hra pma.rev 2docx
TRANSCRIPT
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction Page 1
2. Management of health hazards health hazards in engine room Page 4
3. Role of health surveillance Page 14
4. Health prevention and promotion Page 215. Role for occupational health service provider Page 25
6. Conclusion Page 26
7. References Page 27
8. Appendix Page 28
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Individual Assignment:
1. Identify the various common occupational health hazards in your job /workplace.2. Discuss whether environmental monitoring, biological monitoring, biological effect
monitoring, and/or medical surveillance have any role in managing each of those hazards
you identified. Provide details where applicable.
3. Suggest how health prevention and promotion can be included in the management of such
hazards at your workplace.4. Is there any role for an Occupational Health Service provider to help you manage those
health hazards? Discuss your answer.
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1.0 Introduction
Marine engineers working on board vessels are exceptional in their profession, having to
spend a large part of their lives at sea. Marine Engineers is responsible for the operation,
troubleshooting, repair and maintenance of shipboard engines and other machinery such as
generators, pumps, boilers, etc. They are exposed to occupational risk factors, as well as
environmental risk factors, as part of their normal, everyday activities. Most marine engineers
live and work under extremely hazardous conditions that can cause serious short term and
long-term damage to their health. Sarawak Shell engineering construction services
department currently chaptered 5 work barges and 4 work boats from contractor to carry out
hook up and commissioning (HUC) work at offshore installations in Sarawak and Sabah
water. Each work barge and work boat has 8 marine engineers on board. The marine
engineers normally stay on board for 60 days; go home for 2 weeks break and joint back
again. This assignment will look at the working condition and various occupational health
hazards for marine engineer who stay on board a work barge or a work boat.
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2.0 Management of health hazards in engine room
In a work barge or work boat, safety has always been the top priority, however not muchattention is paid to understand, appreciate occupational health risk for the marine engineers.
The awareness to occupational health risk is general found to be weak among the marine
engineers
Currently, number of marine engineers failed their offshore medical has increased. Many of
them fail in the hearing test. There is also an increase in the number of medical emergencycases and medical referral cases. Being a company who take cares of his employees and
contractors, Health Risk Assessment (HRA) had been included as part of the hazards and
effects management process (HEMP) of the HSE Case. The aims of the HRAs are to address
the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychological health hazards associated
with work. HRA involves identification of health hazards in the work place, evaluate the risk
to health and decide on the control measures.
The management of common occupation health consists of the following main steps as
shown in figure 2 below.
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in the discussion. For chemicals hazardous to health, the pertinent information was obtainedfrom Material Safety Data Sheets, occupational and toxicology textbooks, and pertinent ShellGuides. A detailed observation and walkthrough of several work sites were also conducted toensure that most activities and process in engine room operations are included. Refer toappendix 1: Health inventory for engine room personnel
Step 2: D etermine the severity and likelihood of the threat of occupational health risk using risk assessment matrix. (RAM).
The risk (high, medium and low) of the hazard is assigned based on risk assessment matrix. Thosewith high and medium risk will go through detail appraisal.
Risk Assessment Matrix Increasing Probability
CONSEQUENCE A B C D E
HAZARDRATING
People Assets Env. Reputation
Occurred
elsewhere inthe worldbut not inthe Petro-ChemicalIndustry
Heard of
incident inPetro-ChemicalIndustry
Incident has
occurred inShellCompany
Happens
several timesper year inShell (Retail)Business
Happens
several timesper year in ourcountry retailoperation.
No healtheffect
Nodamage
Noeffect
Noimpact
LOW RISK
1 Slight healtheffect
Slightdamage
Slighteffect
Slightimpact
2 Minor healtheffect
Minordamage
Minoreffect
Limitedimpact
MEDIUMRISK
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Step 3: Detail appraisal of the health risk identified
For those risks with medium and low exposure rating, control measure and recovery measureneed to put in place. Control measures and recovery measures consists of health prevention
and promotion which will be described in detail section 3.
