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Question No: 31 ( Marks: 2 ) Describe the use of visuals in a thesis paper. Visuals are very important while presenting and preparing your thesis. Question No: 32 ( Marks: 2 ) What appeals are generally used in a collection letter?Collection Letters No matter how carefully a company chooses its credit customers, there will be times when a bill goes unpaid and steps to collect must be taken. The problem when writing a collection letter is how to get payment and at the same time keep a customer. The writer of a collection letter wants to get the money owed and maintain goodwill.

Collection letters, therefore, should be persuasive rather than

forceful, firm rather than demanding. A fair and tactful letter gets better results than a sarcastic or abusive one. In fact, collection letters should be “you-oriented”; courteous, considerate, and concerned about the customer’s best interest.

The purpose of collection letters is:

1. To get the money.2. To keep the customer and future business.3. To build goodwill.

Collection is a sensitive issue so the following practices may be avoided

Falsely implying that a lawsuit has been filed Contact the debtor’s employer or relatives about the debt Communication to the other persons that the person is in

debt. Harassing the debtor Using abusive or observe language Using defamatory language Intentionally causing mental stress Threatening violence Communicating by postcard (not confidential enough) Misrepresenting the legal status of the debt


Communicating in such a way as to make the receiver physically ill

Misrepresenting the message as a government or court document

Communicating by postcard (not confidential enough) Misrepresenting the legal status of the debt Communicating in such a way as to make the receiver

physically ill Misrepresenting the message as a government or court

document Any emotional reaction on the part of the debtor may

reduce the chances of recovery.Successful collection depends to on the following factors:

Understanding of Human Nature Knowledge of collection policies and laws Using persuasive / positive appeals effectively

The following appeals are generally used: Appeal to fairness & justice Appeal to pride Appeal to Goodwill Appeal to sympathy

Right attitude for successful collection: Begin with assumption that most people will pay Give no impression that you doubt the honesty of the

debtor Use a courteous, reasonable tone but become firmer Be more demanding during the later stages of the series Remain with the law, don’t harass Show understanding and flexibility while writing delinquent

accounts Send collection notices quickly and regularly Never imply in you messages that payment can be avoid or

postponed. Retain goodwill throughout the series Present your evidence and stick to the facts Persuade the debtors of the benefit he will receive by

paying State clearly the specific action the debtor must take


It is sometimes valuable to bring the sales manager into this step of the collection process. Information concerning the delinquency can often be obtained from the sales department. Tips for Commercial Collection Letters: When writing commercial collection letters, these points should be considered:

Include all basic information.

The commercial collections letter should state how and when you expect payment. It should suggest why the account should be paid in full. It should motivate the debtor to actually do this-now.

Use an effective style of writing.

Most commercial collections letters are written to appeal to the writer and not necessarily to the delinquent customer. Appeal to the debtor.

Use the "you" approach.

Too many commercial collection letters emphasize "we." Avoid such phrases as "we insist," "we remind" and "we want." It is much better to put the customer into the letter, saying such things as "you will appreciate" and "it is to your advantage." Remember that the debtor is not interested in your best interest, but in their own.

Don't say, "We will not write again."

This assures the debtor of their success in evading payment, and a phrase such as "to keep your good credit rating" may be impractical in a situation that has reached a certain stage of commercial collection.

Use motivating factors.

If a customer has not paid, there is a reason for it. Although a letter cannot discover the reason, it can give the customer a way in which they will benefit. For example, by paying now, they may continue to enjoy "open account" terms, or your credit rating won't be damaged.

Appeal to pride, honesty and security.


As a last resort, appeal to anxiety. These are factors that can be used to bring prompt payments.

Address the letter to an individual.

Direct it to the person who is authorized to initiate payments. Keep the letter short. Be as brief as possible, and cover only the most important points.

Question No: 33 ( Marks: 2 ) How do we read a market report? A market report describes the condition of a commodity in the market on a certain date for a specific period. It points out the business conditions in a market at a given time. Market Report may be of a day, a week, a month, a year or even a number of years. Daily Market Report shows the price of goods on a mentioned date. It also describes the closing rates of the previous day, the opening rates of that day, the highest and the lowest rates and the demand and supply of the commodities on that particular day. Daily newspapers, television, radio and internet give this information. Consumers take more interest in daily market report than traders.

Weekly Market Report gives the condition of the commodities for the past six days. It contains closing rates of the last week, the opening rates of that week, the highest and lowest rates and the closing rates of that week. This report also determines the causes of variation in price and the expected price movement in the coming week. Business communities show a keen interest in such reports. Monthly Market Report is an analysis of business done during the whole month. These reports are prepared for comparatively stable market and a permanent demand. This report describes the closing rate of the commodities in the previous month, the opening rate of the month, highest, lowest and closing rate of the month. Newspapers, trade journals and monthly bulletins publish these reports.

Value of Reading a Market Report The Market Report makes us aware of the volume and nature of business in the market. Traders become aware of different conditions


of the market. They can know something about the demand and supply of a commodity. Market Reports help people guess the future movements of price. The market condition is exposed to everybody as a result of which prices become stable. These prices can be compared at different markets.

Qualities of a Good Market ReportA person writing a Market Report should have a comprehensive knowledge of the matter that has to be reported. He must always keep in mind the following points.1. Normally a Market Report is not personal. It should be written using third person and the past tense.2. General readers should be able to understand the technical terms used in the report.3. Words should be used economically. Unnecessary details must be avoided. It should not be so short that misses the essential information.4. There should be a good analysis of changes of prices and demand and supply relationship.5. Market Report should be based upon the facts. Events should be written in the minute details. Any writer of Market Report should be unbiased while concluding his report.

How to read a Market Report To comprehend a Market Report fully, it is necessary to read it carefully. Sometimes even an educated person faces difficulties to understand it. More practice is required to understand a market report. One should specially note the nature of report (daily, weekly, monthly or annual) the nature of commodity, volume of business and the trend of the market.

How to explain a Market ReportSometimes a market report is reproduced and sometimes it is explained. While reproducing a Market Report technical terms should concentrate on the given matter. Do not try to add or omit something.


While explaining a Market Report, try to extract the hidden meaning. First of all explain all the technical terms separately, and then mention the price clearly. After following the above instructions explain the subject matter (of the report) clearly. Question No: 34 ( Marks: 3 ) Which guidelines should be followed while searching for a subject topic of a thesis?Clear TopicLive TopicHaving an idea bout the topicResearch material easily availableFollow these guidelines while searching for a subject topic

• Understand the distinction between the subject and a topic that can help you to plan your research paper effectively.

• Within a broader research subject decide about the topic that is more focused and worth an investigation.

• Consider your subject or topic and answer the questions who, what, when, where, why, and how.

• Draw a short and possible list of topics and settle for the one that interests you and is worth investigating.

• Explore your own understanding of the topic, as there's always a temptation to select a topic before a thorough ground work, resist the temptation.

• Be sure that the topic meets the requirements of your research assignment, audience's needs, and expectations

A topic should be single, don’t try too much. The topic is important to you and your reader? Specific -limit your topic to narrow, specific points, higher failure. Is there enough evidence to support, defend your topic?

Avoid dead end topics those unsuitable for your interest or resources. Avoid scattered, superficial research topics. Avoid topics that are too beaten and narrow and has nothing new to offer. Pick a topic that shows your individuality, ability and interests. Continue refining and narrowing it to make it significantly specific, ensure that


there are sufficient resources available on your selected topic because without a worthwhile literature review the thesis will be worthless.

Question No: 35 ( Marks: 3 ) Mention key points of unsolicited application letter. Writing Unsolicited Sales Letters Unsolicited sales letter are those letters which you write to people who can be persuaded through these letters to buy your product or service. These letters demand superior writing skills. Often you will work with a marketing department or even an ad agency; they will make recommendations about the mailing lists, the timing, the core theme, and the visual presentation of brochures and accompanying material. Once you know what you need to say and whom do you want to say it to, decide how you’re going to say it. Will you send just a letter, or will you include brochures, samples, response cads, and the like? Will the letter be printed with an additional colour or special symbols or logos? How many pages will it run? You’ll also need to decide whether to conduct a multistage campaign, with several mailings and some sort of telephone or in-person follow-up, or to rely on a single mailing.

All these decisions depend on the audience you’re trying to reach their characteristics, their likely acceptance of or resistance to your message and what you’re trying to get them to do. In general, expensive items and hard-to-accept propositions call for a more elaborate campaign than low-cost products and simple actions.

Unsolicited letters are written on ADIA plan which is a four step approach.a. Attracting the Attention1. Design a positive opening that awakens a favorable association with the product, need, or cause.2. Write the opening so that it’s appropriate, fresh, honest, interesting, specific, and relevant.3. Promise a benefit to the reader4. Keep the first paragraph short, preferably two to five lines, and sometimes only one.


5. For sales, letters, get attention with a provocative question, a significant/startling fact, a solution to a problem, a special offer/gift, a testimonial, a current event, an illustration, a comparison, an event in the reader’s life, a problem the reader may face, or a quotation.

Sales letters start with an attention-getting device. Professionals use some common techniques to attract audience’s attention. Look at the following beginnings:

A piece of genuine news. “In the past 60 days, the commercial electricity billings have shrunk by 12 percent.”

The most attractive feature plus the associated benefit. “New control device ends problems with every type of pilferage!”

An intriguing number. “Here are three great secrets of the world’s most loved entertainers.”

A sample of the product. “Here’s your free sample of the new medicated tooth brush.”

A specific trait shared by the audience. Busy executives need another ‘timesaving’ device”

A provocative question. “Are you tired of watching inflation eating away at your hard-earned profits?”

A challenge. “Don’t waste another day wondering how you’re going to become the success you’ve always wanted to be!”

A solution to a problem. “Tired of chilly air rushing through the cracks around your windows? Stay warm and save energy with Storm Seal Weather stripping.”

Stressing benefit of previous students. In the last university examination of the university one of our

students topped securing record marks. In addition, seven out of top ten positions were bagged by our students you too can be a top notcher!

For the ninth cricket world cup our juices were announced the official drinks of the world cup. Besides, the world cup management committee declared our juices the best soft drinks.

