federal Government) was

strengthened over the power of the States. • The passage of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments all led to

greater Federal supremacy over the states. • Secession was no longer regarded as an option to be exercised by

States (States can’t try to leave the U.S. anymore). • North undergoes rapid economic growth and industrialization because it

was stimulated by increased government demand for many products. The North’s economic growth during the Civil War was stimulated by


increased government demand for many products in order to fight the war (ex: guns, supplies, transportation).

Sectional rivalries during the period from 1820 to 1860 centered mainly around the issues of

1. foreign policy, the abolition of slavery, and the currency system

2. States rights, the extension of slavery, and tariffs

3. tariffs, the currency system, and trust regulation

4. conservation, foreign policy, and women's suffrage

Which situation was the most immediate result of Abraham Lincoln’s election to the presidency in 1860?

A. Kansas and Nebraska joined the Union as free states.

B. A constitutional amendment was adopted to end slavery.

C. Missouri entered the Union as a slave state.

D. Several Southern States seceded from the Union.

President Abraham Lincoln stated that his primary goal was to

A. end slaveryB. set new national boundariesC. increase congressional powersD. preserve the Union

After the Civil War, the purpose of adding the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments to the Constitution was to

A. grant civil and political rights to Native American Indians

B. allow women to become full citizensC. guarantee African Americans equal

treatment under the law

D. extend constitutional rights to new territories

The constitutional controversy that led directly to the start of the Civil War concerned the right of states to

1. control tariff rates2. sign treaties with foreign nations3. redraw congressional districts4. secede from the Union

"A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free."— Abraham Lincoln, 1858According to this quotation, Abraham Lincoln believed that

1. slavery was immoral and should be abolished immediately

2. sectional differences threatened to destroy the Union

3. the Southern states should be allowed to secede

4. to save the nation, the North should compromise with the South on slavery

The basic constitutional issue resolved by the Civil War was the

1. expansion of the President's war powers

2. extension of the right to vote to all adults

3. supremacy of Federal authority over the states

4. civil liberties of citizens during wartime


The data shown in the graphs best support the conclusion that the North

1. was better prepared economically to fight the Civil War

2. lagged behind the South in bank deposits

3. produced more agricultural products than the South

4. lacked several important resources to fight the war

The North’s rapid economic growth during the Civil War was stimulated by

1. the elimination of taxes on defense industries

2. a reduction in the number of immigrants

3. increased government demand for many products

4. enslaved persons filling industrial jobs

A major result of the Civil War was that the

A. economic system of the South came to dominate the United States economy

B. Federal Government's power over the States was strengthened

C. members of Congress from Southern States gained control of the legislative branch

D. nation's industrial development came to a standstill

Which statement is best supported by the data in the table?

1. The Confederate troops lost the Civil War as a result of their higher numbers of injuries and fatalities.

2. The Union army had better generals during the Civil War.

3. The Civil War had more casualties than any other war.

4. More soldiers died from disease than from wounds.

I. Actions Taken by President Abraham Lincoln During the Civil War

A. Increased the size of the army without congressional authorization B. Arrested and jailed anti-Unionists without giving a reason C. Censored some anti-Union newspapers and had some editors and publishers arrested

Which statement is most clearly supported by these actions of President Lincoln?

A. Wartime emergencies led President Lincoln to expand his presidential powers.

B. President Lincoln was impeached for violating the Constitution.

C. Checks and balances effectively limited President Lincoln’s actions.

D. President Lincoln wanted to abolish the Bill of Rights


Part 11: Post-Civil War/ Reconstruction Era

Reconstruction Era

time period following the Civil War, when the Southern States were reorganized and reintegrated back into the Union.

• Marked by the military occupation of the South, attempts to remove a President, and major constitutional amendments.

• Withdrawal of federal troops from the South marked the end of Reconstruction in the U.S.

Lincoln’s Plan for Reconstruction-

Primary goal was to restore Southern representation in Congress.• The Union should be restored as quickly as possible. Which

could only happen if…….. • The former Confederate States are treated as if they had never actually left the Union.

• Reject the idea of harsh punishments for the South. • Forgive the Southerners and welcome them back into the Union.

Radical Republicans-

Group of Republicans that wanted harsh punishments for the South.

• Opposed Lincoln’s plan for Reconstruction because the plan offered amnesty (official forgiveness) to nearly all Confederates who would swear allegiance to the U.S.

• Believed that Reconstruction should be used to force political and social reform in the Southern States.

• A major goal was to gain voting rights for the newly freed slaves.

Did not want to readmit Southern States into the Union unless they ratified the 14th amendment.

