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which public / private partnership will become not one of the options

but the very condition for survival.

Analyzing E-Commerce for Development : -

E-commerce is spreading rapidly. Worldwide, more than

US$1 trillion worth of goods and services are likely to be traded

electronically by 2003, covering b2c (business to consumer) and the

far larger b2b (business to business). In the North, impacts on both

business and trade have been uneven but rapid, particularly in

certain sectors. Possibilities exist for both existing enterprises and

new entrants: new supply-chain models are emerging around bothdisintermediation and reintermediation of existing firms (Markus

2000).

In the South also e-commerce is present and expanding,

albeit from a far smaller base. In the short-term, international trade

will be the main locus for development of e-commerce, with a model

as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Conceptual Model of E-Commerce and International Trade

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* Northern model key growth areas; potential disintermediation

opportunities

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Note: South exchanges/flows can be local, national or international

(South-South)

Identifiable opportunities already present include:

sb2nc (Southern business to Northern consumer): for

example in tourism and in social trading portals (such as

PEOPLink).

sb2nb (Southern business to Northern business): for

example the multi-billion dollar trade in software from India that is

increasingly ICT-mediated, and other intermediated trade (e.g.

UNCTAD Global Trade Point). South-South e-commerce links arealso emerging which may present a key opportunity growth area.

Existing intra-country opportunities include:

sb2sc (Southern business to Southern consumer): for

example, rediff.com in India

It must be recognized that the principal opportunities liefor large, established enterprises and for b2b models. Nevertheless,

there will be some opportunities for Southern small and medium

enterprises as producers. These enterprises can accrue the e-

commerce benefits of reduced costs and increased revenues

particularly around b2b models. However opportunities for the

majority of poor women and men to directly use e-commerce as

consumers are currently limited (Networked Intelligence 2000).

In analyzing the impact of e-commerce on development,

these potential opportunities and benefits must be gauged against a

considerable threat posed by e-commerce. The threat exists in two

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forms, the first being that barriers to e-commerce entry are

considerable for Southern businesses and are found at the micro-level

of individual enterprises and at the macro-level of national

infrastructure and policy. Enterprise support activities and

national/global policy making in the South must become betterinformed of the new capacities that are required (Singh 1999). The

second threat is that e-commerce will reverse import substitution

(e.g. replacing sb2sc with nb2sc) more than it will open export

opportunities. Poor countries must be alive to this threat just as to

the opportunities it provides for Southern consumers. Opportunities

also exist for Southern business for sales and distribution. There are

already suggestions from India that e-commerce to Southern

consumers may be less disintermediated than Northern models would

suggest.

E-commerce presents a new model for trade and business.

Diffusion of this new model will not be as instantaneous as the

'hypesters' predict. Nevertheless, entrepreneurs, enterprise supportpractitioners and policy makers in the South must be made aware of

the implications of this new model. They must understand how to

encourage development of e-commerce in ways that will optimize

beneficial effects and minimize adverse ones.

Some of the key questions that remain to be answered

about e-commerce for development include the following:

What is the likely impact of e-commerce on DCs? What are the main beneficial opportunities for application of e-

commerce for DCs?

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Which enterprises and which sectors will be best placed to take

advantage of e-commerce? What package of policy and enterprise pre-conditions must be in

place for this beneficial application of e-commerce? How can this 'e-commerce package' best be put in place in DCs? What are the main threats and negative effects relating to

application of e-commerce in DCs? How can these best be addressed or mitigated?

From these questions, three stands of analysis can be drawn.

i. Impact Strand: Impact Analysis of E-commerce :-

E-commerce is generally presented in very positive terms

but, along with the potential benefits, come potential problems for

DCs. Understanding the impact of e-commerce means viewing

impacts from two perspectives:

Top-down, from an economic analysis of global trade and

the alterations to models of global trade that e-commerce is likely to

bring throughreductions in transaction and other costs.

Bottom-up, from the experiences of individual enterprises

using SWOT analysis of e-commerce in relation to Southern

enterprises, and business analysis of those enterprises pointing to

relevant business models, strategies and trajectories.

ii. Capacity Strand: Support for E-commerce in

Enterprises :-

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If e-commerce is to be taken up by enterprises in DCs, it

will require a number of underlying capacities to be present. An

understanding of these capacities is therefore required. It may be so

that enterprises themselves and also the market can supply some of

these capacities. However in other cases, there may be a case forpromotional interventions at a national or support agency level.

Likely areas for support include skill development, facilitation of

market access, infrastructure deployment (e.g. telecentres), and

promotion of e-procurement within the local NGO, government and

business community.

It is important that capacity building efforts recognize and

support the 'stepping stones' to e-commerce. From this, it emerges

that behind the limited picture of full e-commerce activity, there is a

much broader picture of precursor e-commerce activity in the South,

as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Stepping-Stones to E-commerce in Development

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iii. Policy Strand: National/International e-commerce policy :-

Concept papers and the UN Commission on International

Trade Laws model law on e-commerce provide a generic

understanding of some of the policy issues raised by e-commerce.Relevant areas include trade (tariffs, intellectual property rights,

market access), infrastructure (telecom, human, transport), and

business (contract law, enterprise development).

Policy makers in the South do not face the issue of whether

or not to support e-commerce: if e-commerce is not supported, e-

commerce-based foreign businesses will poach markets at home andoverseas. The issue is how best to support e-commerce.

References :-

Markus, L. (2000) E-markets and E-commerce, paper

presented for Manchester Information Systems Seminar series,

University of Manchester, 12 July.

Networked Intelligence (2000) Briefing Kit on E-commerce

for Micro and Small Enterprises in Africa, Toronto, Canada.