Convincing readers through free trial You can keep the monthly Asia for two weeks. Read the articles and even if you feel that it is not worth your amount just give us a call, our representative will bring back your amount next day.


Question No: 36 ( Marks: 3 ) What are the three Cs of credit for extending credit privileges? Evaluating the Credit InformationTraditionally, the following three Cs of credit form the basis for extending credit privileges:1. Character: It refers to a sense for honesty and ethical dealings with others. It means meeting obligations and is demonstrated by willingness to pay.2. Capacity: It is the ability to pay. It is evidenced by income or potential income.3. Capital: It refers to tangible assets in relation to debts. Capital also determines the ability to pay if the debtor does not pay willingly.

Question No: 37 ( Marks: 5 ) What are quantitative and qualitative perspectives in research?

Features of Qualitative & Quantitative ResearchQualitative Quantitative

"All research ultimately has a qualitative grounding"- Donald Campbell

"There's no such thing as qualitative data. Everything is either 1 or 0"- Fred Kerlinger

The aim is a complete, detailed description.

The aim is to classify features, count them, and construct statistical models in an attempt to explain what is observed.

Researcher may only know roughly in advance what he/she is looking for.

Researcher knows clearly in advance what he/she is looking for.

Recommended during earlier phases of research projects.

Recommended during latter phases of research projects.

The design emerges as the study unfolds.

All aspects of the study are carefully designed before


data is collected.

Researcher is the data gathering instrument.

Researcher uses tools, such as questionnaires or equipment to collect numerical data.

Data is in the form of words, pictures or objects.

Data is in the form of numbers and statistics.

Subjective - individuals� interpretation of events is important ,e.g., uses participant observation, in-depth interviews etc.

Objective � seeks precise measurement & analysis of target concepts, e.g., uses surveys, questionnaires etc.

Qualitative data is more 'rich', time consuming, and less able to be generalized.

Quantitative data is more efficient, able to test hypotheses, but may miss contextual detail.

Researcher tends to become subjectively immersed in the subject matter.

Researcher tends to remain objectively separated from the subject matter.

(the two quotes are from Miles & Huberman (1994, p. 40). Qualitative Data Analysis)

Main Points

Qualitative research involves analysis of data such as words (e.g., from interviews), pictures (e.g., video), or objects (e.g., an artifact).

Quantitative research involves analysis of numerical data.

The strengths and weaknesses of qualitative and quantitative research are a perennial, hot debate, especially in the social sciences. The issues invoke classic 'paradigm war'.

The personality / thinking style of the researcher and/or the culture of the organization is under-recognized as a key factor in preferred choice of methods.


Overly focusing on the debate of "qualitative versus quantitative" frames the methods in opposition. It is important to focus also on how the techniques can be integrated, such as in mixed methods research. More good can come of social science researchers developing skills in both realms than debating which method is superior.

Question No: 38 ( Marks: 5 ) How should a claim begin? A claim should begin with the facts, first explaining the problem such as the condition of the merchandise or the specific error made. Then all the necessary details should be described in a logical order. These details may include the order and delivery dates, the order or invoice number, the account number, the method of shipment, etc. A copy of proof of purchase, such as a sales slip or an invoice, should be included whenever possible. (Always, of course, keep the original.) In most cases, and especially in your first letter, assume that a fair adjustment will be made, and follow the plan for direct requests. Begin with a straightforward statement of the problem, and give a complete, specific explanation of the details.

Politely request specific action in your closing, and suggest that the business relationship will continue if the problem is solved satisfactorily.

Question No: 39 ( Marks: 10 ) When you are applying for a job, you are selling a product of yourself .Critically evaluate the statement.

It is very much true that when ever someone applies for a job he or she keeps in his/her mind that how much he will get of it? What will be his monthly salary and how much benefit he will get?

The main purpose of our submission to an organization or firms is to earn money. Money is very much important for our daily life to


support us and our families. Money can solve a lot of our problems and it is needed every where.

When we talk about the quality of job, it directly means that how much we are getting from it. We serve to earn. When we apply for a job, we promise to be obedient, hardworking and honest but on the other hand when we are not satisfied with our compensations and benefits, we don’t hesitate to form labor unions, groups and we may strike. The most important thing for an employee is to get enough, which could satisfy him according to his experience and abilities.

Question No: 40 ( Marks: 10 ) Write a first letter of collection to your customer who has purchased electronic goods and has not cleared the balance of Rs.5000/-, which is now three months overdue

Body:Bill number 20 of 21 July reference,It is informed you that according to the sales agreement you have to pay the price of purchased goods, mentioned in above refered bill, within three months but your company is unable to pay the money.Now it is again, being instructed you to pay bills which are already overdue three months. If you will pay the pending bills as soon as possible, it will generate a good image of your organization and it will be very helpful to continue future trade or business.

Question No: 31 ( Marks: 2 ) What is case study research? Case study research excels at bringing us to an understanding of a complex issue or object and can extend experience or add strength to what is already known through previous research. Case studies emphasize detailed contextual analysis of a limited number of events or conditions and their relationships. Researchers have used the case study research method for many years across a variety of disciplines. Social scientists, in particular, have made wide use of this qualitative research method to examine contemporary real-life situations and provide the basis for the application of ideas and extension of methods. Researcher Robert K. Yin defines the case study research


method as an empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context; when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident; and in which multiple sources of evidence are used (Yin, 1984, p. 23).

Critics of the case study method believe that the study of a small number of cases can offer no grounds for establishing reliability or generality of findings. Others feel that the intense exposure to study of the case biases the findings. Some dismiss case study research as useful only as an exploratory tool. Yet researchers continue to use the case study research method with success in carefully planned and crafted studies of real-life situations, issues, and problems. Reports on case studies from many disciplines are widely available in the literature.

This paper explains how to use the case study method and then applies the method to an example case study project designed to examine how one set of users, non-profit organizations, make use of an electronic community network. The study examines the issue of whether or not the electronic community network is beneficial in some way to non-profit organizations and what those benefits might be.

Many well-known case study researchers such as Robert E. Stake, Helen Simons, and Robert K. Yin have written about case study research and suggested techniques for organizing and conducting the research successfully. This introduction to case study research draws upon their work and proposes six steps that should be used:

Determine and define the research questions Select the cases and determine data gathering and analysis

techniques Prepare to collect the data Collect data in the field Evaluate and analyze the data Prepare the report

Step 1. Determine and Define the Research Questions

The first step in case study research is to establish a firm research focus to which the researcher can refer over the course of study of a


complex phenomenon or object. The researcher establishes the focus of the study by forming questions about the situation or problem to be studied and determining a purpose for the study. The research object in a case study is often a program, an entity, a person, or a group of people. Each object is likely to be intricately connected to political, social, historical, and personal issues, providing wide ranging possibilities for questions and adding complexity to the case study. The researcher investigates the object of the case study in depth using a variety of data gathering methods to produce evidence that leads to understanding of the case and answers the research questions.

Case study research generally answers one or more questions which begin with "how" or "why." The questions are targeted to a limited number of events or conditions and their inter-relationships. To assist in targeting and formulating the questions, researchers conduct a literature review. This review establishes what research has been previously conducted and leads to refined, insightful questions about the problem. Careful definition of the questions at the start pinpoints where to look for evidence and helps determine the methods of analysis to be used in the study. The literature review, definition of the purpose of the case study, and early determination of the potential audience for the final report guide how the study will be designed, conducted, and publicly reported.

Question No: 32 ( Marks: 2 ) Briefly describe a claim letter. Claim and Adjustment RequestsIdeally, everything runs smoothly in the operation of an organization -- no mistake, no problems, no defects, and no misunderstandings. However, even in the best-managed organizations, dissatisfactions are bound to occur. In recent years both buyers and sellers are more aware of problems caused by business errors. When a product or service does not meet customers’ expectations, the customers are disappointed and usually complain. Their complaints should not be called complaint letters, because complaint connotes irritation, unpleasantness, negativism, and even anger. Using a word with such negative connotations could lead to a


bad attitude towards customers. Letters about such complaints should be called claim letters.

Countless aspects of business dealings can break down, but the most common causes for claims are:

1. an incorrect bill, invoice, or statement 2. a bill for merchandise ordered but never received3. delivery of unordered merchandise4. delivery of incorrect merchandise5. delivery of damaged or defective merchandise

Two other more specialized types of claims are:

1. a request for an adjustment under a guarantee or warranty;2. a request for restitution under an insurance policy.

How to write effective claim letter:

At the beginning of your letter, indicate that you are making a claim and specify the type of claim you are making (e.g., an insurance claim).

State the policy number, if applicable. Describe the specific circumstances or details of the claim (for

example, that a product is defective or the details of an accident). Give all relevant facts concerning the claim.

Indicate the dollar amount you are claiming or what action you would like the reader to take and the date by which you expect the action to be taken.

Refer to any documents you are including with your letter, including claim forms, repair estimates, warranty, or records or receipts. Ask if there is any other information or documents or forms you need to send.

If you are using some of the enclosed documents as evidence to substantiate your claim, specifically mention the content of the documents and illustrate how they support your claim.

Indicate by when you would like to receive a reply to your letter and include contact information that will allow the person to easily reach you.


You may want to thank the reader for his/her (anticipated) help before ending your letter.

Claim Letter Tips:

Remain courteous and respectful. Even if you feel you have been wronged, maintain a professional, though assertive, tone at all times.

Send your claim letter within the prescribed time period so that the claim will be valid.

If there are any necessary forms, etc., that you need to fill out or send, include them with your letter for faster approval.

Clearly state what it is that you hope to accomplish in sending your claim letter.

When denying a claim be sure to:

Open by stating your regret that the claim must be denied. Include the policy number, if applicable. Give the reasons why the claim was denied or rejected. Include

any documents that provide evidence to support this action. Include information about what the claimant must do or change

to have the claim approved, if desired. Include any important dates, such as the date by which an

appeal or resubmission must be made, if applicable. Include the contact information for the person to whom an

appeal would be made, if appropriate. Reiterate your regret that the claim must be denied and express

your willingness to discuss the matter further or work to resolve the problem, if necessary.

Close by stating that you value the reader’s business or that you appreciate him/her as a customer.