Solid South Solid South- Nick-name given to the former Confederate States after Reconstruction because they consistently supported (voted for) the Democratic Party.

Lincoln is Assassinated- Lincoln’s death allowed the Radical Republicans to control Reconstruction policy.

President Andrew Johnson- Takes over for Lincoln after his assassination. • Supported Lincoln’s policy of Reconstruction- wanted to allow the Southern States to reenter the nation as quickly as possible (wanted Southern States back in Congress).

• The Radical Republicans in Congress disagreed with Johnson about how to handle Reconstruction, which led to the impeachment of Johnson.

Constitutional Amendments During Reconstruction

13th, 14th, 15th were all passed during the Reconstruction Era and showed that Federal powers could be expanded to protect the rights of minorities.

13th Amendment (1865)-Law that formally abolished slavery in the U.S.

14th Amendment- Law that officially gave citizenship to African Americans and legally protected them under the Bill of Rights and U.S. Constitution.

• Extends the protections of the Bill of Rights to include actions of state governments.


• Allowed the National Government to place more restrictions on the actions of state governments.

15th Amendment- Law that granted African Americans voting rights. Southern States collected poll taxes and required literacy tests in order to keep African Americans from exercising their voting rights.

Segregation/ Discrimination against African Americans

Jim Crow Laws- 1870’s 1880’s • Attempts by state and local governments to restrict the freedoms

of African Americans after the end of the Civil War.• Led to an increase in violations of the rights of African-

Americans.• Limited the effectiveness of the 13th, 14th , and 15th

amendments.• Provided the legal basis for racial segregation in the late 19th

century (late 1800’s) U.S. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)- Supreme Court case that upheld the

Jim Crow Laws based on the idea that the laws provided “separate but equal” public facilities for African Americans. This was based on a narrow interpretation of the 14th amendment.

Jim Crow Laws would not be ended until the passage of the Civil Rights Act 1964.

Black Codes/ Ku Klux Klan - Attempted to restrict the rights of former slaves and limit the effectiveness of the 14th and 15th amendments.

Sharecropping- system of farming most common in Southern States after the Civil War. Large numbers of former slaves earned a living by becoming sharecroppers on Southern farms, keeping them economically dependent on those farms (they still needed the same farms to survive even though they were no longer slaves).

New South- Term that described changes in the Southern economy. Industrial development and agricultural diversification (growing different types of crops) were encouraged.

In the decades following the Civil War, overproduction which led to lowers prices of farm goods, caused economic hardship for farmers. Carpetbaggers- Northerners who moved down South to participate in Reconstruction governments.

Part 10: Post-Civil War/ Reconstruction Era


Lincoln or Radical Reconstruction?

Primary goal was to restore Southern representation in Congress.wanted harsh punishments for the SouthOpposed Reconstruction because plan offered amnesty (official forgiveness) to nearly all Confederates who would swear allegiance to the U.SThe Union should be restored as quickly as possibleReject the idea of harsh punishments for the South.Forgive the Southerners and welcome them back into the Union.Believed that Reconstruction should be used to force political and social reform in the Southern States.

Did not want to readmit Southern States into the Union unless they ratified the 14th amendment.

Matching

13th Amendment a) laws provided “separate but equal” public facilities for African Americans

14th Amendment b) Instruments used to reduce African American voter participation

15th Amendment c) Term that described changes in the Southern economy. Industrial development and agricultural diversification (growing different types of crops) were encouraged

Jim Crow Laws d) Law that formally abolished slavery in the U.S.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)-

e) Attempts by state and local governments to restrict the freedoms of African Americans after the end of the Civil War.

Ku Klux Klan f) Northerners who moved down South to participate in Reconstruction governments.

Sharecropping g) White supremacist hate group that targeted African Americans

New South h) Law that officially gave citizenship to African Americans and legally protected them under the Bill of Rights and U.S. Constitution.

Poll tax/ literacy tests/ grandfather clauses

i) system of farming most common in Southern States after the Civil War. Large numbers of former slaves earned a living

Carpetbaggers j) Law that granted African Americans voting rights

Jim Crow laws enslaved Democratic Party due process Black Codes


tenant farms discrimination literacy tests legal

segregation

public facilities

cycle of

poverty

separate but

equal

Plessy v. Ferguson sharecropping suffrage

A common goal of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments to the United States Constitution was

granting basic rights to formerly ………………….. persons. Specifically, the 14th amendment

was adopted in 1868 primarily to provide for ………………………… and equal protection of

law. Southern voters solidly supported the ………………………… primarily because

Democrats disliked the Reconstruction programs of the Republicans. The status of African