2.1 Ccommon occupational health hazards for marine engineer
The following main health hazards are identified:
1. Physical hazards associated with the work environment
a. Noise
b. Heat Stress
2. Chemical hazards associated with the work environmenta. Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions
b. Solvents in Paint (containing benzene, chromates, lead, urethane)
4. Biological hazards associated with the work environment
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reverberation on the walls. In a generally reverberant engine room, as a first approximation it
is reasonable to consider that the noise level is the same throughout the room, unless one isnext to a particularly noisy engine (less than 2 metres away).
Location dB(A)Low-speed diesel engine( Main Engines)
Medium-speed diesel engine for generator
Steam turbine
Reducer
Auxiliary boiler
Compressor
Water pump
100-105
105-110
85-95
80-90
95
85-100
80
Figure 4 Noise level in engine room
2.1.1.2 Noise induced hearing loss
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Fig 5: Audiometric curves of Marine engineers by ages (Median values,combined results from both ears).
In a more recent study, Parker found hearing loss in 26.8% of engineers, compared with 16%
of deck crew members and 9.9% of supervisors (these differences were statistically
significant).
2.1.2 Heat stress
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Heat exhaustion. The signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion are headache, nausea, vertigo,
weakness, thirst, and giddiness. Fortunately, this condition responds readily to prompttreatment. Heat exhaustion should not be dismissed lightly, however, for several reasons. One
is that the fainting associated with heat exhaustion can be dangerous because the victim may
be operating machinery or controlling an operation that should not be left unattended;
moreover, the victim may be injured when he or she faints.
Heat cramps are usually caused by performing hard physical labour in a hot environment.
These cramps have been attributed to an electrolyte imbalance caused by sweating. It is
important to understand that cramps can be caused by both too much and too little salt.
Cramps appear to be caused by the lack of water replenishment. Because sweat is a hypotonic
solution (0.3% NaCl), excess salt can build up in the body if the water lost through sweating
is not replaced. Thirst cannot be relied on as a guide to the need for water; instead, water
must be taken every 15 to 20 minutes in hot environments.
In heat collapse, the brain does not receive enough oxygen because blood pools in the
extremities. As a result, the exposed individual may lose consciousness. This reaction is
i il h f h h i d d ff h b d ' h b l H h
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2.2 Chemical hazards associated with the work environment
2.2.1 Diesel exhaust fumesIn a workboat, there are 2 x 2100 bhp main engines and 3 x 500 KW diesel engines driven
generator. Due to vibration, the exhaust bellow tends to crack and marine engineers are
exposed to the diesel exhaust fumes that leaked into the engine room. Diesel engine exhaust
emissions (commonly known as 'diesel fumes') are a mixture of gases, vapours, liquid
aerosols and substances made up of particles. They contain the products of combustion
including:
1. carbon (soot);
2. nitrogen;
3. water;
4. carbon monoxide;
5. aldehydes;
6. nitrogen dioxide;
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1. Inhalation
most solvents are "volatile", that is, they evaporate into the air very quickly. Thefumes, dusts, gases and vapours that result can then be breathed in and easily passed
through the lungs into the blood stream.
2. Ingestion
Solvent droplets can form in the hairs inside the nose, be sniffed in or swallowed.
Mouth contact with contaminated hands, food and cigarettes can also result in the
ingestion of solvents.
3. Skin Absorption
Solvents can be absorbed through the skin by direct contact and enter the bloodstream
in this way.
Different solvents have different health effects, which will depend on how exposure happens,
how much and for how long. Short-term effects can be caused by single exposures, often to a
large amount of solvent.
Short-term exposure can cause:
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Some solvents, for example, benzene, can cause cancer. Some solvents will have synergistic
effects with other hazards and drugs. This means that the solvent will have greater healtheffects when it is in combination with other hazards. For example, after using an organic
solvent, the effects from exposure will be greater if smoking soon afterwards.
2.3 Biological hazards associated with the work environment;
2.3.1 Bacteria in portable water.
In a workboat and work barge, the portable water is produced by reverse osmosis water
maker using sea water. The fresh water produced is stored inside the fresh water tank. The
water was passed through a UV sterili zer before distributed to accommod ation. Occasionally
this water is infected by bacteria or microorganisms. The microorganisms that have the most
significance to human health are those that cause disease, which are called pathogens.