Question No: 33 ( Marks: 2 )


What is pre-employment test? When we apply for a job, there are certain types of tests to judge our abilities adb experiences. There are normally three types of test as

• Academic preparation• Work experience• Job-related personality traits• Pre-employment Test• Three types of pre-employment tests frequently administered by

companies are job skill tests, psychological tests, and drug tests. Job-skill tests, the most common type, are designed to access competency or specific abilities needed to perform a job. Psychological tests usually take the form of questionnaires. These tests can be used to assess overall intellectual ability, attitudes toward work, interests, managerial potential, or personality characteristics – including dependability, commitment, honesty, and motivation. Drug tests are not conducted in our country, however they are conducted abroad.

Question No: 34 ( Marks: 3 ) What are lose-win strategies in negotiation? Lose-win strategy This is a situation in which the initiator is dissatisfied and the other is satisfied. The losing party usually makes too many concessions. In an extreme case, the win-lose style of negotiation and the lose-win style of negotiation can lead to a deadlock followed by the lose-lose result. Deadlocks can occur when neither party is satisfied by the negotiations.

Question No: 35 ( Marks: 3 ) What is a good opening in a report? The OpeningAs the name suggests, the opening is the first section in any report. A good opening accomplishes at least the following three things: i) Introduces the subject of the report ii) Indicates why the subject is important


iii) Previews the main ideas and the order in which they will be covered. If you fail to provide readers with these clues to the structure of your report, they’ll read aimlessly and miss important points; much like drivers trying to find their way through a strange city without a map.

Question No: 36 ( Marks: 3 ) What are some of the uses of a memo? Purpose of MemoWhen you wish to write to someone within your own company, you will send a memorandum. Memos are used to communicate with other employees, may be located – whether in the same office, in the same building, or in a branch office many miles away. Because the interoffice memorandum form was developed to save time, the formalities of an inside address, salutation, and complimentary closing is omitted. Otherwise, however, office memos and letters have a great deal in common.Question No: 37 ( Marks: 5 ) How can we handle questions in a presentation? There should be a pre planed question answer section at the end of the presentation.

Question should be welcomed but at the given period Answer the questions concise and accurate Answer should be logical and understandable Satisfy the audience with your answers.

Question No: 38 ( Marks: 5 ) What are the points to write an adjustment letter? To gain the reader’s understanding praise some aspect of the goods or service or at least explain why the product was originally purchased.

1. Present facts honestly, clearly, and politely. 2. Eliminate threats, sarcasm, exaggeration, and hostility. 3. Specify the problem: product failed to live up to advertised

standards; product failed to live up to sales representative’s


claims; product fell short of company’s policy; product was defective; customer service was not up to the mark.

4. Make no accusation against any person or company, unless you can back it up with facts.

5. Use a non-argumentative tone to show your confidence in the reader’s fairness.

6. If necessary, refer to documentation (invoices, cancelled cheque, confirmation letters, etc., but mail only photocopies.

7. Ask the reader to propose fair adjustment, if appropriate. 8. If appropriate, clearly state what you expect as a fair settlement,

such as credit against the next order you place, full or partial refund of the purchase price of the product, replacement or repair of the defective merchandise, or performance of services as originally contracted.

9. Do not return the defective merchandise until you have been asked to do so.

10. Avoid uncertainty or vagueness that might permit the adjusters to prolong the issue by additional correspondence or to propose a less-than-fair settlement.

C. Courteous Close with Request for Specific Action Summarize desired action briefly.

• Simplify compliance with your request by including your name, address, phone number and hours of availability.

• Note how complying with your request will benefit the reader. • Consider another example that how the writer conveys his

message of inconvenience in calm manner. Study this letter which has all qualities of a claim letter.

Question No: 39 ( Marks: 10 ) What is memorandum? What are the internal purposes of memorandum? A memorandum is just a note on a piece of paper reminding people in an office environment about important things happening. It could be a reminder of a meeting or a party that is planed for bosses or co-workers.


When you wish to write to someone within your own company, you will send a memorandum. Memos are used to communicate with other employees, may be located – whether in the same office, in the same building, or in a branch office many miles away. Because the interoffice memorandum form was developed to save time, the formalities of an inside address, salutation, and complimentary closing is omitted. Otherwise, however, office memos and letters have a great deal in common.

Question No: 40 ( Marks: 10 ) As a chairman of a commission appointed by the government, write a report on the causes of corruption in the country, make feasible suggestions how to eradicate this evil.

One over-riding principle that you should aim for in all report writing is to report on the results of your activities. This requires some analysis on your part that goes beyond a mere description of your activities.

You are working for a project that has several donors, and is channelled through an agency that needs to be informed about some specific things going on in the field. Your reports are the main pathways or channels of information to the people who decide to fund this and other such projects.

Each separate report should be correctly identified. At the very beginning are the main identifiers, including at least the title (period and location the report covers) and the author.

At the very end are some identifiers that should appear on every document. Each report should include the following:

The name of the author(s) and what it is all about should be clearly marked at the beginning of the report. The "What it is all about" should include the geographic area and the time period about which you are writing. You should include your title and position as well as your name as author.


Some necessary identifying information should be placed at the bottom of the last page.

Put the computer file name (and path) on the bottom left side. Put a code for the print date on the centre of the bottom line. Put initials of the author (in upper case letters) then a slash, then the initials of the typist (in lower case letters) on the bottom line on the right side of the last page.

Those are some important elements of all reports. There are five kinds of reports that mobilizers should be familiar with, and they differ from each other.

Monthly Progress reports; Community Project reports; Mobilizers' Routine reports; Field Trip reports; and Meeting reports.


What today’s employer doing seek in job applicants?

They seek the communication and the ability of the employees in job applicants. Employers seek the best among the employees who fits for the required job.


What is case study research?

Case study is a research method which is used for investigation of contemporary phenomenon within its real life context. I.e. where the evidences are much more and the relation between phenomena and context are not clear.



Briefly describe a claim letter.

Claim letter is written by customer to the company when the customer is not satisfied from the product or there is some problem in the product. So he writes a claim letter which complains against the company about the problem. Question No: 34 ( Marks: 3 )

Write format of a functional resume.

Personal Details

Address and Phone no.

Objective

Skills and capabilities

Education


Which guidelines should be followed while searching for a subject topic of a thesis?

The following guidelines should be followed for searching a subject topic.

Understand the distinction between the subject and a topic that can help you to plan your research paper effectively.


Within a broader research subject decide about the topic that is more focused and worth an investigation.Consider your subject or topic and answer the questions who, what, when, where, why, and how.Draw a short and possible list of topics and settle for the one that interests you and is worth investigating.Explore your own understanding of the topic, as there's always a temptation to select a topic before a thorough ground work, resist the temptation.Question No: 36 ( Marks: 3 )

Which points should keep in mind about right attitude for successful collection?

Following points should keep in mind about right attitude for successful collection.Understanding of Human NatureKnowledge of collection policies and lawsUsing persuasive / positive appeals effectivelyAppeal to fairness & justiceAppeal to prideAppeal to GoodwillAppeal to sympathy Question No: 37 ( Marks: 5 )

Write a note on minutes of formal meetings.

In minutes of formal meeting only motions, resolutions, committee assignments and reports are included. Usually the minutes are signed by the person who took them and sometimes by the presiding officer as well. Minutes are usually duplicated, and copies are sent to each person present at the meeting and to other designated officials.


Write a note on literature review and methodology in thesis writing.

The literature review discusses all of the research that has been done on the subject. Methodology is a process for making research which describes how data collection will be used. Methodology may be flow


charts which summarizes the way in which the various processes involve in the project research. Question No: 39 ( Marks: 10 )

While writing and presenting your Thesis or Dissertation, you go through many stages, elaborare briefly.

There are the following stages in thesis writing.Don't try to eliminate ideas too quickly.Build on your ideas and see how many different research projects you can identify.Try and be creative.Write your ideas they tend to be in a continual state of change.Good feeling to sit down and scan the many ideas.You have a much better chance of selecting a topic that will be really of interest to you if it is your topic.Be realistic about the time that you're willing to commit to your research project.Create a draft of a timeline.Put a start and a finish time for each.Post your timeline in a conspicuous place, so you will see it every time.


Write a letter granting adjustment to your customer about the new rain coat, which is much better in quality and guarantee, is of one year?

Dear Customer, Your new rain coat is being shipped today and you will receive it in a few days.Thank you for returning the old one. You will find that the new rain coat is made of vinyl-coated nylon which is water resist and it will help you in raining. It has a much better quality and its guarantee is of one year. When you need other related products, please feel free to contact with us. We will be happy to hear from you in future.


Yours sincerely, Ashfaq hameed,Question No: 31 ( Marks: 2 )


Case Study ResearchA case study is an empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its reallife context; when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident; and in whichmultiple source of evidence are used. Qualitative perspective, concerned with exploring, describing, andexplaining a phenomenon.

Reference: Page # 207


What today’s employer do seek in job applicants?

• Employer Seek WhoCan adopt to new situationAre unafraid to changeContinue to learn on the jobAre sensitive to cultural differences



What is the purpose of memo?When you wish to write to someone within your own company, you will send a memorandum. Memos areused to communicate with other employees, may be located – whether in the same office, in the samebuilding, or in a branch office many miles away.Because the interoffice memorandum form was developed to save time, the formality of an inside


addresses, salutation, and complimentary closing is omitted. Otherwise, however, office memos and lettershave a great deal in common.



How do we write short quotations in a thesis paper?

If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication,and the page number for the reference (preceded by "p."). Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase thatincludes the author's last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses

According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it wastheir first time" (p. 199).Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); what implications doesthis have for teachers?If the author is not named in a signal phrase, place the author's last name, the year of publication,and the page number in parentheses after the quotation.She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style," (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did notoffer an explanation as to why.



Why is it important to analyze your purpose and audience in resume writing?

Analyze your Purpose & Audience• Study your purpose and your audience to tailor your message for maximum effect.


• Gather relevant information about you and the employer your are targeting.• Establish a good relationship by highlighting those skills and qualifications that match eachemployer.