Americans in the South changed soon after the end of Reconstruction in 1877. Southern state

legislatures attempted to restrict the rights of formerly enslaved persons by

passing………………………. African Americans faced increasing ……………………… and

segregation. ………………………….. passed in the South during the late 1800s were designed

to create a system of……………………………... Jim Crow laws in the South limited the

effectiveness of the 14th and 15th amendments. Poll taxes, …………………………., and

grandfather clauses were used in the South after 1890 to deny ……………………… rights to

African Americans. After the Civil War, many owners of large plantations in the South

responded to the loss of enslaved labor by enslaved labor by creating …………………….. and

sharecropping. Both were forms of agriculture created and became dominant in the South.

Freedmen in the South had difficulty improving their economic condition. The system of

……………………….. kept them in a…………………………….. Additionally, the Supreme

Court decision in ………………………………. (1896) affected African Americans by

upholding racial segregation. The “………………………………….” doctrine established

in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) upheld the legality of racial segregation in………………………..


The Radical Republicans in Congress opposed President Abraham Lincoln’s plan for Reconstruction because Lincoln

A. called for the imprisonment of most Confederate leaders

B. rejected the idea of harsh punishments for the South

C. planned to keep Northern troops in the South after the war

D. demanded immediate civil and political rights for formerly enslaved persons

After the Civil War, a significant cause of impeachment of President Andrew Johnson by the Radical Republicans in Congress was disagreement over

A. the plans for restoring Southern states to the Union

B. a proposal to repeal the Emancipation Proclamation

C. reduction of the army and the navy to prewar levels

D. congressional efforts to pay the Confederate war debt

Black Codes passed in the South during the late 1800s were designed to

A. support civil rights for African Americans

B. create a system of legal segregation against African Americans

C. give free land to formerly enslaved persons

D. compensate landowners for damage done during the Civil War

What was a result of the disputed presidential election of 1876?

A. Reconstruction ended as federal troops were removed from the South.

B. Slavery was reestablished in the South by state legislatures.

C. New state laws were passed in the South to guarantee equal rights for African Americans.

D. A constitutional amendment was adopted to correct problems with the electoral college system.

Following Reconstruction, the passage of Jim Crow laws in the South limited the effectiveness of

A. the 14th and 15th amendmentsB. the Freedmen’s BureauC. Black CodesD. tenant farming and sharecropping

The military districts shown on the map were created during Reconstruction to

1. create economic and social equality in the South

2. pay for the physical rebuilding of the South

3. move Native American Indians to reservations

4. govern the former Confederate states

Which form of agriculture was created and became dominant in the South in the decades immediately following the Civil War?

1. homesteading2. sharecropping


3. ranching4. cooperative farming

After the Civil War, freedmen in the South had difficulty improving their economic condition because

1. literacy for formerly enslaved persons was prohibited

2. migration of factory workers from Northern cities had created competition for jobs

3. the federal government confiscated their 40-acre grants

4. the system of sharecropping kept them in a cycle of poverty

President Abraham Lincoln’s plan for Reconstruction after the Civil War included

1. restoring the social conditions that existed before the war began

2. conducting trials for former Confederate leaders

3. destroying the economic and social power of the Southern planters

4. reuniting the nation as quickly as possible

Jim Crow laws passed in the South during the late 1800s were designed to

1. support civil rights for African Americans

2. create a system of legal segregation3. give free land to formerly enslaved

persons4. compensate landowners for damage

done during the Civil War

In the late 1800s, southern states used literacy tests, poll taxes to

1. ensure that only educated individuals voted

2. require African Americans to attend school

3. prevent African Americans from voting4. integrate public facilities

“These brutish Northern Republicans say they are here to help rebuild the South but we know the truth; they are here to help themselves to our money!”– A Southerner in 1866Which of the following persons is being described in the quote above?

1. a scalawag2. a member of the Ku Klux Klan3. a carpetbagger4. a newly freed slave

Many Southern States tried to limit the effects of Radical Reconstruction by

1. adopting federal laws mandating segregation

2. enacting Jim Crow laws3. abolishing the Southern sharecropping

system4. securing passage of new amendments to

the United States Constitution

Following Reconstruction, the term New South was most often used to describe

1. changes in the Southern economy2. new attitudes in race relations3. the growth of the Republican Party in

the South4. the decline of the sharecropping system

The most long-lasting victory for civil rights achieved during Reconstruction was the

1. ratification of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments to the United States Constitution

2. establishment of a strong two-party political system in the South


3. increased prominence given to the Office of the President

4. passage of Black Codes throughout the South

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