Examples of common pathogens include bacteria such as Salmonella and Shigella ,
protozoans such as Giardia and Cryptosporidium , and viruses such as hepatitis A and
Norwalk. Most of these pathogens are transmitted by what is called the faecal-oral route of
exposure; this means that faeces from an infected person or animal somehow (directly or
indirectly) get into a person's mouth. It is not possible to test drinking water regularly for the
f d b h l b
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bending, stretching, and heavy lifting to grasp and carry materials can be HFE/Ergonomic
risk factors that may lead to development of WMSDs involving the back, shoulders, legs,knees, and arms.
2.4.2 Maintenance
Equipment and spaces designed without the maintainer in mind can forces engineer to
assume awkward postures, use repetitive motions, exert excessive force, and be exposed tolong periods of hand/arm or whole body vibrations while performing maintenance. Some
valves onboard are difficult to reach. Stretching to reach and turning these valves can be
difficult and result in excessive strain on arm and back muscles. Constant strain can lead to
the development of painful and disabling WMSDs and worker fatigue, resulting in decreased
productivity and lack of concentration. Electrical and pneumatic hand tools are used forgrinding and scraping in preparation for painting and other maintenance or repair tasks.
Prolonged use of some types of vibrating hand tools (especially in awkward postures) are
associated with hand-arm discomfort and potential loss of functional abilities known as Hand
Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS)
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recreation value of leisure time. Further, depending on weather, ship motion can be very
stressful. Severe seasickness can distinctly impair a marine engineer well-being onboard andmarine engineers suffering from it are incapable of changing it if they do not respond to
treatment or medication is not available on board.
The often observed lack of leisure time facilities, such as fitness rooms or social events, often
impairs marine engineer well-being on board ship. The occurrence of psycho emotional
stress of marine engineer is often associated with disturbed sexual life and with disturbed
working and resting regimes due to working in shift.
3.0 Role of health surveillance
Health surveillance consists of Environmental monitoring, biological monitoring, andbiological effect monitoring and medical surveillance.
Chemical Exposure Dose Toxic
ff
Metabolized
Excreted
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3. To collect, keep up to date and use data and information for identifying, evaluating,
managing and reporting hazard related effects on health.
4. To assure compliance with applicable laws and regulations which require medical
monitoring when employees are potentially exposed to certain substances at work.
In addition, this assessment provides the employees:
1. Opportunity to share their work-related health issues or concerns; and
2. Education on specific substances/agents and control measures required to minimize
exposure .
3 . 1 E n v i r o n m e n t a l m o n i t o r i n g
Exposure measurement and monitoring is done to determine existing environmental
conditions, contaminant or substance levels or rates in the (work) environment. In the area of
occupational health and hygiene, ambient monitoring is part of the exposure monitoring
strategy, and typically comprises of area monitoring, or personal monitoring, or both.
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alteration, a physiologic effect or a secondary clinical finding and obtaining a red blood cell
cholinesterase level in a worker with organophosphate pesticide exposure. The choice of
biological medium depends on kinetic factors, the convenience of sample collection and the
possibility of sample contamination.
Blood . Since this is the main vehicle for transport and distribution, most systematically active
substances and their metabolites can be found in blood. The medium is useful for inorganic
chemicals and for organic chemicals which are poorly metabolized and have a sufficiently
long half-life.
Urine . Urine collection is easier, less invasive and more readily accepted by workers. It is
usually suitable for water-soluble metabolites of organic substances and for some inorganic
substances. The concentration of a substance in urine usually reflects the mean plasma level
during the period of urine accumulation in the bladder. End of shift samples are appropriate
for rapidly excreted substances, such as solvents; 24-hour specimens (although rarely
collected) may be more representative in some cases. The concentration of a substance in
urine will depend on the rate of urine production, and correction of results on the basis of
creatinine concentration or density may be necessary. Contamination during collection can be
a source of error.
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Like any other clinical laboratory data, biological monitoring data need to be interpreted by a
physician. Some BLVs, i.e. those referring to urinary excretion, are expressed relative to
creatinine concentrations. In the first instance this refers to compounds for which the relevant
studies are documented only on the basis of urinary creatinine values.