Write a note on the tone of a memorandum.Tone of Memorandums In most companies and organizations, memorandums are written in the first person, just as business letters are. Informal writing style characterizes the memos. The tone of the memo is influenced by the position held by the writer in relation to that held by the receiver. Also, the topic under consideration plays an important part in determining tone. Obviously a person writing to a company official to report the results of a financial audit will be more formal than a person writing a co-worker about some routine matter. An important factor is the personality of the individual receiving the memorandum. The president, for example, may insist on formality/ informality, whereas a peer might like an informal, impersonal tone. Therefore, the effective business writer must evaluate the position of the reader, the topic under consideration, and the personality of the reader when setting the tone of the memo.


Write a note on five types of work place powers.

Five types of workplace power .

• Legitimate power bases on a persons position or role in an organization.their authority andcontrol over resources gives them power hat is acknowledged


• Expertise power people with more skill and strength than others have to them;their colleaguesdefer to them• Reward power is exerted by someone who has control over resource desire by others.Such asperson can influence and manipulate behaviour• Coercive power is exerted by those who use their authority or any force, emotional or physical,against the interest of the other party• Consultative power is exerted by someone who seeks information, considers other’s advice andmake plans with others• They operate in any workplace, either singly or in combination. Perception of what power is andhow it should be used varies between people and organizations. Acknowledgement of, anddeference to, power depends on others’ perception.



Write a note on chronological resume.

The Chronological ResumeIn a chronological resume, the work-experience section dominates, immediately after the name and addressand the objective. You develop this section by listing your jobs sequentially in reverse order, beginning withthe most recent position and working backward toward earlier jobs. Under each listing, describe yourresponsibility and accomplishments, giving the most space to the most recent positions. If you’re justgraduating from college, you can vary this chronological approach by putting your educational qualificationsbefore your experience, thereby focusing attention on your academic credentials.The chorological approach is the most common way to organize a resume, and many employers prefer it.


This approach has three key advantages:(1) Employers are familiar with it & can easily find information(2) it highlights growth and career progression(3) it highlights employment continuity and stabilityThe chronological approach is especially appropriate if you have a strong employment history andare aiming for a job that builds on your current career path. Reference: Page # 151 ~ 152

Question No: 39 ( Marks: 10 ) You are employed in a local insurance company. The personnel manager, being concerned about poor staff morale following the closure of a small nearby branch and redundancies in 2 others, has asked the office supervisor to look into the problem. Assuming that you are the office supervisor, write a memorandum to personnel manager outlining problems and setting out proposals for raising staff morale. Question No: 40 ( Marks: 10 ) Elaborate the concept of documentation present in your course.Documentation has a vital importance in office keeping and banking sector. In this course we have studied different ways to write and communicate, What types of communications are? How we can write affectively? What types of letters and their replies are? How to reply? How to present your work and how to brief as well. Documentation is concerned with the record keeping of important files and folders. It may be in soft copies (mostly used in these days) and also preparing separate files of each file head. Mostly these are invoices, cancelled cheque, confirmation letters, etc


Write a note on bibliography in thesis.

Bibliography is a list of source material where from a researcher gets the material about his thesis. It should be arranged in proper manner.


All pieces of literature referred to should be listed at the end of the proposal using the referencing style appropriate to the department. Before you begin compiling this section, find out what style you are expected to use. Carefully adhere to it or you will raise the ire of your committee. It is important to ensure that all the key journals and books in the field have been referred to in the proposal. This demonstrates that the proposal has been developed from a thorough understanding of the important theoretical perspectives and research findings in the literature.

Question No: 32 (Marks: 2)

What is bibliography?BibliographyA bibliography is a list of source materials on a particular subject. In a formal report it shows what books and other library materials were consulted and it includes all the works mentioned in the footnotes. As part of the reference matter, it follows the appendix or appendices.

All pieces of literature referred to should be listed at the end of the proposal using the referencing style appropriate to the department. Before you begin compiling this section, find out what style you are expected to use. Carefully adhere to it or you will raise the ire of your committee. It is important to ensure that all the key journals and books in the field have been referred to in the proposal. This demonstrates that the proposal has been developed from a thorough understanding of the important theoretical perspectives and research findings in the literature.


What are the objectives of a credit-refusal letter?

In a world where countless people are mired in poverty, it is common to see people apply for credit from various agencies in order to set up something to survive. Such applications mean different things to different people. For the lucky ones, their applications, their applications are granted while some other applications are declined.


From: Linda Agery,

Bloom Credit Bureau,

57823, Miranda Avenue,

Gerato, JN 5835

To: John Eddie,

67282, Jerts Lane,

Huambo, NM 583

17th November 2010.

Dear Sir,

SUBJECT: REFUSAL OF CREDIT

On behalf of Bloom Credit Bureau, I regret to inform you that your application for credit has been turned down. This decision was reached after various considerations. The most important of this is the fact that you have not settled all your outstanding debts with the Bureau. In addition, granting you another credit facility when you have not settled the ones you collected earlier is clearly against our working principles.

A complete set of the Bureau’s guidelines has been attached to this letter for your resding pleasure. To secure a new credit facility, we advise that you service the outstanding ones. Although we cannot grant you request at the moment, we want you to know that you are highly valued as our customer.

Yours faithfully,

Linda Agery,

Credit Director,

Bloom Credit Bureau.



Collection is a sensitive issue therefore which practices should be avoided?

Collection is a sensitive issue so the following practices may be avoided Falsely implying that a lawsuit has been filed Contact the debtor’s employer or relatives about the debt Communication to the other persons that the person is in debt. Harassing the debtor Using abusive or observe language Using defamatory language Intentionally causing mental stress Threatening violence Communicating by postcard (not confidential enough) Misrepresenting the legal status of the debt Communicating in such a way as to make the receiver physically

ill Misrepresenting the message as a government or court

document Communicating by postcard (not confidential enough) Misrepresenting the legal status of the debt Communicating in such a way as to make the receiver physically

ill Misrepresenting the message as a government or court

document Any emotional reaction on the part of the debtor may reduce the

chances of recovery.


Mention key points of unsolicited application letter.Writing Unsolicited Sales Letters Unsolicited sales letter are those letters which you write to people who can be persuaded through these letters to buy your product or service. These letters demand superior writing skills. Often you will work with a marketing department or even an ad agency; they will make recommendations about the mailing lists, the timing, the core theme, and the visual presentation of brochures and accompanying material. Once you know what you need to say and whom do you want to say it to, decide how you’re going to say it. Will you send just a letter, or will you include brochures, samples, response cads, and the like? Will the


letter be printed with an additional colour or special symbols or logos? How many pages will it run? You’ll also need to decide whether to conduct a multistage campaign, with several mailings and some sort of telephone or in-person follow-up, or to rely on a single mailing.

All these decisions depend on the audience you’re trying to reach their characteristics, their likely acceptance of or resistance to your message and what you’re trying to get them to do. In general, expensive items and hard-to-accept propositions call for a more elaborate campaign than low-cost products and simple actions.

Unsolicited letters are written on ADIA plan which is a four step approach.a. Attracting the Attention1. Design a positive opening that awakens a favorable association with the product, need, or cause.2. Write the opening so that it’s appropriate, fresh, honest, interesting, specific, and relevant.3. Promise a benefit to the reader4. Keep the first paragraph short, preferably two to five lines, and sometimes only one.5. For sales, letters, get attention with a provocative question, a significant/startling fact, a solution to a problem, a special offer/gift, a testimonial, a current event, an illustration, a comparison, an event in the reader’s life, a problem the reader may face, or a quotation.











Stressing benefit of previous students. In the last university examination of the university one of our

students topped securing record marks. In addition, seven out of top ten positions were bagged by our students you too can be a top notcher!


Convincing readers through free trial You can keep the monthly Asia for two weeks. Read the articles

and even if you feel that it is not worth your amount just give us a call, our representative will bring back your amount next day.

b. Creating Interest

1. State information clearly, vividly, and persuasively, relating it to the reader’s concerns.2. Develop the central selling point.3. Feature the product in two ways: physical description and reader benefits.4. Place benefits first, or interweaves them with a physical description.5. Describe objective details of the need or product (size, shape, color, scent, sound texture, etc.)6. Use psychological appeals to present the sensation, satisfaction, or pleasure readers will gain.7. Blend cold facts with warm feelings.

c. Arousing Your Desire


1. Enlist one or more appeals to support the central idea (selling point).2. If the product is valued mainly because of its appearance, describe its physical details.3. If the product is machinery or technical equipment, describe its sturdy construction, fine crafting, and other technical details in terms that help readers visualize themselves using it.4. Include technical sketches and meaningful pictures, charts, and graphs, if necessary.5. For sales letters, provide test results from recognized experts, laboratories, or authoritative agencies.


Differentiate between causal-comparative and corelational research.'An important difference between causal-comparative and correlational research is that causal-comparative studies involve two or more groups and one independent variable, while correlational studies involve two or more variables and one group


Evaluate the basic points of EQ in your interview.


Write a note on functional resume.

The Functional Resume

A functional resume emphasizes a list of skills and accomplishments, identifying employers and academic experience in subordinate sections. This pattern stresses individual areas of competence, so it’s useful for people who are just entering the job market, want to redirect their careers, or have little continuous career-related experience. Advantages

(1) without having to read through job descriptions, employers can see what you can do for them,

(2) you can emphasize earlier job experience,(3) you can de-emphasize any lack of career progress or lengthy

unemployment.


Example of the Functional Resume

Relevant Skills Personal Selling/Retailing

• Led house wares department in employee sales for spring 2006.• Created end-cap and shelf displays for special housewares promotions.• Sold the most benefit tickets during college fund-raising drive for local

community centre Public Interaction

• Commended by housewares manager for resolving customer complaints amicably

• Was captain college xi and participated in many University Fixtures Managing

• Training part-time housewares employees in cash register operation and customer service

• Reworked housewares employee schedules as assistant manager• Organized summer activities for children 6-12 years old for city of

Karachi – including reading programs, sports activities, etc.

The Combination Resume

A combination resume includes the best features of the chronological and functional approaches. Nevertheless, it is not commonly used, and it has two major disadvantages:

(1) it tends to be longer, and (2) it can be repetitious if you have to list your accomplishments and

skills in both the functional section and the chronological job descriptions.