Singh, D. (1999) Electronic Commerce: Issues for the

South, South Centre, Geneva, Switzerland.Richard Heeks

IDPM, University of Manchester, UK

3G Reforms: Policy and Regulatory Implications :-

mailto:richard.heeks@man.ac.ukmailto:richard.heeks@man.ac.ukmailto:richard.heeks@man.ac.uk

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Centre for Telecom Policy Studies (CTPS)

Indian Institute of Management (IIM), Ahmedabad

October 13-14, 2000

The annual workshop of the CTPS provides a forum for

policy makers, academicians and industry professionals to meet,

reflect and deliberate on anticipated developments. Like the previous

annual workshops, this workshop on 3rd Generation (3G) Reforms:

Policy and Regulatory Implications provided an opportunity to discuss

policy issues that had emerged during the last year, and plan future

policy options.

This year's workshop began with Shyamal Ghosh,

Secretary, Department of Telecommunications, presenting an

overview of the telecom industry dynamics and the issues confronting

the policy makers. The key issues brought out by him were

technological convergence and universal service.

N. Vittal, Central Vigilance Commissioner, Government of

India outlined the shortcomings in the current policy regarding

various technology options and also put forth some suggestions for

expanding rural telecommunication services. Suggestions included

use of Railway property and a policy tailored for rural India, much

different from the policy for urban India.

R. R. N. Prasad, Member, Telecom Regulatory Authority of

India (TRAI), analyzed the issues confronting the regulator in the

convergence era. The issues included costing of long distance calls in

data networks, interconnection between different networks and

ensuring quality of service.

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N. R. Mokhariwale, Member, Telecom Commission, India

described the services provided by the erstwhile Department of

Telecom Services in India now the Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. He

presented a chronological index of various developments in the

Indian telecom sector including opening up of various services tocompetition. The presentation also highlighted the problems faced by

the former monopoly in this competitive era.

In the session titled Organizational Transformation:

Responding to Policy and Regulatory Changes; Rakesh Basant and

Pankaj Chandra of IIMA shared the results of their survey on

organizational practices adopted by various telecom equipment

manufacturers to face the challenge of competition. The data

presented included nature of alliances and spending on Research and

Development.

K. N. Gupta, Executive Director, Centre for Development of

Telematics (C-DOT), summarized the role played by C-DOT in

expanding telecom services in India. He also highlighted the effect of

C-DOT technology deployment in development of electronic

manufacturing capability in India. The achievements conveyed by him

include annual deployment of 4.5 million C-DOT lines per year and

also development of 7000 vendors to produce various components for

which no capability existed previously.

Bhaskar Ramamurthi of the Indian Institute of Technology,

Chennai, put across the difficulties in commercializing new telecom

technologies developed by Indian laboratories: new products not

being the priority for companies; lack of interest on the part of

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licensees to do additional work to commercialize technologies; and

lack of vendor financing provided by multinational companies.

In the same session, Air Commodore Motial, former

Chairman of the ITI Ltd. traced the steps taken to transform theformer monopoly player into a competitive organization. Some of the

measures implemented by ITI include re-training of manpower,

improving manufacturing skills, and re-focussing the company as a

total solution provider and turnkey solution implementer.

G Venkatesh of Silicon Automation Services (SAS) Ltd.

showcased the role of small technology boutiques in the changingtechnological environment. The work done by SAS includes

commercializing technologies and representing India in various

standard setting bodies.

Rekha Jain and Pinaki Das of IIMA shared results of their

study on costing of rural telecom services and the effect of cost of

rural telecom services on Universal Service Obligation funding. Thecosting results presented included the variations in cost per line for

various exchange sizes, and cost of local loop for various subscriber

densities. Policy suggestions were also made.

Sidharth Sinha of IIMA, looked into the ongoing controversy

regarding the 'calling party pays' (CPP) regime in cellular mobile

telephony and its possible effects on traffic. The paper also presentedthe history of the role played by Telecom Regulatory Authority of

India (TRAI) in implementing the CPP. He also touched upon the

guiding principles adopted by the TRAI in fixing the tariffs for the

calling party pays regime.

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S. D. Saxena of Department of Telecommunications

pinpointed the effect of tariff rationalization on the current universal

service provider, Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL). The main

problems confronted by BSNL are declining revenue and stagnant

long distance calling revenue despite a considerable reduction in longdistance tariff.

Anurag Agarwal of ICICI Ltd. discussed issues confronting

the financier while lending to telecom service companies under the

current policy environment. He outlined the risks involved in lending

to a typical telecommunication project and outlined the process of a

telecom project attaining financial closure.

R. L. Bharadwaj of Enkay Telecom discussed issues

regarding IP Telephony.

Richard Janda, Guy Lachapelle, Joseph Wilson (all from

McGIll University) and Manikutty of IIMA did a cross-country analysis

of telecom policy making. The countries studied were Brazil,Argentina and Mexico.

Rakesh Basant and Ramadesikan G. R. of IIMA discussed

feasibility of competition in the broadband access markets and its

implications for policy making. The key result presented was that

broadband access is going to be through a cable monopoly. The

implication of this market failure was analyzed.

Rakesh Basant discussed the various institutional options

for regulation in the converged era. His main suggestion was to do

away with the Telecom Dispute Appellate body as all the functions of

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the appellate body can then be taken care of by the proposed

competition commission.

Dann Donnes of McGill University spoke on effects on

media due to convergence. The issues that affect the media are thescope and diversity of corporate holdings, the tensions between

telecommunications and broadcasting paradigms in regulation and

the confusion about the importance of content.

The workshop concluded with Richard Janda presenting a

seminal work titled Gaps in Global Governance in

Telecommunications. Shortcomings in the process of regulation inIndia and suggestions to overcome the gaps in the global

telecommunication governance using Indian values were discussed.

Ramadesikan G. R. Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad

"COMMUNICATION DEVELOPMENT : ROLE OF UNESCOIN INDIA :-

Information is knowledge, and knowledge is power.