3 . 3 M e d i c a l S u r v e i l l a n c e
Medical surveillance is the systematic assessment of employees exposed or potentially
exposed to occupational hazards. This assessment monitors individuals for adverse health
effects and determines the effectiveness of exposure prevention strategies. The fundamental
purpose of medical surveillance is to detect and eliminate the underlying causes such as
specific hazards or exposures, and it thus has a prevention focus . Analysis of specific group
results assists in the identification of potential problem areas and the effectiveness of existing
worksite preventive strategies. As such, surveillance serves as a feedback loop to the
employer.
When considering how to monitor for the development of adverse health effects from
exposures in the workplace it is important to consider the timeframe over which the health
effects manifest themselves.
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3.4 Role summary of Environment monitoring, Biological and biological effect monitoring and medical surveillance for marine Engineer
Occupational
hazard
Environmental monitoring Biological and biological effect monitoring Medical surveillance
Noise Conduct noise measurement on vessels duringinitial sea trial and subsequently every five years
or if there is major modification.
Purpose
Issue noise mapping report and put control
measures in places to control noise induced
hearing loss.
No person may encounter a 24-hour effective
noise level greater than 82 dB (A) when noise ismeasured using a sound-level meter and an A-
weighting filter.
Ear protection must be provided for any person
entering any space with a noise level greater than
85 dB (A).
Each entrance to a machinery space with a noise
level greater than 85 dB(A) must have a warning
sign stating that each person entering the space
must wear ear protection.
Nil Entry criteriaExposure to noise 85 dB (A) 8-hour TWA The assessment will identify early noiseinduced hearing loss in 99% of marine engineer and engine crews.
Purpose
To identify, evaluate and manage possible adverse health effects of noise on marineengineer and engine crews with potential exposure to Noise. In addition, this assessmentprovides
a) The employee an opportunity to share their issues or concerns
b) The health advisor an opportunity for health education on the hazards of Noise andcontrol measures including correct use of required PPE to minimize exposure.
Activities
Initial (Baseline) EvaluationNoise Health history Baseline Health status questionnaireFocused health evaluation (Otoscopic evaluation of external and middle ear) withemphasis on review of questionnaire and health educationBaseline audiogram (Testing of new employees likely to be exposed to >80 dB(A) 8-hour TWA followed by a repeat test within 6 12 months)Review evaluation, discuss outcome, provide recommendation and document results
Periodic EvaluationFrequency of audiometric testing:Every 2 years for all employees 85 dB(A) 8-hour TWANoise Health history - Interim Health status questionnaireClinical assessment of hearing lossIf the medical assessment reveals a classic work related NIHL, it is to be reported as anoccupational Illness (OI). For atypical or complicated hearing losses (unable todifferentiate NIHL or not), a referral to an otologist or ENT doctor should be considered.PPE Training: Should be included either in clinical assessment or as part of audiometrictestingReview evaluation, discuss outcome as well as any other employee issue or concern,provide recommendation and document results
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Heat Using wet bulb thermometer Temperature to take
temperature measurement at various location in
engine room.
Engineering control measures should be used to
prevent heat exposure including shielding,
insulation and ventilation.
Engineer should be given adequate rest periods
NIL Pre-placement and periodical medical examination
Diesel
exhaust
fumes
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are
one of the most important and carcinogenic
components in diesel exhaust (DE). Therefore,
ambient PAHs concentrations were measured and
characterized for engine. Exposure assessment
for health effects of exposure to diesel exhaust
should focus on the measurement of specific
PAHs that are known carcinogens, such asbenzene; However, these compounds are
typically found at very low levels in the ambient
environment and are not unique to diesel exhaust.
Biological Monitoring of PAHs Exposure.
Pre- and Post-Shift Urinary 1-OHP
Concentrations. The mean concentration variation
of pre- and post-shift urinary 1-OHP among engine
room personnel during 4 consecutive sampling
days is used to determine the actual exposure level.
The observed urinary 1-OHP concentrations weremuch lower in this study than in other occupations
with similar environmental exposure levels (This is
probably because engine spent less than 50% of
work time in the diesel engine area during a full
work shift therefore the true personal exposures to
PAHs were likely to be overestimated by using the
ambient exposure values.