Example of such a resume

Naeem Ahmad122-Mall Road Lahore(042) 5858585

ObjectiveTo obtain a position as a special events coordinator that will utilize my

skills and experience Skills and capabilities

• Plan and coordinate large-scale public events• Develop community support for concerts, festivals, and the arts• Manage publicity for major events• Coordinate activities of diverse community groups• Establish and maintain financial controls for public events


• Negotiate contracts with performers, carpenters, electricians, and suppliers.

Special Event Experience• Arranged 2001’s week-long Arts and Entertainment Festival for the

Public Library, involving performances by 25 musicians, dancers, actors, magicians, and artists

• Supervised the 2000 PTA Spring Carnival, an all-day festival with game booths, live bands, contests, and food service that raised Rs. 70,000 for the PTA

• Organized the 1999 Provincial convention for 80 members of the Lahore Women club, which extended over a three-day period and required arrangement for hotels, meals, speakers, and special tours

• Served as chairperson for the 1998 Children’s complex Show, a luncheon for 400 that raised Rs.50,000 for orphans and privileged children.

Education• Bachelor of Arts, Psychology, APV College, Lahore.

Employment History

• First National Bank of Pakistan 1988 to 1990, personnel counselor/campus recruiter; scheduled and conducted interview with graduating MBA students on 18 campuses; managed orientation program for recruits hired for bank’s management trainee staff

• ABC University 1996-1998, part-time research assistant for Professor Hassan (Science Department)

Compose your resume to impress Write your resume using a simple and direct style. Use short, crisp phrases instead of whole sentences, and focus on what your reader needs to know. Avoid using the word I instead, start your phrases with impressive action verbs such as these:


Differentiate the following:

i) Research Perspectivesii) Research TypesResearch Perspectives

Quantitative and Qualitative PerspectivesA research perspective, as used here, is a general view and use of research approaches and methods. There are two major perspectives: quantitative and qualitative. The quantitative perspective derives from a positivist epistemology, which holds that there is an objective reality that can be expressed numerically. As a consequence the quantitative perspective emphasizes studies that are experimental in nature, emphasize measurement, and search for relationships. If a study uses language such as


the following, it probably has used quantitative perspective i.e. variable, controls, validity, reliability, hypothesis, statically significant.

On the other hand, a qualitative perspective emphasizes a phenomenological view in which reality inheres in the perceptions of individuals. Studies deriving from this perspective focus on meaning, understanding, and take place in naturally occurring situations (McMillan, 1996). If a study uses language such as the following, it probably has used a qualitative perspective: naturalistic, field study, case study, context, situational, constructivism, meaning, multiple realities. While some researchers seem chiefly concerned with the differences between the two approaches, Morgan (1997) explains how the two perspectives can be combined. He identifies four general ways of combining the two, based upon two factors: a) which one is primary and which secondary; b) which one is used first and which, second.

1. Quantitative primary, qualitative first. The researcher begins with a qualitative approach as the secondary method, using the qualitative data as a basis for collecting and interpreting the quantitative data (the primary method).2. Quantitative primary, quantitative first. The researcher begins with a quantitative approach as the primary method, using qualitative follow-up to evaluate and interpret the quantitative results.3. Qualitative primary, quantitative first. The researcher begins by collecting quantitative preliminary data as a basis for collecting and interpreting the primary qualitative data.4. Qualitative primary, qualitative first. The researcher begins with the primary qualitative data, using quantitative follow up to interpret the qualitative data.

Research TypesThe term research type is used here to identify the general research approach. While authorities in the field seem to differ as to how the types of research are classified, the following approaches, which are most often used in educational research, represent some of the options available to you as a researcher. To simplify the discussion, they are divided into whether they tend to use a quantitative or a qualitative perspective, although there is much overlapping in many of the types.

Studies Primarily Quantitative in NatureThe following types of research are primarily quantitative in nature. Experimental ResearchExperimental research uses methods originally applied in the physical and biological sciences. In most experiments the following procedures are used: a sample of subjects is selected; they are assigned randomly to experimental and control groups; a treatment is administrated to the experimental group only. The two groups are then evaluated on the basis of dependent variable


and the consequence of the independent variable. The latter is the presumed cause of the dependent variable.

Quasi-Experimental ResearchA quasi-experimental design is one that follows the general procedures of experimental research, without the use of control group or without random assignment, since random assignment or the use of control groups is often not feasible in educational settings. Causal-Comparative ResearchCausal comparative studies are designed to determine the possible causes of a phenomenon. Sometimes these studies are called ex post facto research.Co relational ResearchCorrelation studies are designed to analyze the relationships between two or more variables, ordinarily through the use of correlation coefficients.

Descriptive ResearchAs the term implies, the purpose of descriptive research is to describe a phenomenon. Descriptive studies report frequencies, averages, and percentages. For example, you might study the attitudes.

Evaluation ResearchEvaluation research makes judgments about the merit or wroth of educational programs, products, and organizations. It is typically undertaken in order to aid administrators in making professional decisions. Evaluation studies are usually described as either formative or summative. Formative studies are made while a new program or product is being developed; summative studies, when it has been completed. You might do an evaluation of a new standard-based curriculum performing both a formative and a summative assessment.


Write a letter granting adjustment to your customer about the new rain coat, which is much better in quality and guarantee, is of one year.


What is case study research?Case Study ResearchA case study is an empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real life context when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident; and in which multiple source of evidence are used. Ethnographic research

Ethnographic research


Ethnographic research is special types of case study research. It is distinguished from other types of case studies because it uses the theories and methods of anthropology to study the culture of schools and classrooms. Action ResearchMost action research documents deal with how an educational problem was identified, understood, and solved by practitioners.

Research MethodsResearch methods, as the term is used here, are the specific techniques used to collect data with respect to the research problem. In general, five methods are typically used in educational research. 1. Test and measurements. Tests are administered and measurements made to determine the extent of change.2. Interviews. Interviews are conducted with individuals or groups to ascertain their perceptions.3. Observations. Observations are made to determine what is occurring and what individuals are doing.4. Surveys. Surveys are administered to assess opinions, perceptions, and attitudes.5. Documents. Documents are analyzed to establish the record.

Make Preliminary Choices

The process explained here assumes that in developing the prospectus you will make only a preliminary choice that may be like the following.

Type/Method

Test, measurement

Interview

Observation

Survey Documents

Experiment P A AQuasi-experimental

P A A

Causal comparison

P A A

Co relational P A ADescriptive A A P AEvaluation P A A A AEthnographic A P AAction A P A Case study A P A A

Following is the summery of the both types of research.


Quantitative Research Qualitative Research Key concepts Variable

ControlledReliable HypothesizedStatistically significant

MeaningUnderstandingSocial construction ContextSituation

Context Used AgriculturePsychologyPolitical Science EconomicsBasic Sciences

Anthropology HistorySociology

Goals Test theoryEstablish factsShow relationship predict Statistically describe

Ground theory Develop understandingDescribe multiple realitiesCapture naturally occurringBehavior

Design StructuredPredeterminedFormal Specific

EvolvingFlexible General

Data Quantities CountsMeasures/instruments Numbers Statistics

Verbal descriptions Field notesObservationsDocuments


Techniques or Methods

ExperimentsQuasi-experiments Structured observationsStructured interviewsSurveys

ObservationParticipant observation Open-ended interviewing Review of documents and artifacts

Role of Researcher

DistantShort termDetachedUninvolved

CloseLong termInvolvedEmpatheticTrustingIntense

Data Analysis Deductive InductiveOngoingStress models, themes, and concepts


Briefly describe a claim letter.


What is pre-employment test? Already answered



As a chairman of a commission appointed by the government, write a report on the causes of corruption in the country, make feasible suggestions how to eradicate this evil.


Question No: 31 ( Marks: 2 ) Describe negotiation briefly.ANSWER:Negotiation is a process in which two or more parties try to resolve their conflicts. It is done to reach a mutual agreement. Good negotiation is one in which negotiators collaborate and produce a satisfactory solution for both parties. Question No: 32 ( Marks: 2 ) What today’s employer do seek in job applicants?ANSWER:Having right personality traits for the job is very important now a days. Employer’s seek for many qualities in job applicants’ in which sense of humor is the foremost because employers think that the person who does not take himself seriously can better cope with stress conditions. Apart from this employers also look for people who are self-motivated, good in communication, intelligent, not afraid of making decision, ready to take risk and who are considerate of others Question No: 33 ( Marks: 2 ) Briefly describe a claim letter. ANSWER:Claim Letter: When a product or service do not meet the customers’ expectations, customers get disappointed and usually write a complaint letter which is called claim letter. The claim letter should be calm and polite rather than hostile or demanding. Question No: 34 ( Marks: 3 ) How do we write long quotations in a thesis paper?ANSWER: Long quotations in a thesis paper should start from a new line indented five to six spaces from left margin. Question No: 35 ( Marks: 3 )


Countless aspects of business dealings can be written, but what are the most common causes for claims?ANSWER: There are a number of reasons why customers write claim letters but most common of them are as follows:Delivery of defective or damaged merchandise Delivery of incorrect merchandise Delivery of unordered merchandise Incorrect bill or invoice Request for adjustment under warranty or guarantee Request for restitution under insurance policy Question No: 36 ( Marks: 3 ) What is proposal and its purpose?ANSWER:Proposal: The analytical reports which contain bids to perform work under certain conditions or contract are called proposals. Purpose of Proposal: There are various purposes of proposals some of which are as follows: Question No: 37 ( Marks: 5 ) Negotiation is a process in which two or more parties try to resolve differences, solve problems and reach agreement. In the light of this statement evaluate different strategies of negotiation. ANSWER: Negotiation is a process in which parties try to resolve any sort of differences and reach a mutual agreement. There are four basic strategies of negotiation:Win-Win Strategy: It is a form of negotiation in which both parties are satisfied and needs of both parties are met. To get to this negotiation parties need to have good communication and problem solving strategies Win-Lose Strategy: A form of negotiation strategy in which the party who initiates the conflict wins at the expense of other party. This can be sometimes done by using confusing presentation or style of speech and body movement which causes other party to be in trouble and may lead it to withdraw.