Communication is the process of information dissemination and

empowering people. Through communication we seek willing

cooperation of others and build social organisations of varied

complexities. It is through communication that fire of hatred and

conflict is fanned and so are done the tender feelings of love,

cooperation and peace. It is in this context, perhaps, that the United

Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO)

pro-claimed that "since wars begin in the minds of men, it is in the

'minds of men that defences of peace must be constructed" as its

preamble and emphasised the need to collaborate in the work of

mailto:desikan@cclan.iimahd.ernet.inmailto:desikan@cclan.iimahd.ernet.inmailto:desikan@cclan.iimahd.ernet.in

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advancing the mutual knowledge and understanding of the peoples,

through all means of mass communication in Article 2 of its

Constitution.1 As such, information and communication development

has been one of the major concerns of the United Nations in general

and UNESCO in particular since their inception.

The United Nations Conference on Freedom of Information,

in 1948, called freedom of information, one of the basic freedoms,

and free and adequate information, the touchstone of all freedoms to

which the United Nations is dedicated. It was generally believed that

for free and adequate information in any country there must be

adequate development of mass 'Fernando Valderrama, A History of

UNESCO, UNESCO Reference Books, (Paris: UNESCO, 1995).

communication in that country. Therefore, all countries were and are

concerned about development of their communication systems. In

India, such a concern for development of communication system was

clearly reflected in the country's first Five Year Plan itself.

Internationally, efforts were made to facilitate the growth

and development of communication facilities, especially in new and

emerging countries. In 1958 the UN General Assembly called for a

"programme of concrete action" to build up press, radio broadcasting,

film and television facilities in these countries as part of economic

and social development. To draw up a suitable programme and

assess the resources required, the General Assembly requestedUNESCO to carry out a fact finding survey. Based upon the UNESCO

report submitted to UN, the General Assembly, in 1962, unanimously

adopted a resolution "expressing its concern that the survey

disclosed 70 per cent of the population of the world lack in adequate

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information facilities and are thus denied effective enjoyment of the

right to freedom". The UN General Assembly also emphasised that

information media have an important part to play in education and in

economic and social progress generally and that new techniques of

communication offer special opportunities for acceleration of theeducation process. Consequently, governments, especially of newly

emerged developing countries, were urged to include in their

economic development plans adequate provision for development of

national information media. UNESCO was specially called upon to play

active role and support programmes and activities leading to

development of communication systems in the developing countries.

Development and growth of communication facilities is a

complex process and their consequences and impact on society are

multiple. However, the question of communication and the role of

UNESCO in India could be examined from three distinct, though

related, stand points of view: viz.

(i) as a means of bringing about desired social change,

(ii) the issues and concerns relating to free flow of information,

(iii) institution building.

SOCIAL CHANGE:-

The part that information communication can play, if used

wisely, to speed and smooth what Julius Nyerere called the `terribleascent' of the developing nations towards social and economic

change, has been of special interest to all developing countries,

including India. The contribution that effective communication can

make to social and economic development is of vital importance to

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developing countries. Free and adequate information which the UN

and UNESCO have emphasised is not only a goal in itself, it is also a

means of bringing about the desired social change.2 It is strongly

believed and rightly so, that the goal of economic and social

development, an agenda high on the most developing countries'priorities, can be facilitated by adequate and effective

communication. Conversely, without adequate and effective

communication, efforts for economic and social development would

be seriously hampered.

In India the significance of communication in equipping

people with new information and skills and mobilising them for their

willing participation in various development programmes and

activities has been well recognised and emphasised in various Five

Year Plans, the blue print of country's development strategies.

In the first Five Year Plan itself,

2 Wilbur Schramm, Mass Media and National Development, The Roleof Information in the Developing Countries, (Paris: UNESCO, 1964).

the need for understanding and appreciation of the various

development programmes and schemes by the people was clearly

underlined. In the subsequent plans, the concern about

communication with the people even in remote villages has been

voiced with increasingly greater emphasis and force. Consequently,

all available methods of communication have been developed and

strengthened manifold over the years.

Responding to the UN General Assembly's call to

strengthen and develop information and communication facilities,

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UNESCO and the Government of India, launched in 1956 a pilot

project "Radio Rural. Forum' covering 150 villages in Pune region of

Maharashtra. Learning from the Canadian experience of Farm Radio

Forum (1940s) India started radio rural forums on pilot basis with the

help of UNESCO. It was an experiment in utilising broadcasting tocreate greater awareness among rural people about various improved

techniques of agriculture production, health and hygiene, and other

community development programmes. The project followed

innovative approaches in the form of programme planning and

presentation, organised listening and discussion and evolving a

mechanism of feedback from the audiences to ensure greater

involvement and participation of people as well as making more

relevant the programme contents of the radio broadcasts.

The pilot project was a great success and was extended to

many other areas. In 1969, about 0.2 million radio rural forums were

operating in different states and union territories. Although,

subsequently with the advent of transistor revolution the relevance of community

3 J. C. Mathur, and Paul Neurath, An Indian Experiment in Farm Radio

Forum (Paris: UNESCO, 1959). radio-sets and radio rural forums

declined, even so these are still operative in many parts of the

country as "Charcha mandals" (discussion groups) etc.

Furthermore, the basic concept and philosophy of radio rural forums

was adapted and adopted in a decade long programme in 1980s on

use of radio in support of mother- child health care. Similarly,

beginning from Literacy Mission, Lucknow in 1960s radio has been

extensively used in promotion of adult literacy in the country.4 Thus,

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deriving inspiration from UNESCO-supported pilot project in radio

rural forum, broadcasting in India, first radio and later television, has

been playing important role in disseminating information and creating

awareness about topics and issues relevant to the needs of rural

masses thereby contributing to the process of development andsocial change in India.

