hrst development in china - oecd · ii. demands for hrst in china 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 u.s.a....

HRST Development in ChinaHRST Development in ChinaMu Rongping

Institute of Policy and ManagementChinese Academy of Sciences

20072007--88--2727

OutlineI. IntroductionII. Demands for HRST in China1. Quantity/Quality of HRST in China2. Allocation of HRST in China3. Education for HRST Development4. Mobility of HRST in China

III. Policies for HRST Development1. Issues about HRST Development and Mobility2. Policy Implication for HRST Development

1. Innovation-driven Country--Quantity/Quality of HRST--Capacity for Science, Technology, Innovation

2. Harmonized Society--Cost of HRST and Gap with other Employees

3. Philosophy for Scientific Development--Adjustment of Industry Structure--Decrease of Resource (L/W/E/O) Consumption

I. Introduction

1. Quantity/quality of HRST

II. Demands for HRST in China

China



0

20

40

60

80

100

120

U.S.A.

England

Germany

Japan

Switzerland

Sweden

Canada

Denmark

France

Austria

Belgium

Australia

Italy

Average

South Korea

China

Country

number of S&Es per 100 million USD

GDP

scientists & engineers to GDP (2003 ppp,persons/100 million US dollar)

scientists & engineers to GDP (exchange rate，persons/100 million US dollar)

Innovation is important driven-force for economic development. S&E is the key to innovation. However,S&E per GDP in China is about 4.5 times of that in the US and 3 times of that in Japan.

0

100

200

300

400

500

Aus

tria

Bel

gium

Can

ada

Chi

na

Den

mar

k

Finl

and

Fran

ce

Ger

man

y

Italy

Japa

n

Net

herla

nds

R.K

orea

Sing

apor

e

Swed

en

Switz

erla

nd

Uni

ted

king

dom

USA

600

700



Resident Invention Patent Applications per 103 Researchers in R&D in 2004

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Aus

tria

Bel

gium

Can

ada

Chi

na

Den

mar

k

Finl

and

Fran

ce

Ger

man

y

Italy

Japa

n

Net

herla

nds

R.K

orea

Sing

apor

e

Swed

en

Switz

erla

nd

Uni

ted

king

dom

USA

PCT patent applications per thousand researchers in R&D in 2004



0

50

100

150

200

250

350

Aus

tria

Bel

gium

Can

ada

Chi

na

Den

mar

k

Finl

and

Fran

ce

Ger

man

y

Italy

Japa

n

Net

herla

nds

R.K

orea

Sing

apor

e

Swed

en

Switz

erla

nd

Uni

ted

king

dom

USA

300

400

S&T Journal Articles per thousand researchers in R&D in 2004

II. Demands for HRST in China1. Quantity/quality of HRST

II. Demands for HRST in China1. Quantity/quality of HRST

2. Allocation of HRST in China


The distribution of China’s R&D personnel and S&E has experienced tremendous changes, particularly since 1998.

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

others*

enterpriseshigher education

research institutes

R&D personnel by sector of performance (2000-2005)



There is a rapid growth of R&D personnel in experimental development in China since 1998.

3. Education for HRST Development


4. Mobility of HRST in China II. Demands for HRST in China

(1) The flow of oversea talents tends to be increasingly reasonable in ChinaThere is a great success in attracting oversea talents to serve China since late 1990s. According to Administration for foreign expert affairs, there were 500-600 oversea talents flowing to China annually in 1970s, and 60 thousand in 1990s. After access to WTO, there were more than 220 thousands oversea talents flowing to China annually.

Flow of Oversea Chinese Students into China

118.5

35.0

114.7117.3125.2

84.0

39.023.717.622.420.920.4 24.720.217.912.29.17.77.47.16.65.8

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Thousand persons

051015202530354045

overseas Chinese students

returned students %return/abroad

Overseas Chinese Students and Returned Students (1994-2005)

Flow of Oversea Students into China

4. Mobility of HRST in China II. Demands for HRST in China

(2) The S&T talents tend to flow into large cities or developed regions, but not to less developed regionsS&T personnel stampede into relatively developed metropolis and provinces such as Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, and Guangdong, while inland cities especially western cities suffer scarcity of S&T talents. Usually, the first choice for graduates to seek job is to work for foreign companies and government, the second choice is to work for universities and research institutes, the third choice is to work for domestic enterprises (except monopolized enterprises), while SME and private enterprises are the last choice. .

III. Policies for HRST Development1.Issues about HRST Development and Mobility

(1) Lots of enterprises are not able to take the risk of innovation

which to some extent limit the effective demands for HRST.(2) the capacity for technology innovation in enterprises is generally relative weak, which results in limited demands for HRST. (3) social status of staffs in enterprises is generally lower than that working for government and universities as well as research institutes, their economic status is much lower than that working for MNCs.

and invest lots of S&T personnel and capital in innovation,

III. Policies for HRST Development1.Issues about HRST Development and Mobility

(4) The intensity of HRST is much lower than that of most other countries

(5) The quality and structure of HRST are not able to meet the demands

(6) The educational structure and training quality need further improvement

III. Policies for HRST Development2. Policies for HRST Development

China has issued lots of policies for accelerating the reasonable allocation of domestic HRST, reducing the imbalance among regions, and promoting HRST flow to enterprises.

For example, the “Guidelines of the 11th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development” emphasizes to strengthen the talent building and HRST development in central and western regions, to encourage overseas Chinese students to work for China.

III. Policies for HRST Development2. Policy Implications for HRST Development

(1) To build up leading scientists and experts in innovation(2) To improve education system so as to train talents for innovation(3) To support enterprises to build up and attract talents(4) To attract oversea students and high-level talents (5) To encourage HRST to work in less developed regions(6) To build the innovation culture suitable talents development

hrst development in china - oecd · ii. demands for hrst in china 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 u.s.a....

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