Lose-Win Strategy: A form of negotiation in which initiator is dissatisfied and the other is satisfied. Lose-Lose Strategy: In win-lose and lose-win strategies since one of the party is dissatisfied so such negotiations result in a deadlock a situation in which neither party is satisfied with negotiation and hence produces a lose-lose scenario in which both parties are rigid enough to collaborate. Question No: 38 ( Marks: 5 ) Write format of a letter of transmittal with an example.Letter of Transmittal ABC DrinksLahore10th July, 2009 DirectorABC DrinksLahore Dear Sir, Subject: Report on falling sales during peak season This in response to your letter dated 23rd June, 2009 in which I was asked to formulate a report on falling sales of our products during the peak season. I have thus completed my investigations and reasons and recommendations are enclosed herewith in a detailed report. I will be grateful if you would comment on this after going through it. If you feel to discuss anything regarding any related issue, I will be there at any time suitable to you. Yours sincerely XYZ Sales manager


Question No: 39 ( Marks: 10 ) Talented ProgrammersDo you love programming &Do you crave to solve problems/ puzzles?Prove it in a challenging interview by your peers and get a chance to work in a congenial environment with handsome remuneration package.Qualification: BCS four years/ MCS or equivalent qualification with three years experience is required. [Please apply in confidence before 23.06.2007] Human Resource DepartmentEden Builders (pvt.) Ltd.Gulberg II LahoreUAN: 111-111-086 Keeping in mind the above advertisement, prepare a functional resume which could enable you a suitable candidate for the required post. Question No: 40 ( Marks: 10 ) What is the typical sequence of an interview? Write down different types of interviews.ANSWER: Interview: A job interview is a formal meeting of employer and applicant in which both exchange information to learn about each other.Sequence of Interview: In a typical selection process an applicant has to undergo many interviews before s/he gets the job. The stages of interview through which an applicant may have to undergo are as follows:· Screening stage: Interview at this stage is more structured.· Selection stage: This is the best stage for an applicant to show his interest in job by relating skills to job requirement and organization’s needs.


· Final stage Types of Interviews: There are various types of interviews used by organizations according to their needs. Some of them are as follows:Structured Interview: Such interview is mostly conducted at screening stage. In this type of interview employer controls the interview by asking already prepared questions in an order. It is a poor measure of applicant’s personal qualities but it also creates uniformity in hiring process. Open-ended interview: It is a less formal and unstructured form of interview in which interviewee encourages the applicant to speak more and freely in order to get to know about his personality and professionalism. Some of the applicants reveal too much about their personal and family problems which is of no interest to employers and which have nothing to do with their skills and qualifications. Stress Interview: It is the best type of interview which helps interviewee to see how candidate handles himself under pressure. It is the most unnerving type of interview. Stress can be created by unsettling the candidate through criticism, interruption or hostile reactions. Situational Interview: This interview is specifically about the job. Under this type of interview candidates are given certain job conditions and have to tell how they will handle such a situation. Group Interviews: In this type of interview interviewees meet several candidates simultaneously. This is the best type of interview to judge the inter-personal skills of a candidate. Video Interview: Another form of interview done by employers in order to cut down travelling costs. Video conferencing system is used to conduct this interview and candidates have to prepare themselves differently for this interview.Question No: 21 ( Marks: 2 )

Write a note on negotiation in an interview process.


Write a brief note on Quasi-Experimental Research. Quasi-Experimental ResearchA quasi-experimental design is one that follows the general procedures of experimental research,without the use of control group or without


random assignment, since random assignment or the use of control groups is often not feasible in educational settings.


What do AGM and BATNA stand for?

• AGM: Annual General Meeting• BATNA stands for the ‘best alternative to a negotiated agreement.’ If

the person you are negotiating with is your manager or supervisor you may have WATNA.


Write a note on body language, voice quality and visual aids during the presentation.

Body Language: Stand rather than sit when you are delivering your presentation and try to beaware of any repetitive hand gestures or awkward mannerisms that might irritate your audience.Voice Quality: You must be clearly audible at all times – don’t let your voice drop at the end ofsentences. If you vary your intonation, your voice will be more interesting to listen to and you will be able tomake your points more effectively.Visual aids: You your visual aids confidently, making sure you allow your audience time to absorbinformation from flipcharts and transparencies. Question No: 25 ( Marks: 3 )

Write a note on thinking stage in a research.

Be inclusive with your thinking.Don't try to eliminate ideas too quickly.Build on your ideas and see how many different research projects you can identify.Try and be creative.Write down your ideas.This will allow you to revisit an idea later on.Or, you can modify and change an idea.write your ideas they tend to be in a continual state of changeGood feeling to sit down and scan the many ideas


Try not to be overly influenced at this time by what you feel others expect from you (yourcolleagues, your profession, your academic department, etc.).• You have a much better chance of selecting a topic that will be really of interest to you if it is yourtopic. .Don't begin your thinking by assuming that your research will draw international attention to you!!Instead, be realistic in setting your goal.• Make sure your expectations are tempered by:• The realization that you are fulfilling an academic requirement,Be realistic about the time that you're willing to commit to your research project. If it's a 10 yearproject that you're thinking about admit it• Create a draft of a timeline. the next item)• put a start and a finish time for each.• Post your timeline in a conspicuous place (above your computer monitor?) so that it continuallyreminds you how you're doing.• Periodically update your timeline with new dates as needed.• If you're going to ask for a leave of absence from your job while you're working on your researchthis isn't a good time to do it. Chances are you can do the "thinking about it" stage without a leave ofabsence. Question No: 26 ( Marks: 3 )

What are the qualities of a good market report? Qualities Of A Good Market ReportA person writing a Market Report should have a comprehensive knowledge of the matter that hasto be reported. He must always keep in mind the following points.1. Normally a Market Report is not personal. It should be written using third person and the pasttense.2. It should be easy so that general readers can understand the technical terms used in the report.3. There should be a good analysis of changes of prices and demand and supply relationship.


4. Words should be used economically. Unnecessary details must be avoided. It should not be soshort that misses the essential information.5. Market Report should be based upon the facts. Events should be written in the minute details. Any writer of Market Report should be unbiased while concluding his report.


Write a note on minutes of formal meetings.

Ans:Minutes of meetings that follow parliamentary procedure are somewhat different in form from the informal minutes illustrated here. Formal minutes do not include discussions. Only motions, resolutions, committee assignments and reports, and other specific accomplishments are included. Topical headings are used for easy reference and how the recorder has briefly summarized a speaker’s remarks. Note, too, that motions should be worded specifically followed by the name of the person who made the motion and the name of the seconded.Resolutions to express sympathy, appreciation, congratulations, and the like are often passed at formal meetings.The paragraphs giving the reasons for the resolution are introduced by the word WHEREAS (followed by a comma) and that the paragraphs stating the action to be taken are introduced by the word RESOLVED (also followed by a comma).Time & Place: The regular monthly meeting of the Historical-Commercial Club of Lahore was called to order by the president, Naeem Ahmad, on Friday, February 8, 2006, at 2 pm in the Jinnah room of the Plaza Hotel


What are the advantages of ‘electronic media’ in the new business world and how does it help in effective communication?Ans:


Advantage of electronic MediaCommunicating is a key requirement for any successful business and everyone trying to develop a striving career. But communication is not as simple as speaking a few words. In business, you need to consider carefully how to communicate to your target audience.electronic media such as email into this category. The key advantage of written communication is that you have a written record of what was communicated, when and to whom. It does not leave any doubt about what was agreed and therefore forms the basis of organizational communication. Electronic media (or storage devices) are of different types based on technique used for storing information. e.g. Flash memory based, Optical Storage (DVD, CD) or more traditional magnetic storage devices (floppy discs/storage tapes/hard disks) There is many ways of electronic communication but email offers speed, low cost, increased access to other employees, portability, and convenience (not just overcoming time-zone problems but carrying a message to many receivers in one time). It’s best for communicating brief, noncomplex information that is time sensitive, but its effectiveness depends on user skill. Because the turnaround time can be quite fast, email tends to be more conversational than traditional paper-based media. Question No: 29 ( Marks: 5 )

In extemporaneous method of oral presentation how does the presenter conduct his presentation?Ans:PresentationThis action of communication in which one speaker is doing most of the sending and a number oflisteners are doing most of the receiving is known as oral presentation

Extemporaneous of oral presentationIn this method the delivery is very carefully planned and practiced and speaker, makes a presentation with the help of an outline, note cards, or visual aid. It is very popular and effective method of delivering a speech. In this way the speaker can glance at his notes, keep eye contact and speak in a natural, conversational tone. Reading In this


method the whole presentation is read aloud. It helps a speaker when the presentation has technical or complex topic. If you choose to read your speech, practice enough so that you can still have eye contact with your audience, otherwise, your speech may become boring.For reading, some speakers use a page style similar to a TV script, leaving a left margin of about one-third of the page. In that wide margin are pronunciation aids or suggestions as to where to look in an audience. Question No: 30 ( Marks: 5 )

Describe the various personal styles in negotiation. Ans:Personal Styles in Negotiation• Whenever people come together to negotiate, they bring their own personal styles, and these affectthe way they communicate and handle the conflict.• Self-denying;• people difficult to negotiate, are introverted and reticent with information(feedback),hide their their feelings• Self-protecting:• People use divisionary tactics,discussing other people or side tracking to other issues hide their truefeelings• Self-exposing:,• People wish to be centre of attention, demand this attention by speaking loudly,speak over otheruse attention-seeking body movement or by ignoring feedback and other’s view• Self-bargaining:• People show feeling if you show yours.wait until you lead them in negotiation open up when othersinitiate the process• Self-actualizing:• People ideal negotiators , want information and feedback from others, present informationconstructively to aid the negotiation process, achieve goal without conflict(berriers) Question No: 31 ( Marks: 2 ) What is a resume?