FREE FLOW OF INFORMATION :-

The sanctity of freedom of expression and its importance

to mankind is enshrined in Article 19 of the "Universal Declaration of

Human Rights" and was reiterated by the UN Conference on Freedomof Information in 1948. As early as 1952, the UN General Assembly

resolved that "it is essential for a proper development of public

opinion in under-developed countries that independent domestic

information enterprises should be given facilities and assistance in

order that they may be enabled to contribute to the spread of

information, to the development of native culture and international

understanding". The UN General Assembly invested UNESCO with the

responsibility for matters pertaining ID information and freedom

4 J.S. Yadava, Media and Adult Education: Indian Experience. A study

conducted for UNESCO (New Delhi: Indian Institute of Mass

Communication, 1984). of expression and urged UNESCO to evolve a

concrete plan of action in this respect. As stated earlier, this led to

undertaking of a survey of communication infrastructural facilities

available in different countries so that appropriate policy initiative

and support could be provided to ensure adequate development of

communication facilities so as to achieve the objective of free flow of

information.

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Consequently UNESCO and various U.N. bodies supported

many programmes in developing countries to build mass media

infrastructure and institutions.

"Freedom" and "Freedom of Information" are. one of thoseterms that cast a spell on peoples' mind. People seldom pause to ask

whose freedom of information to be true, has to be equitable and

reciprocal.5 However, freedom of information as obtaining, is largely

freedom of western developed countries. Similarly free flow of

information is largely one way from western developed countries to

developing countries. Against this inequitable and largely one way

flow of information, many developing countries started protesting in

various international fora as it was being increasingly realised that

such a situation is detrimental to their economic, political and cultural

interests. At the 1974 general conference of UNESCO, the third world

developing countries maintained that the concept of free flow would

have little meaning until action has been taken to put all nations on a

free and equal footing in their ability to communicate.

There was growing realisation among many developing

countries that the political freedom which they have acquired in

recent years through great struggle and turmoil would

5 D. R. Mankekar, Whose Freedom? Whose Order?, (New Delhi:

Clarion, Delhi, 1981)have little meaning in the absence of economic

freedom, which is consequently related to information and

communication situation prevailing in these countries. They realised

that though they have become free, the economic structure and

information communication flow structure continue to be broadly-

along the patterns set up during the colonial period. As such there

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was a. growing demand from the third world countries for a "new

international economic order" and also "new world information and

communication order".

Consequently there were fierce debates at various levels. The Nonaligned Movement was spearheading the demand for a new

world information and communication order which was vehemently

opposed by the western developed countries in the garb of freedom

of expression and desirability of free flow of information. UNESCO

became the focal point of this great debate during 1970s and 1980s.

An intense series of professional, scientific and diplomatic activities

involving communication in general and international communication

in particular were initiated at various levels.5 A number of scientific

research studies were undertaken to marshal facts in support of their

respective positions. UNESCO appointed McBride Commission to find

out facts and report. Many "national media policy" documents were

prepared.

The great debate on issue of freedom of expression and

free flow of information versus equitable and balanced flow of

information became, at times, so intense as to acquire

confrontational postures threatening the very existence of UNESCO. It

may be recalled that it is in this context that the United States and

the Great Britain (along with Singapore)

6 Kaarle Nordenstreng, The Mass Media Declaration of UNESCO

(Norwood, N.J.: Ablex Publishing Corporation, 1986). withdrew from

the UNESCO in 1984. Some of the highlights of this debate can be

summarised as follows:

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News and views circulated through mass media have

significant bearing upon attitudes and actions relating to international

relations. With the revolution in communication technologies the

world is shrinking into a global village, making interdependence of

nationstates imperative for the very survival of human race on thisplanet. Relentless battles for minds are fought through mass media.

Today, not only sophisticated technologies like satellites and

computers are utilised to generate enormous news and information

but subtle techniques are put into operation to colour such news and

information.

In the information game the western developed societies

have tremendous advantage over the developing third world Afro-

Asian countries. The international flow of news and information is

largely one way; from developed west to the developing South.

The imbalance in news flow not only portrays the world

realities in a distorted fashion but also creates geopolitical

environment detrimental to the third world's political, economic and

cultural, interests, There is an increasing realisation that political

freedom from colonial rule, if not meaningless, is not enough in the.

context of prevailing world economic and information orders. The

conduits of western influence and domination established during the

colonial period are still operational and are even strengthened with

the advancement of communication revolution.

7 J. S. Yadava, Politics of News: Third World Perspective (New Delhi:

Concept Publishing Co., 1984). As such, the developing countries in

general and the nonaligned in particular have been demanding

restructuring of the existing patterns of international relations. There

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is some progress as a consequence of the decade-long debates and

discussions in international fora. The concept of `new world

information order' finds wider acceptance today.8 `News Pool' and

many other third world initiatives and bilateral arrangements have

come into existence to facilitate the process of greater exchange of news and views about and among themselves.

It was the nonaligned countries, at their summit in 1973 at

Algiers, which first asked for a change in the monopoly of information

by the western media.9 UNESCO gave a call for a New Information

Order in 1978, five years after the Algiers summit.

Then onward, of course, UNESCO extended strong support

to the concept and formulation of the new information and

communication order. The MacBride Commission,10 appointed by

UNESCO in 1977, underlined the imbalance in the information flow,

and the formulation of the resolution on the New Order was

completed at the General Conference in Belgrade in 1980.

Some of the western countries have taken the view that

the New Order is an attempt at legitimising government control of the

media. Even though there is no reference in any of UNESCO's

documents justifying, directly or indirectly, a code of conduct or

censorship.

8 Hamid Mowlana, Global Information and World Communication,New Frontier in International Relations (New York: Longman, 1986).

9 Indian Institute of Mass Communication, News Agencies Pool of

Non- aligned Countries: A Perspective (New Delhi, 1983).

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10 UNESCO, Many %ices: One World: S. McBride Commission Report

(Paris, 1982).government control of the media, the campaign against

UNESCO on this account has continued unabated.

