how to writing a scientific paper
TRANSCRIPT
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WRITING A SCIENTIFIC PAPERDr. Engr. Md. Humaun Kabir
Principal, NITTRAD.
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COMPONENTS OF A PAPER
Title
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods (Experiment)
Results & Discussion
Conclusion
References & Acknowledgments
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HOW TO MAKE A PLAN
Title
Literature Survey
Materials and
Methods
Results & Discussion
Conclusion
Abstract
Introduction
References
Acknowledgments
Certainly NOT write in the order the sections appear. Perhaps in this
order:
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RESULTS
A paper is centered around the Results
First get them organized. What to include?
Any photographs?
How will i present them - figures and/or
tables?
Do i need to combine results with discussion?
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RESULTS
Can some Results be presented as
Supplementary Material?
Tables - Exact, Objective, Check accuracy
Graphs - Some Guesswork?
Photograph - Representative? Subjective
Supplementary Material
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FIGURES
Make sure each one is important
Do not duplicate data in figures and tables.
Which shows the data more clearly?
Often a figure is better in the main than
with tables in supplementary Material
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DISCUSSION
If possible separate from the Results
But sometimes results must be discussed in
order to logically point to the next stage in the
experiment
In this case combine Results and Discussion
Compare your results with those of others.
References are really important here.
Be careful to show where your work has
advanced the subject
Try to lead naturally to the Conclusion
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CONCLUSION
This is NOT the same as a summary like the
Abstract. A reader who has the paper will
certainly have the Abstract
If it is a summary -give it that heading and
make it more than the Abstract
NEVER make conclusions that cannot be
justified or are not mentioned in the main text
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MATERIALS AND METHODS (EXPERIMENT)
This section has two purposes:
To convince readers that the work has been
done systematically and thoroughly using
appropriate equipment
To allow readers to repeat the experiments if
they wish e.g. check (doubtful) results, prepare
the same materials etc.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS (EXPERIMENT)
This section contain ALL information
needed for another person to repeat the
experiment:
Sample preparation: Time, temperatures etc.
Sources of materials: Purity, particle size,
synthesis of intermediates
Analytical & measurement techniques
Parameters: Strain rates, wavelengths, applied
voltages etc.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS (EXPERIMENT)
Are instrument details important? (They should
usually be irrelevant). Does somebody need the
same instrument to repeat the research?
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INTRODUCTION
Most Introductions are unnecessarily long
A reference is something you may wish to
refer to for further information. When did you
last consult a reference?
If you have done so, it is most unlikely to be
one of the first ten references! You know those
already.
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PURPOSE OF INTRODUCTION
A brief, or complete, history of the subject?
What does the reader need to know?
What will the reader already know?
BUT
Some reviewers are upset if their papers are
not referenced
The Citation Index!!
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TITLES
Be straightforward and precise:
“Improved mechanical properties”
■ Which ones? Strength? Stiffness?
■ For what applications?
■ Better for one application may be the
opposite for another,
"Activated carbons produced at low temperature"
■ 80 K is low! 500°C is hot.
"CNT solution in organic acids"
■ All? Which did you investigate? Formic
and acetic.
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TITLES
Never use a colon (or hyphen) unless the paper is part of a multi-part series. "Chemistry and kinetics of chemical vapor deposition of pyrocarbon:
i. Carbon deposition from methane .
"Chemistry and kinetics of chemical vapor deposition of pyrocarbon:
ii. Carbon deposition from propylene
"The structure of CVD carbon: the effect of deposition temperature"
should be:
"The effect of deposition temperature on the structure of CVD carbon"
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ABSTRACT
"In this paper we report new results on the successful preparation of…………."
1. We know it is not a different paper, but this one.
2. We know it is "you".
3. We know the results are new - we would not publish if they were old.
4. We assume the experiment was successful - you do not usually report failures!
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ABSTRACT
Simply tell the reader two things:
1. What was done.
2. Important results obtained.
Do not:
1. Provide history or narrative.
2. Speculate - possible uses, etc.
3. Include data that is not in the manuscript.
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THE SUBMISSION PROCESS
Read the "Guide for Authors". PLEASE!
Section headings. Reference format. Length
restrictions for Letters.
You MUST submit using the website.
If a revision, include responses to reviewers.
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RESUBMISSION
If the Editor-in-Chief has told you to resubmit
- true for most papers from China.
Make sure you do as requested and carefully
follow each point in the "Resubmit" letter.
If you do not agree with some suggestions,
please include a cover letter to explain why this is
so.
Be sensible! If I correct something in the
Abstract, ask yourself whether it needs to be
corrected elsewhere?
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ABBREVIATIONS
1. To define an abbreviation, first write the term in full followed by the abbreviation in parentheses. "X-ray diffraction (XRD) examination showed that the samples were not crystalline…….." Do not do the reverse.
2. Never define an abbreviation in the manuscript title.
3. Never use abbreviations in the Abstract without defining them, and only define them if they are used later in the Abstract.
4. Define an abbreviation the first time it is used in the text, even though it may also have been defined in the Abstract.
5. Only define an abbreviation if you are going to use it later.
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SOME ENGLISH PROBLEMS
We do not usually use plural nouns as adjectives - "carbon fiber composites" not "carbon fibers composites".
Do not use hyphens unless necessary to clarify meaning. "Chinese food seller"! "Chinese-food seller" - a person who sells Chinese food "Chinese food-seller" - a Chinese person who sells food "Boron-containing carbon" means carbon which contains boron, whereas "Boron containing carbon" means boron which contains carbon!
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SOME ENGLISH PROBLEMS- ARTICLES
"of" is usually preceded and followed by "the" ...the dimensions of the sample were measured...the speed of the car BUT .the speed of light
Some nationalities tend to use "the" where not necessary and omit "a" where it is necessary "The FTIR is one of the typical methods used to characterise the chemically modified nanotubes."
FTIR is a typical method used to characterise chemically…..
"We obtained black solid after the reduction of the...."
We obtained a black solid after reduction of the……
Of course the meaning is clear in both cases
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RESPECTIVELY
"In order to make sure of the necessity of the
hydrogen involvement, experiments were carried
out in helium and hydrogen atmospheres
respectively." WRONG.
"In order to make sure of the necessity of the
hydrogen involvement, experiments were carried
out in helium and hydrogen atmospheres at 230°C
and 450°C respectively." Would be CORRECT.
i.e. He at 230°C and H at 450°C
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RESPECTIVELY
The word is used to link items in two or more
lists in the order in which they appear in those
lists.
To say that "samples were heat treated at
450°C and 700°C respectively" is incorrect
unless there is a list of two samples.
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LATIN PHRASES
In situ - means in the place. All things happen
in a place! Use it ONLY to indicate that
something is taking place where it will later be
used.
Via - "by" is usually enough & simpler
e.g. (for example) and i.e. (that is, or that is
to say)
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CONCLUSION
Read the Guide for Authors
Take time! Organize
Be honest
Remember to make Title, Abstract & Paper
independently understandable
Pay careful attention to the comments of the
Editor and the Reviewers. Do not waste their
time!
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THANK YOU