Entry criteria
PAH-exposure at or above 0.2 mg/m of air as an 8-hour TWA benzene soluble fraction
for 30 or more days/year.
Purpose
To identify, evaluate and manage possible adverse health effects of PAH in engine roompersonnel with potential exposure to PAH. In addition, this assessment provides
a) the employee an opportunity to share their issues or concerns; and
b) the health advisor an opportunity for health awareness and education on the hazards of
PAH and control measures required to minimize exposure
Initial (Baseline) Evaluation upon pre-employment or pre-placementHealth history - Baseline Health status questionnaire (Form: MS-Q1)Occupational Health history questionnaire (Form: MS-Q2)Focused health evaluation with emphasis on review of questionnaire including follow-upof abnormal responses and health educationAdvise workers: Smoking will increase the adverse effect of PAH exposure; dermaluptake is an important path of exposure; and be aware of occurrence, recognition andreporting of photosensitivityLaboratory test: Complete Blood Count (CBC) and Differential for baseline onlyReview evaluation, discuss outcome, provide recommendation and document resultsPeriodic Evaluation - every 2 yearsPAH Health history - Interim Health status questionnaire (Form: MS-Q3)
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Focused health evaluation with emphasis on review of questionnaire including follow-upof abnormal responses and health educationUrinary 1-hydroxypyrene: to demonstrate efficacy of controls and complianceReview evaluation, discuss outcome, provide recommendation, document results
Solvent and
thinners
Nil, Blood and urine test when engineer showing
symptoms like headaches, drowsiness or having
skin problem.
Nil
Bacterial in
drinking
water
Taking water sample and send for laboratory
analysis monthly. For water fail the test, the
water need to be changed.
Nil Nil
Manual
handling
Nil Nil Pre-placement and periodical medical examination
Stress and
cumulative
fatigue
Nil Nil Pre-placement and periodical medical examination
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4.0 Health prevention and promotion
Health prevention and promotion are the control measures put in place in the management of occupational hazards.
Goals of health prevention and promotion at the workplace/engine room
1. Improving health risk
2. Reducing medical care cost
3. Improving worker performance
4.1 Primary health prevention
Same like other hazards at worksite, the risk of occupational hazards can be prevented by
putting controls measure in place. Control measures are the interventions and actions of the
equipment, techniques, processes, protocols and education that help to eliminate or reduce the
levels of hazardous exposure. There are several levels of control measures that can be put in
place to deal with occupation health hazard adverse exposures. These are generally termed
the Hierarchy of Control (HOC). In order of reliability, effectiveness and likelihood of
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iterative process of reviewing hazards and controls should be implemented to ensure that a
continuous drive up the hierarch y of control is embedded in the operational culture.
Though personal protective equipment (PPE) should only be used as a last resort it can be a
valuable addition to any hazard control program and, in some instances, may be the only
effective option. When it is used it should be associated with a well planned program of
training, routine maintenance and replacement.
The following are examples of how the hierarchy of control might work in a specific instance.
Elimination
Remove a major emission source of particulates and various gases by replacing diesel
powered equipment, with electrically powered equipment.
Substitution
Electrically powered tools such as rock drills can emit lower levels of noise and vibration
than pneumatically powered ones.
Engineering (including isolation)
In engine room, Vibration reducing mountings and damping can reduce both vibration and
noise levels. The engine room design plays a large role in improving marine engineer comfort,
reducing exposure to noise, dust, muscular stresses, extreme temperatures and reducing
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4.2 Secondary prevention
This is accomplished by identifying health problems before they become clinically apparent
(i.e. before marine engineer report ill) and intervening to limit the adverse effects of problem.
This is also known as occupational disease surveillance. The underlying assumption is that
such early identification will result in a more favourable outcome.
An example of secondary prevention is the measurement of blood lead level in marine
engineer exposed to lead. An elevated blood level indicates a failure of primary prevention
but can allow for corrective action before clinically apparent lead poisoning occurs.
Corrective actions would be to improve the primary prevention activities listed above.
4.3 Tertiary prevention
This is accomplished by minimizing the adverse effects on health of a disease or exposure.