However, despite all difficulties, UNESCO succeeded inadopting by acclamation a declaration on Mass Media which is of

great importance. This UNESCO declaration called Declaration. On

Fundamental Principles concerning the contribution of mass media to

strengthening the peace and international understanding, to the

promotion of human rights, and to countering racialism and apartheid

and incitement to war, is perhaps the most painstakingly negotiated

text about journalism, mass communication ever adopted in UNESCO.

By adopting the Mass Media Declaration in which UNESCO played a

pivotal role, the international community laid down for the first time

overall guidelines for the mass media. In the words of Amadou-

Mahtar M'Bow, the then Director-General of UNESCO, the Mass Media

Declaration is, "a new set of principles which all creators and

distributors of information. would be able to endorse", "since for thefirst time the international community has at its disposal a body of

principles and ideals such as can provide guidance for action and

practice of all those whose hearts are set on justice and peace".*11 It

also led to the setting up of a special programme, IPDC,-International

Programme for Development of Communication -- at UNESCO.

In this great debate on free flow of information India playeda very significant role, and UNESCO India office made valuable

contribution by supporting some studies of the issue and facilitating a

number. of debates and seminars that were organised to put the

whole issue into proper perspective.

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11*The Mass Media Declaration of UNESCO.

INSTITUTION BUILDING :-

Right from the beginning UNESCO has been extending

support to programmes leading to the development of mass

communication infrastructure and institutions in India. In 1960, the

UNESCO India Office extended its support by inviting a team of

international experts to study communication and development scene

in India, which led to recommendation and setting up of the National

Institute - the Indian Institute of Mass Communication (IIMC) at Delhi.

In the initial stages, UNESCO also provided for two consultants tostart the training programmes at. the Institute. It also provided

funding of some equipment for journalism/mass communication at

the Institute. The objective of the IIMC is to train media personnel

from India and third world countries. Over the years UNESCO has

supported several training and research programmes at the Institute.

To build infrastructure facilities, UNESCO also startedNational Institute of Audio Visual Education, which later developed

and merged with the National Council for Educational Research and

Training (NCERT). UNESCO also helped to some extent development

of facilities for news agency journalism, and setting up of the news

pool at Press Trust of India. Of late there has been greater emphasis

on informatics and library science. UNESCO has supported many

programmes and activities relating to development of skills and

facilities in computers and information science. The IPDC has been

supporting a number of activities in support of developing

communication infrastructure in developing countries, including India.

The Centre for Mass Communication Research at Jamia Milia Islamia

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got some grants from IPDC. India has also been making financial

contribution to IPDC, beside supporting strongly its philosophy and

plan of action.

:- J.S.Yadava

The role of Infrastructure in development The Infrastructure provides the base for all the

developments to be done in the country. Therefore it plays the

significant role in the development and prosperity of the country, in

this sector many of the private construction companies are also

taking the active part in the growth in India.

Infrastructure and India's rich :-

It's easy, perhaps too easy, to become pessimistic about

India's deficient infrastructure. Everything from potholed roads and

clogged airports to frequent power blackouts and creaking urban

transportation would appear to be daunting, if not intractable,

shortcomings.

Sure, the challenges are humongous, and the pace of their

resolution is slow. The highly indebted Indian government hasn't the

wherewithal to make a decisive improvement, which is estimated to

require additional spending equal to 3.4 percent of gross domestic

product. That's almost three-quarters of what India is spending on

transportation, power, water, irrigation, communications and storage

capacity in a year.

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The case for glumness is probably overstated.

Private enterprise is playing an increasingly important role.

Inadequate public spending is still a huge constraint, yet domestic

non-state companies are slowly taking the lead in allocating much-

needed capital to some of India's most overlooked requirements.

A glance at the latest Forbes magazine list of 40 richest

Indians should prove that point. Except for the ``knowledge-

economy'' czars -- the computer-software and generic-drug exporters

who are mostly sticking to what they know -- almost everyone else on

that list is investing in infrastructure.

To cite a few examples:

-- Mukesh Ambani, the second-richest Indian after steel baron

Lakshmi Mittal, is building a whole new port city near Mumbai.

Ambani, the chairman of Reliance Industries Ltd., is also setting up a

badly needed farm-to-store supply chain in agricultural commodities.

-- Estranged younger brother Anil Ambani, No. 3 on the Forbes list, is

building a 7,480 megawatt electricity plant in the northern state of

Uttar Pradesh. If he can find the gas to fire his plant, he can bring

cheer to a power-starved New Delhi. The younger Ambani is also

partnering the city of Mumbai on the first phase of a $4 billion

suburban railway system.

-- Three places below Anil Ambani on the wealth list is Sunil Mittal,

the founder of India's largest mobile-phone service provider. Mittal

may soon announce a tie-up with a global retailer. Like Mukesh

Ambani, he has serious plans to create a robust food-supply system in

the country.

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-- Tulsi Tanti, the eighth-richest Indian, has made all his money in

wind energy. As much as 45 percent of the 100,000 megawatts of

power that India is expected to need in the next five years may be

supplied by windmills, he says. Another Indian billionaire, Jaiprakash

Gaur, has similar hopes from hydropower.

-- Grandhi Rao's GMR Infrastructure Ltd. is modernizing the New Delhi

airport and constructing a new one in the southern city of Hyderabad.

Rao is No. 18 on the Forbes list, just ahead of Baba Kalyani, whose

Nandi Infrastructure Corridor Enterprises Ltd. is building a $500

million Bangalore-Mysore expressway that will ease the congestion in

India's software capital.

The government's biggest headache is acquiring land;

Mukesh Ambani's plan to build a new city a third as big as Mumbai is

already dogged by the protests of farmers who feel they are being

compensated too little for their land.

For the developer, the political risk is also intimidating. The

Bangalore-Mysore corridor, approved in 1995, has been stuck in a

political and legal quagmire. The Indian Supreme Court recently

threw out the objections of the Karnataka state government, giving

the final go-ahead to India's first privately built expressway; the

politicians may yet find a way to torpedo the project. Already, the

state government has hit back by withdrawing a pollution clearance.