A resume is a prearranged, written summary of a person’s education, employment background, and job experience. Resume is a form of advertising. It proposed to inspire an employer’s interest in your. Question No: 32 ( Marks: 2 ) What appeals are generally used in a collection letter? Collection letters are usually sent in a series. The first is mildest and most understanding, with the letters getting gradually more insistent. The final letter in this series, when all efforts have failed, threatens to turn the matter over to a lawyer or collection agency or court of law. Following are the steps for appeals in these letters: 1. The monthly statement reminds the customer of outstanding bills. If it is ignored, it should be followed by a second statement. The second statement should contain a notice stating “Past Due” or “Please Remit”.2. If the objective statement and reminder fail to get results, the collection process must gradually become more emotional and personal. The second collection message, however, should still be friendly. But at this stage, too, stress on future sales, rather than on payment.3. The next collection message is an appeal to the credit customer to pay. This is a stern letter, but calmly written. Typical appeals are to the customer’s pride or sense of fair play.4. Finally, payment must be demanded. The threat of legal action or the intervention of a collection agency is sometimes all that will induce a customer to pay. Question No: 33 ( Marks: 2 ) Write a brief note on Quasi-Experimental Research. A Quasi-Experimental Research design is one that follows the general procedures of experimental research, without the use of control group


or without random assignment, since random assignment or the use of control groups is often not feasible in educational settings. Question No: 34 ( Marks: 3 ) How would you make a presentation on a cell-phone? Question No: 35 ( Marks: 3 ) What are the purposes of a business report? Following are the purposes:· To monitor and control operations· To apply policies and procedures· To fulfill with regulatory requirements· To obtain new business or findings· To guide decisions Question No: 36 ( Marks: 3 ) What is a good opening in a report? A good opening accomplishes at least three things:1. Introduces the subject of the report2. Point out why the subject is important3. Previews the main ideas and the order in which they will be covered. Question No: 37 ( Marks: 5 ) Point out the faults in listening. Prejudice: All of us have our own opinions and views. When we listen to a speaker who is contrary to our ideas, we cannot maintain attention. As a result we do not listen to whatever he says. We should give a chance to the speaker to finish his message. Later, we can agree or disagree.· Distraction: Not only the verbal messages but also the nonverbal cues of the speaker affect our listening. The negative factors are noisy fans, poor light, disturbing background music, bang of a horn, extreme climate. Among the speaker’s nonverbal indication are his clothes, his voice quality, his wearing of a certain perfume, reek of sweat, excessive gestures, etc.· Semantic Barrier: Meaning of words also create problem in listening, as meaning of words vary from person to person influenced


by feelings, attitudes and favoritism. Sometimes the ways a speaker complete a word irritate us. Question No: 38 ( Marks: 5 ) In AIDA plan,write a note on attracting the attention and creating interest. a. Attracting the Attention1. Design a positive opening that awakens a favorable association with the product, need, or cause.2. Write the opening so that it’s appropriate, fresh, honest, interesting, specific, and relevant.3. Promise a benefit to the reader4. Keep the first paragraph short, preferably two to five lines, and sometimes only one.5. For sales, letters, get attention with a provocative question, a significant/startling fact, a solution to a problem, a special offer/gift, a testimonial, a current event, an illustration, a comparison, an event in the reader’s life, a problem the reader may face, or a quotation.










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Question No: 39 ( Marks: 10 ) Describe various reports present in your course. Report: A report is an impartial, objective, planned presentation of facts to one or more persons for a specific business purpose. Following are some types of reports: Memo Reports: A memo report is a cross between interoffice memo and a formal report Memo reports can be used to:· Answer a request for information· Report progress· Make recommendations· State facts· Communicates ideas· Send statistical data· Explain trend within an organization Informational Memorandum Reports: The central purpose of informational reports is to inform and to summarize information, similar to the speech to inform. Obviously, these reports vary widely in content, depending on type of business, purpose, topics discussed, and readers’ needs. Information Memo reports will be· Inform· To summarize some information requested· Organize information objectively


· Make recommendation Conference Reports: Topics for conference reports range from summaries of personal sales called conferences to write-ups of meetings attended by hundreds of persons. For example, a credit or collection manager or account executive may make similar reports after conferences with clients. The text of such reports is usually organized by topics discussed or presented simply in a chronological order. Periodic Reports: They are routine reports prepared at regular time interval-daily, weekly, monthly quarterly or annually. Examples of such reports are:· Sales Reports· Financial ReportsThey report are prepared on pre-printed form. Analytical Memorandum Reports: This analytical memorandum report, seeks to analyze a situation or problem; it may end with or without a specific recommendation. Such reports:· On the causes of decline in Sales Volume· On the evaluation of a person before recruitment· On individual being considered for promotion· On the analysis of a particular book Question No: 40 ( Marks: 10 ) What is an oral communication? What points would you keep in mind to improve your oral communication? Oral Communication: Oral communication describes any type of inter-action that makes use of spoken words, and it is a vital, integral part of the modern business world. "The ability to communicate effectively through speaking as well as in writing is highly valued, and demanded, in business. Following are some of points to improve our oral communication. Key points to improve Oral Communication:Intro Phrases: We should use introductory phrases for catching people’s attention. This will also adjust the listeners to hearing to our


speed and pronunciation and tone of voice. For example: From my point of view this idea is wrong, let me tell you that and apparently etc. Memorize: We you memorize key words, because we have no time for look for that when needed, also knowing the only meaning of word is not enough. We should also know how to use it. Gesture: Listeners will take non-verbal signs as part of your personality and will not pay conscious attention to your gestures. Magnify facial gestures, since they will help to get your message across in case verbal language fails and people don’t follow your words. Topic Change: Magnify facial gestures, since they will help to get your message across in case verbal language fails and people don’t follow your words. For example: By the way we can now talk about, could we now deal with? and changing subject I want to etc. Interrupting: Interrupting is difficult in a language that you don’t handle well, because often when your opportunity comes you can’t find the right words! Therefore, it’s essential to learn how to interrupt with proper expressions. The key to effective interruptions is the right mix of forcefulness and politeness. Also, you’ll sometimes need to insist several times until you catch people’s attention.

Question No: 40 ( Marks: 10 ) Write a letter granting adjustment to your customer about the new rain coat, which is much better in quality and guarantee, is of one year.Question No: 21 ( Marks: 2 )

Describe the use of visuals in a thesis paper.Answer:Visual such as table figures included graph , charts, drawing and photograph. Try to keep these visual as simple as possible and clearly lable each visual with an Arabic numerical and included the titile of the visual . the table and title should appear on separate line


Write the format of a short report.


Answer: Format of short reports:For brief external reports, use the letter format , including such as title or a subject line after that the readers address which should be clearly states the subject of that document.For brief internal reports , you should use the memeo.Single space between text.Duble space between paragraphsPresent all short informal reports properly


What is an appropriate closing to an interview?Answer: As we know that like opening the end of the interview is also more important than its duration should indicate.In last few minutes you are needed to evaluate how well you done your interview. At the end you have to also correct any misconception the interviewer might have. Concluded gracefully, and also if important discuss the salary. Question No: 24 ( Marks: 3 )

What are the purposes of a business report?Answer: The main purpose of the business report is to convey important information in an organization. It is also to provide the despite technology advances, organize the facts , ability to collect the data and to compose a readable text remain a highly a highly marketable skills. Question No: 25 ( Marks: 3 )

Write a note on different types of job letters. Answer: Ther are two types of jobs letters. Two Types of Job Letters

Solicited application letter is in response to an announced job opening – you’ll usually know what qualifications the organization is seeking. You’ll also have more competition because hundreds of other job seekers will have seen the listing and may be sending applications too.


Both solicited and unsolicited letters present your qualifications similarly. The main difference is in the opening paragraph. In a solicited letter, you need no special attention-getter because you have been invited to apply. In an unsolicited letter, you need to start by capturing the reader’s attention and interest.


What points and measures should be taken into account by the researcher during thesis writing under the heading “Focus your research very specifically”?

Answer: Focus your research very specifically.In your research do not cover too much area.Usually a broad defined project is not do able. Now you may think that this will distort what you want to do . this may the case but you will do a project very well when it is narrow. Also do not try to solve all the problems in one research. Do only one project for your dissertation and leave all the others for later.


What are four stages of AIDA plan? Describe brieflyADIA plan which is a four step approach.a. Attracting the Attention1. Design a positive opening that awakens a favorable association with the product, need, or cause.2. Write the opening so that it’s appropriate, fresh, honest, interesting, specific, and relevant.3. Promise a benefit to the reader4. Keep the first paragraph short, preferably two to five lines, and sometimes only one.5. For sales, letters, get attention with a provocative question, a significant/startling fact, a solution to a problem, a special offer/gift, a testimonial, a current event, an illustration, a comparison, an event in the reader’s life, a problem the reader may face, or a quotation.











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c. Arousing Your Desire


1. Enlist one or more appeals to support the central idea (selling point).2. If the product is valued mainly because of its appearance, describe its physical details.3. If the product is machinery or technical equipment, describe its sturdy construction, fine crafting, and other technical details in terms that help readers visualize themselves using it.4. Include technical sketches and meaningful pictures, charts, and graphs, if necessary.5. For sales letters, provide test results from recognized experts, laboratories, or authoritative agencies.

Objectives Suggested descriptionsTo sell porcelain bathroom fixtures

“The porcelain finish is glass-smooth.”

To sell small cars “To driver who is fed up with bigger, thirstier cars switches to ____.”

To sell air travel “For travel elegance, fly with _____.”

To sell soft drinks in cans “And cans chill so fast, keeping the flavor fresh and full of zip.”

To sell a soft drink “You’ll really welcome the cold, crisp taste that so deeply satisfies ….. the cheerful lift that’s bright and lively.”

Objectives Suggested descriptionsTo sell an air deodorant “Make air smell flower-fresh.”

To sell shampoo “Hair so satin-bright – airy-light!”

d. Stimulate the Reader to Action 1. Clearly state the action you desire.2. Provide specific details on how to order the product, donate money, or reach your organizations.3. Ease action with reply cards, preaddressed envelopes, phone numbers, follow-up phone calls.4. Offer a special inducement to act now: time limit or situation urgency, special price for a limited time, premium for acting before a certain date, gift


for acting, free trial, no obligation to buy with more information or demonstration, easy payments with no money down, credit-card payments.

To motivate the reader to act within a certain time, you can use one or more of the following methods:

• You don’t have to send any money right now. Take a moment to fill in the postpaid order card and drop it into mail. Your Asia Today will be shipped the day after we receive your order.