Typically this is thought of as clinical occupational medicine. An example of tertiary
prevention is the treatment of lead poisoning (headache, muscle and joint pain, abdominal
pain, anaemia, kidney dysfunction) by administration of chelating medication. The goal is to
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4.6 Noise induced hearing loss prevention program
In engine room, noise usually exceeds regulated limits; employers must have an effectivenoise control and hearing loss prevention program. The regulated limit for noise exposure in
is 85 decibels (dBA) for an eight-hour period, or an equivalent noise exposure of one Pascal-
squared hour (Pa2h).
The goal of a hearing loss prevention program is to reduce the noise exposure of mechanics
to a safe level and prevent occupational hearing loss. Hearing loss prevention programs mustaddress
1. Noise measurement
2. Education and training
3. Engineered noise control
4. Hearing protection
5. Posting of noise hazard areas
6. Hearing tests
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5. Investigate options for engineered noise control.
5.0 Role for occupational health service provider
In Sarawak Shell, occupational health service provider plays an important role in managing
the health hazard. The main role includes managements of workplace occupational health
risks, management of worker hazards, participating in emergency response planning and
emergency management, Provisions of clinical service and records keeping
5.1 Management of workplace occupational health risks
1. Identification and assessment of workplace hazards and risks.
Medical practitioner is part of the team who help to identify and assess the health
hazards and risks inside the engine room.
2. Recommendations of OH control measures and surveillance/ monitoring of
workplace and workers
3. Risk communication of hazards and control measures to management and workers
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11. Sickness absence and lost time injury review
12. Health promotion
13. Post employment medical examination
5.3 Participating in emergency response planning and emergency management
When there is medical emergency, the medic in the work barge will seek medical advice from
duty doctor. The doctor will assess the situation and activate Medevac if necessary.
5.4 Provisions of clinical service
Health service providers are providing clinical service like environmental monitoring,
biological monitoring, biological effect monitoring, medical surveillance and etc.
5.5 Records keeping
In Shell medical records keeping is outsourced to health service provider. All MS including
biologic monitoring evaluations as recorded in employee's medical records are considered
most confidential and should be recorded and maintained in accordance with the SHS
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7.0 References
1. Industrial safety management; LM Deshmukh,
2. Job hazard analysis; James E. Roughton, Nathan Crutchfield
3. Occupational safety and health ACT 1994 (ACT 514) regulations and orders (March
2009)4. Factories and Machinery act 1967 (ACT 139), regulation and rules (January 2009)
5. Procedures and Guidance concerning Medical Surveillance Evaluation of Employees,Shell international
6. Occupational health, a manual for primary health care workers; WHO-EM/OCH/85/E/L
7. Good practise guidance on occupational health risk assessment; ICMM
8. Diesel engine exhaust Emissions; HSE health and safety executive
9. Thermal environment on ocean going oil tanker; K.J. Collins, T.P.Eddy
10. Occupational risks and challenges of seafaring; Marcus Oldenburg, xaver baur
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Appendix 1 Hazards inventory
HAZARDSEFFECTS
Code Type Hazard Distribution situations or activities Acute Effects (Harm to People) Chronic Effects (Harm to People) RAM
CH1 CHEM Gas oils (Automotive,Industrial grade)
1. Machinery Operations
Irritation to skin and eyes on inhalation of mist, deflating of skin, headache, nausea; may aspirate and cause lunginflammation if swallowed
3D-M
Prolonged or repeated skin contact may leadto dermatitis. Lung fibrosis from oil mistinhalation. Potential carcinogen.
3C-M
CH2 CHEM Grease 6. Engr & Maint
May be mildly irritating to the eyes. 2B-L
Prolonged skin contact may result indermatitis, oil acne or folliculitis
2B-L
CH3 CHEMHydraulic Oil/Lubricant
Oil 6. Engr & Maint
May be mildly irritating to the eyes and skin (prolongedcontact)
2B-L
Dermatitis in predisposed persons 3B-L
CH4 CHEM Asbestos (CAG)
6. Engr & MaintIrritant to eyes and respiratory tract 3C-M
Lung cancer from prolonged exposure (Cat 1Carcinogen)
4B-M
Dermatitis may result from repeated solventexposure. Paint base of Chromates may causecancer, and organic lead-based paint mayhave reproductive effects. Urethane based
aint may cause sensitization.