Setbacks such as these would have been very dispiriting

10 years ago. Now, they are being shrugged off.

The private sector in India is awash with money and has a

huge appetite for risk. Infrastructure-related work is already so brisk

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that it's creating capacity bottlenecks for machinery suppliers, says

Ved Prakash Chaturvedi, managing director of Tata Asset

Management Ltd. in Mumbai.

...Supply-side bottlenecks, across a range of capital-goods

businesses, may become a short-term impediment, especially if the

economy continues to grow at about 8 percent, the pace at which it

has expanded the past three years.

"An economy growing 8 percent annually becomes almost

1 1/2 times its original size in five years,'' Chaturvedi says. ``When

this growth is domestic-demand-driven, as it is in India, the strain on

infrastructure from the increase in the sheer number of transactions

is stupendous.''

...Give it a few years. The private sector in India will build

and operate substantial amounts of physical infrastructure. Quality

public-sector projects will remain limited to rare successes such as

Delhi Metro Rail Corp. because of the sheer paucity of management

skills within the government.

Adequate power supply and tolerable transportation

networks are within India's reach, and sooner than people realize. Yet

the key is with India's entrepreneurs, not its government.

Above-average economic growth in India. Strong population

growth, a large pool of highly-skilled workers, greater integration withthe world economy and increasing domestic and foreign investment

are expected to drive Indias real GDP by 6% p.a. over the next 10 to

15 years.

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Services outsourcing revving up office demand. India is the

prime destination for IT services outsourcing. In the coming five

years, at least 55 million m of extra office space must be completed

in the premium office segment alone.

600 new shopping centres by 2010. Indias burgeoning middle

class will drive up nominal retail sales through 2010 by 10% p.a. At

the same time, organised retail is becoming more important. At

present organised retail accounts for a mere 3% of the total; by 2010

this share will already have reached 10%.

By 2030 India will need up to 10 million new housing units per

year. Rapid population growth, rising incomes, decreasing household

sizes and a housing shortage of currently 20 million units will call for

extensive residential construction. The financing of owner-occupied

housing in particular holds out enormous market potential.

Capital market still underdeveloped. The total stock of

commercial property is estimated at over USD 300 bn. So far the

invested market accounts for only USD 4 bn of this. Capital market

products, such as commercial mortgage-backed securities or listed

property vehicles are still almost entirely lacking.

Heed risks. Property investments in India are not risk-free. Market

transparency is far behind European or US standards. It is therefore

vital for foreign investors to have a professional local partner. The

lack of liquidity and upward pressure of pricing remain the main

concern within the market.:- Bloomberg's Andy Mukherjees report

The boom in construction in India :-

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It was a tiny construction company founded in 1986 with

the modest goal of developing farmland in Sohna, 30 km from

Gurgaon.

Today the Vatika Group's flagship project is the multi-croreVatika City, a sprawling township of more than 2,500 apartments

surrounded by parks and well-laid pavements, that's scheduled to be

ready by 2005.

The mini-city has been designed by a firm of British

architects which designed London's ambitious Canary Wharf.

Travel southwards to Bangalore and Hyderabad. It has

been a year of breakneck growth for IDEB Construction which is

breaking new ground in both the southern cities.

IDEB is building almost 2 million sq ft of malls, residential

apartments and a software park. If that isn't enough it's about to start

developing another 1.6 million sq ft in the next few months.

Mid-sized companies like Vatika, Senior Builders, Omaxe and

Ambience in Delhi or IDEB in Bangalore are taking on giant

projects to cash in on the real estate boom. To stand out in the crowd builders are coming out with

ambitious projects like an auto mall in Gurgaon, a furniture mall

in Bangalore and India's first exclusive jewellery mart. Many smaller companies have grown by 100 per cent annually

for the last two or three years. The riskiest element of the building boom is that it's almost

completely dependent on infotech and IT-enabled services. If

anything goes wrong the smaller companies would be badly hit.

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Its most unusual project: a mall in Bangalore in which over

100,000 sq ft will be devoted only to furniture.

The building boom sweeping metropolitan India is coming

as manna from heaven for a group of mid-sized constructioncompanies.

A few years ago they were the relative minnows of the

construction business following in the footsteps of giants like DLF, the

Hiranandanis and the Ansals.

Today companies like Vatika, Senior Builders, and

Ambience in Delhi or IDEB in Bangalore are taking on giant projects of

their own and hoping to cash in on the real estate boom that's

sweeping the country.

Even in Mumbai the construction boom has pushed smaller

companies into the limelight. Take the 43-year-old Evershine Builders

which is involved in two mega projects in suburbs like Vasai and

Kandivli.

It's currently building 1,000 flats in Vasai and about 500 in

Kandivli -- both projects are being developed in phases.

Says J S Augustine, CEO, Evershine Builders: "You could

say our growth has been 100 per cent year on year. This year we'll

grow at 50 per cent, because we're a large company now and

obviously growth rates can't be that high now."

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Figures in the construction industry are notoriously

unreliable. But there's no question that smaller builders are making

the leap into the big time.

Nevertheless, they are still far behind industry's giants.DLF, for instance, is building about 4 million sq ft of residential

property and 2.5 million sq ft of office space.

Besides that it's also building about 500,000 sq ft of

shopping complexes.

Similarly, the giant Ansal Group has just signed a deal to

build a new township on 500 acres of land in Kundli adjoining north

Delhi.

The new township which will be called Sushant City will

house 50,000 people. The Ansals are taking care to move away from

the herd of builders heading for places like Gurgaon.

But the smaller companies certainly aren't short onambition. Travel along the outskirts of Delhi to Noida and Greater

Noida where the Omaxe Group has called in the cranes and

bulldozers to turn its ambitious projects into reality.

Most ambitiously, there's the 1.4 million sq ft Omaxe

Connaught Place billed as the largest shopping complex in India.

Equally ambitiously, it's building a mini-township called NRI

City on 85 acres of land in Greater Noida. NRI City will have 2,500

apartments with a slew of modern facilities thrown in.

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Move back to Gurgaon where the Ambience Group is

building a 150-acre luxury township called Ambi Island.

In the first phase about 325 luxury dwellings are being built

in the township. To service the township the Rs 250 crore group isalso building the hi-tech Ambi Mall in Gurgaon scheduled to be ready

by 2006.

Ambi Mall will offer the usual food courts and theatres. But

there'll also be a 225-room deluxe hotel, which will be a joint venture

with the Marriott chain.

In addition, the shopping mall will have an only by

invitation Platinum Floor for VIP shoppers. Ambience currently has

projects worth over Rs 850 crore (Rs 8.50 billion) in hand in Delhi and

Gurgaon.

All the newcomers are facing one problem: how do they

make their presence felt when scores of new glass-and-concrete

projects are already dotting the landscape?

Many builders are scouring the world for new concepts that

can be transplanted on Indian soil.

IDEB, for instance, is hoping that a giant furniture section

at its proposed Outlet Mall on the outskirts of Bangalore will bring in

customers.

Most ambitiously, there's the Senior Auto Mall to be

constructed in Gurgaon by Senior Builders. What's an auto mall?

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The Senior Auto Mall will be a 10-storeys of auto

showrooms complete with a test track where would-be owners can try

out new vehicles.

To make the transaction smoother there'll be banks andinsurance companies vying to offer the best terms. And, there'll be

food court so that a car buying expedition can be turned into a family

outing.

"When a family is planning to buy a car, everyone is

interested in seeing it," says Vijay Dixit, managing director, Senior

Builders. The company says it is handling projects worth around Rs1,600 crore (Rs 16 billion).

If that's not exotic enough, how about the Gold Souk in

Gurgaon billed as India's first exclusive jewellery mart. The Souk will

be ready next March and it has room for 70 showrooms spread out

over 100,000 sq ft.

Aerens is also constructing a Rs 60-crore (Rs 600 million)

entertainment complex that will be ready by June and it hopes to

start an IMAX theatre by 2006.

"Our focus is on entertainment, since we believe that is

where the future of this industry is," says Sanjay Kakkar, project

director, Aerens Group.

Is there enough demand to sustain this building boom of

epic proportions? The builders certainly think they are constructing on

firm foundations.

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Kalpataru Group in involved in projects all the way from south

Mumbai to Mira Road in the west and Thane in the east.

Is this a real estate bubble that's about to burst? Ansal

Group Chairman Sushil Ansal is sceptical about the future and thegold rush mentality that is building up.

He's taking care to build in areas like Kundli, which is on

the Chandigarh highway where others haven't started looking (most

building in Delhi, borders the affluent south Delhi area).

Ansal reckons there'll be a double bonus in building in the

area. Land will be cheaper allowing for escalation. And there will be

strong demand from the affluent traders who live in north Delhi.

Says Ansal: "Our strategy is to go to areas where the

market is not already congested."

Of course, it should be noted that despite his scepticism

Ansal is putting up 1,200 residential units in Gurgaon.

Also, he has built a 700,000 sq ft multiplex and shopping

complex called Ansal Plaza in Greater Noida of which 80 per cent has

already been sold.

But the others are more confident about the future.

Pradeep Jain, chairman, Parsvnath Developers, points out that his firmhas grown by 154 per cent in the last year, "It's common knowledge

that Delhi is bursting at its seams. But the opportunities available in

other parts of the NCR are boundless," he says.

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Jain doesn't believe that the construction boom is on shaky

foundations.

He cites factors ranging from cheap homes loans, to family

fragmentation and improved connectivity across the NCR.

Similarly, Raj Singh Gehlot, chairman, Ambience Group,

points to the changing consumer attitudes.

"Earlier, there was the conservative culture of

accumulating one's savings and sacrificing the present to the future,"

he says. "But now people are spending a lot more."

The key to success in the real estate business, of course,

depends on the price at which the land has been bought. That's

where many mid-sized companies are at a disadvantage compared to

the bigger groups.

DLF, for instance, bought up large tracts of land in Gurgaon

several decades ago. This put them in a particularly happy positionand it means that many builders are also forced to buy from them.

Inevitably, a lot depends on infotech and IT-enabled

services. Front-running companies like Wipro Spectramind and Daksh

e-Services have been booming and hiring in the thousands in the last

few months.

"The boom in commercial activity is being driven by IT and

IT-enabled services. So both commercial demand and residential

demand, which is generated from the former, will continue to

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increase," says Sanjay Verma, executive director India, Cushman and

Wakefield.

Verma reckons that building activity won't slow down yet.

"There should definitely be adequate demand in areas like Gurgaonand Noida for at least the next two years," he says.

Others are equally confident about Bangalore and Mumbai.

In Bangalore, of course, the boom is almost entirely dependent on the

infotech boom.

Is this a building boom that will go on forever or is the

music about to stop?

Will Bangalore be the Silicon Valley of the east and the

scene of unstoppable growth? And will Gurgaon be for India what

Pudong, the giant suburb of Shanghai is for China? Pudong didn't

exist in 1990 and today it's a sprawling twin city to Shanghai.

The builders certainly believe they are building cities forthe 21st century and they will keep pushing the pile drivers into the

earth.