3B-L
CH6 CHEMDiesel Engine Exhaust
Emissions
1. Machinery Operations Irritant to eye and respiratory track 2C-L
Prolonged exposure suspected to cause
cancer
4B-M
Repeated exposure causes chronic bronchitis 4C-M
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HAZARDSEFFECTS
Code Type Hazard Distribution situations oractivities
Acute Effects (Harm to People) Chronic Effects (Harm toPeople)
RAM
PH1 PHYS Noise Mechanics carry out watchkeeping in engine room
Acute: Impact noise: rupture ofeardrum; acoustic trauma.Loud steady noise: Temporarythreshold shift
Chronic: Noise induced hearingloss (Permanent thresholdshift); tinnitus (ringing in theears)
3D-M
PH2 PHYS Heat Stress Mechanic carry out watchkeeping and maintenancework in engine room
Acute: Heat stroke leading to death(lesser symptoms: exhaustion, cramps,rash, fatigue)
4B-M
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HAZARDSEFFECTS
Code Type Hazard Distribution situations oractivities
Acute Effects (Harm to People) Chronic Effects (Harm toPeople)
RAM
E1 ERG Poor workplace or taskdesign leading to e.g.awkward, repetitive andstatic postures,movements, excessivestretching, bending,pushing, pulling, forceexertion.
Inaccessible equipment orinsufficient space for the taskto be carried out efficientlyand effectively.
Acute: Impaired or unsafeperformance; Musculoskeletaldisorder
3C-M
E2 ERG Chronic: Musculoskeletal andrepetitive strain injury
3C-M
E3 ERG Manual materials handling Acute: Impaired or unsafeperformance; Musculoskeletal illness
3D-M
E4 ERG Chronic: Musculoskeletal illness;repetitive strain illness
3C-M
E5 ERG Engine room Lighting Taking engine logs androutine maintenance
Eye Strain. Very Low light level maypredispose a worker to accidents e.g.slips & falls, trips
3C-M
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HAZARDSEFFECTS
Code Type Hazard Distribution situations oractivities
Acute Effects (Harm to People) Chronic Effects (Harm toPeople)
RAM
B1 BIO Food and drinkcontaminated withmicro-organisms, e.g.salmonella
Contaminated food and/or drinkprovided by the Company,examples of sources: sale ofperishable foods at Distributionoutlets, vending machines,kitchens, small foodpreparation areas, drinkingwater supplies
Acute: e.g. food poisoning; hepatitis A,amoebic dysentery
2D-M or4B-M
B2 BIO Water borne pathogen -Legionella bacteria
Present in drinking water Acute: Pontiac fever (mildest form ofinfection); Legionnaires' disease -pneumonia (severest form of infection -may be fatal); dependent on the strain oflegionella bacteria
4B-M
B3 BIO Bacterial and fungalgrowth in air-conditioning systems
Air-conditioned offices withhumidifiers9. Office & Despatch
Acute: Humidifier fever, bacterial/fungaltransmission
2C-L
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HAZARDSEFFECTS
Code Type Hazard Distribution situations oractivities
Acute Effects (Harm to People) Chronic Effects (Harm toPeople)
RAM
PS1 PSY Long and irregularworking hours; workingcycles; shift work;excessive workload
6 on 6 off watch keeping Acute: Incidents as a result of fatigue.Impaired or unsafe performance.Irritability.
2C-L
PS2 PSY Chronic: Symptoms of sleeppattern disruption. Leading toanxiety and fatigue.
3C-M
PS3 PSY Mismatch of workenvironment tocognitive skills,capabilities andlimitations of workforce
Requiring individuals to monitora process without trying toreduce their level of boredomby giving them a higher taskload, asking a worker to
supervise something of whichthey are not capable. Note:resulting adverse effectsdependent on the individual(s)concerned
Acute: Impaired or unsafe performance(may lead to a safety incident orproduction loss with greater potentialconsequence)
2C-L
PS4 PSY Chronic: physical signs offatigue and stress
4C-M
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