Jai Arjun Singh | December 13, 2003

Additional reporting: Raghavendra Rao and

Arti Sharma Business Standard

Part 4 :

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Comparison between Worlds Fastest growing

Country :-

India versus China

Amit Varma's post China v India points us to a very interesting piece by Shankar Acharya:

Acharya, a former Chief Economic Adviser to the Government of

India, does not pull his punches: "Let me put this bluntly: as an economy, we

are simply not in China's league." His table shows the stark differences:

INDIA versus CHINA

ECONOMY/SCAL

E

Units Year China India China to

India ratio

Population Million 2003 1288 1064 1.2

GDP (PPP) $ billion 2003 6090 2908 2.1

Per capita GDP growth % 1980-2004 8.2 3.7 2.2

Share of manufacturing

in GDP

% 2003 39 16 2.4

Living standards

Per capita GNP (PPP) $ 2003 4980 2880 1.7

Life expectancy Years 2002 71 63 1.1

Female adult literacy % 2003 87 45 1.9

http://indianeconomy.org/2005/09/27/china-v-indiahttp://indianeconomy.org/2005/09/27/china-v-india

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rate

Under 5 mortality Per 1000 2003 37 87 0.4

Under 5 malnutrition % 1995-2003 12.1 45.8 0.3

Poverty ratio (% below

$1 a day)

2001 &

2000

16.6 34.7 0.5

INFRASTRUCTURE

Electricity production Billion kwh 2002 1640.5 596.5 2.7

Goods hauled(Railways)

Ton-kmbillions

2002 1508.7 333.2 4.5

Container traffic (ports) Millions 2003 61.62 3.9 15.7

Air freight Ton-km

millions

2003 5650.6 580.0 9.7

Telephones (land +Mobile)

Per 1000 2003 424 71 6.0

EXTERNAL

SECTOR

Merchandise exports $ billion 2004 593.4 81.0 7.3

Service exports $ billion 2004 62.4 51.3 1.2

FDI inflow $ billion 2004 60.6 5.5 11.0

Tourist arrivals Millions 2003 33.0 2.4 13.8

Forex reserves $ billion 2004 614.5 135.2 4.5

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Sources: World Development Indicators (2005); Institute of International Finance, RBI and CSO.

2004 data for India refer to the fiscal year 2004-05.

Comparison on GDP :-

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Comparison between the performing management of

Governance:-

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Part -5 :-

Conclusion :-

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India will thus become the fastest growing economy out of

34 developed and emerging markets during that period and the

worlds third largest economy by 2020. Moreover, its GDP per capita

will double, from roughly USD 2,500 today (at purchasing power

parity) to almost USD 5,000 in 2020. Favourable demographics,increasing investment in education and infrastructure and further

integration with the world economy are the factors behind our

projections.

India finally regained full investment-grade status on

Tuesday after a hiatus of more than 15 years, as Standard & Poors

followed the lead of Moodys and Fitch in removing the speculativetag from its sovereign credit rating.

The upgrade is symbolic for reformers in the

government. S&P had downgraded Indias sovereign rating to junk

status in May 1991, during the balance of payments crisis that

triggered the start of the reform era.

...Fitch raised Indias rating to investment grade in

August 2006, while Moody did so for its foreign currency

borrowings in January 2004. Gurchuran Das, an economic

commentator, said: This is long overdue. S&P have been overly

cautious.

The upgrade will open the countrys capital market to awider investor base, but is unlikely to trigger a re-rating of asset

values as both fixed-income and equity investors had priced in the

fiscal progress that prompted the move.

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Indias financial establishment hailed the change. P.

Chidambaram, finance minister, said he was happy at the rating

agencys acknowledgement of Indias improving macroeconomic

stability and strength.

Today India's central bank raised its growth forecast to 9

per cent, raised the official repo rate for a fifth time in a year to

curb inflation, and warned of further signs of overheating.

Cherian Thomas from Bloomberg reports :

Governor Yaga Venugopal Reddy raised the Reserve

Bank of India's estimate for growth in the year ending March from8 percent and increased the repurchase rate at which it lends

overnight by a quarter point to a four-year high of 7.50 percent.

Reddy also today unexpectedly left the overnight

borrowing rate unchanged, surprising investors for the sixth time in

the past nine scheduled central bank meetings as he tries to

prevent the world's second-fastest growing major economy after

China from overheating. India's record growth has kept inflation

above the central bank's 5 percent tolerance level since

September.

As to growth prospects, India is now the second fastest

growing major economy after China. The FT report, India central

bank warns of overheating , notes:

The economy expanded by 9.1 per cent in the first half

of 2006/07 to September 30th and is set for its fastest annual

http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601080&sid=auGo0oTW_Bqs&refer=asiahttp://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601080&sid=auGo0oTW_Bqs&refer=asiahttp://www.ft.com/cms/s/7dbb0782-b0ff-11db-b901-0000779e2340,dwp_uuid=a6dfcf08-9c79-11da-8762-0000779e2340.htmlhttp://www.ft.com/cms/s/7dbb0782-b0ff-11db-b901-0000779e2340,dwp_uuid=a6dfcf08-9c79-11da-8762-0000779e2340.htmlhttp://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601080&sid=auGo0oTW_Bqs&refer=asiahttp://www.ft.com/cms/s/7dbb0782-b0ff-11db-b901-0000779e2340,dwp_uuid=a6dfcf08-9c79-11da-8762-0000779e2340.htmlhttp://www.ft.com/cms/s/7dbb0782-b0ff-11db-b901-0000779e2340,dwp_uuid=a6dfcf08-9c79-11da-8762-0000779e2340.html

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India GDP (2000 to 2040) :-

==========================

Population 15% to 18%

Land 2% to 10%

Food Production 8% to 15%

Electricity 4% to 10%

Tech 4% to 15% (Cell Phones, Computers, etc)

Roads 5% to 15% (Roads, Waterways, Railroads)

Culture 10% to 25% (Movies, Resturants, Events)

Forex 1% to 10% (Euro, Dollar, Yuan, Taka)

Debt -1% to -15% (External, Trade Deficit)

Anticipated GDP 10% of world economy (6% to 16%)

Posted by: Roy | Wednesday, May 30, 2007 at 03:

http://neweconomist.blogs.com/new_economist/2007/01/booming_india.html#comment-71046404http://neweconomist.blogs.com/new_economist/2007/01/booming_india.html#comment-71046404