• Offering a special discount An Offer of a Free Gift

Our gift is already enclosed: a sun catcher to attach to your window. Send your order in and we’ll send you another one Free. Please place your order by filling in the enclosed postpaid card and save 25% off the market price before September 30. Here are some other ways to motivate the reader to action:

• Free trial of the product.• No obligation to buy.• Higher earnings.• Special price for a limited time.• Join with others who already are satisfied.• No salesperson will call.• Name will not be sold to other firms.

In short, writing successful sales letters is difficult. Some letters may take weeks to be perfect. But financial returns can be great. Good selling presents the proposition in such a way that the readers become convinced. Achieving your goal requires careful editing and rewriting. Question No: 28 ( Marks: 5 )

Write a note on minutes of informal meetings.Answer: Minutes Of informal Meeting : The written record of proceeding of a meeting is called minutes of informal reports. In the business most of the meeting are informal therefore the minutes is also informal. In this type of minutes usually date, time , place of the meeting is included.In this type of minute the name of presiding officer, a list of of those people which should be present there and usually the time of adjournment is included. In this type of minute the discussion is summarized. Minutes is signed by the person who took them or by the presiding officer.Minute is duplicated ad copies are sent to each person present at the meeting and to other officers.



What are the points to be considered while doing audience analysis? Answer. The following steps are taking for audience analysis:1)Determine size and composition of audience.a) first of all estimate that how many people will attend .b) Also consider that they have some political , professional or other type of affiliation in common.c) Also analyze that how many men, woman, ages ranges, occupation should be consideredd)Also predict the probable reaction of the audience.e) Check that why the audience are attending the meeting.f)see the mood of the audience.g) determine the general attitude of the audience.h) Also you should consider that the audience has any bias that will work against you.i) Also consider the mood of the audience that they are in position to here you.j) if possible Anticipate the questions and objections.

_ Question No: 30 ( Marks: 5 )

A good proposal has a good title and it is the first thing to help the reader understand the nature of your work. Comment.Question No: 33 ( Marks: 2 ) Briefly describe a claim letter.ANSWER:Claim Letter: When a product or service do not meet the customers’ expectations, customers get disappointed and usually write a complaint letter which is called claim letter. The claim letter should be calm and polite rather than hostile or demanding. Question No: ( Marks: 05) What is the typical sequence of an interview? Write down different types of interviews.


ANSWER: Interview: A job interview is a formal meeting of employer and applicant in which both exchange information to learn about each other.Sequence of Interview: In a typical selection process an applicant has to undergo many interviews before s/he gets the job. The stages of interview through which an applicant may have to undergo are as follows:Screening stage: Interview at this stage is more structured.Selection stage: This is the best stage for an applicant to show his interest in job by relating skills to job requirement and organization’s needs.Final stage Types of Interviews: There are various types of interviews used by organizations according to their needs. Some of them are as follows:Structured Interview: Such interview is mostly conducted at screening stage. In this type of interview employer controls the interview by asking already prepared questions in an order. It is a poor measure of applicant’s personal qualities but it also creates uniformity in hiring process.Open-ended interview: It is a less formal and unstructured form of interview in which interviewee encourages the applicant to speak more and freely in order to get to know about his personality and professionalism. Some of the applicants reveal too much about their personal and family problems which is of no interest to employers and which have nothing to do with their skills and qualifications.Stress Interview: It is the best type of interview which helps interviewee to see how candidate handles himself under pressure. It is the most unnerving type of interview. Stress can be created by unsettling the candidate through criticism, interruption or hostile reactions.Situational Interview: This interview is specifically about the job. Under this type of interview candidates are given certain job conditions and have to tell how they will handle such a situation. Group Interviews: In this type of interview interviewees meet several candidates simultaneously. This is the best type of interview to judge the inter-personal skills of a candidate.Video Interview: Another form of interview done by employers in order to cut down travelling costs. Video conferencing system is used to


conduct this interview and candidates have to prepare themselves differently for this interviewQuestion No: 32 ( Marks: 2 )


Case study is a research method which is used for investigation of contemporary phenomenon within its real life context. I.e. where the evidences are much more and the relation between phenomena and context are not clear.Briefly describe a claim letter.

Claim letter is written by customer to the company when the customer is not satisfied from the product or there is some problem in the product. So he writes a claim letter which complains against the company about the problem.Question No: 40 ( Marks: 10 )

Write a letter granting adjustment to your customer about the new rain coat, which is much better in quality and guarantee, is of one year?

Dear Customer,

Your new rain coat is being shipped today and you will receive it in a few days.Thank you for returning the old one. You will find that the new rain coat is made of vinyl-coated nylon which is water resist and it will help you in raining. It has a much better quality and its guarantee is of one year. When you need other related products, please feel free to contact with us. We will be happy to hear from you in future.

Yours sincerely,Ashfaq hameed,Sales managerQuestion No: 21 ( Marks: 2 )

What is a stress interview?

Stress InterviewsPerhaps the most unnerving types of interview are the stress interview. Stress interviews help recruiters see how you handle yourself under pressure. They see how well a candidate handles stressful situations. During a stress interview, you might be asked pointed questions designed to unsettle you.


You might be subjected to long periods of silence, criticisms of your appearance, deliberate interruptions, abrupt or even hostile reactions by the interviewer.


Name two types of memo reports. Two types of Memo Reports

1. Informational Memorandum Reports2. Analytical memo Reports

(1) Informational Memorandum Reports The central purpose of informational reports is to inform and summarize information. It is similar to speech. Obviously, these reports vary widely in content, depending on type of business, purpose, topics discussed, and readers’ needs. Information Memo reports will:

• Inform• Summarize some information requested• Organize information objectively• Make recommendation


What do you understand by MLA and APA formats?

i) MLA Modern Language Association (name &page ref at each place where source is used, a parenthetical citation system

ii) APA American psychological association a parenthetical citation system source name and publication system and sometimes page reference


How do we write long quotations in a thesis paper?

Long QuotationsPlace direct quotations longer than 40 words in a free-standing block of typewritten lines, and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented five spaces from the left margin. Type the entire quotation on the new margin and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation five spaces from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing


throughout. The parenthetical citation should come after closing punctuation mark.


How can you write a good resume?

A Good ResumeA good resume is a flexible and can be customized for various situations and employers.To write good resume, you need to show that you (1) think in term of result(2) know how to get things done(3) are well rounded,(4) show signs of progress(5) have personal standards of excellence(6) are flexible and willing to try new things(7) possess strong communication skills.

Question No: 26 (Marks: 3)

You should consider the audience's concerns while giving an oral presentation. Discuss.

Audience AnalysisA. Determine audience size and composition

1. Estimate how many people will attend.2. Consider whether they have some political, religious, professional, or

other affiliation in common.3. Analyze the mix of men and women, age ranges, socioeconomic and

ethnic groups, occupations, and geographic regions represented.. B. Predict the audience’s probable reaction

• Analyze why audience members are attending the presentations• Determine the audience’s general attitude toward the topic i.e.

interested, moderately interested, unconcerned, open-minded, or hostile.

• Analyze the mood that people will be in when you speak to them.• Find out what kind of backup information will impress the audience i.e.

technical data, historical information, financial data, demonstrations, samples, and so on.

• Consider whether the audience has any biases that might work against you.

• Anticipate possible objections or questions. C. Gauge the audience’s level of understanding

1. Analyze whether everybody has the same background and experience.2. Determine what the audience already knows about the subject3. Decide what background information the audience will need to understand the subject better.4. Consider whether the audience is familiar with your vocabulary.5. Analyze what the audience expects from you.


6. Think about the mix of general concepts and specific details you will need to present.


How far do you agree that internal communication is important for proper running of an organization?


What is E Q and its importance for a successful job?


Write a note on narrative minutes.Narrative Minutes (fuller picture & view)Sometimes referred to as minutes of narration, narrative minutes tell more of the ‘story’ of what happened and who said what at a meeting. The main points of the background and discussion leading to a decision are recorded, and so anyone reading such minutes will gain a much fuller picture of a committee’s work and views. Narrative minutes are recorded in reported speech and instead of giving direct speech we use indirect speech. This simply involves referring to committee members in the third person – either by their office – ‘The chairman said....’ or by name, ‘Mr. Naeem asked whether ….’ When decisions are reached by a vote, expressions such as, ‘it was generally agreed that….’ ‘It was therefore decided that….’ are used to introduce the details of the decision. Further, to keep the record objective and neutral, the passive is often used: ‘The secretary was asked to write to the Council to…..’


Write a note on five types of work place power.


What are “Reading and Memorization” methods of delivering a presentation? . Reading


In this method the whole presentation is read aloud. It helps a speaker when the presentation has technical or complex topic. If you choose to read your speech, practice enough so that you can still have eye contact with your audience, otherwise, your speech may become boring. For reading, some speakers use a page style similar to a TV script, leaving a left margin of about one-third of the page. In that wide margin are pronunciation aids or suggestions as to where to look in an audience.

3. MemorizationFew speakers today memorize complete speeches. However, it can be useful for short speeches. In case of a long speech, often the first few words of a statement can be memorized. This technique may sound like a robot. Besides, forgetting a single line may cause disaster.


Do you think that ‘Paralanguage’ and ‘Physical characteristics’ can convey non-verbal message more effectively? Comment on this statement.Physical Characteristics

Physical characteristics such as body shape, general attractiveness, body and breathe odours, weight, hair and skin colour are important parts of nonverbal communication. Because people react and respond to these factors, they all determine their responses in interpersonal encounters. First impressions and images of others can be associated unconsciously with past experiences of people with similar physical characteristics. Paralanguage (Vocal Qualities)

Paralanguage is that part of language associated with but not involving the word system. It consists of the voice qualities and vocalizations that affect how something is said rather than what is said. Voice qualities include:

• Pitch range• Pitch control• Rhythm control• Tempo• Articulation control• Resonance.

Vocalizations also give clue to the total message. Three of these are shown in table. The tones of voice, rate of speaking and voice inflection are an important part of the total message. A tired person, for example, will speak more slowly than relaxed one, a disappointed person may speak with a flat tone, while the tone of voice of someone excited about a coming holiday reflects excitement.



Write a note on the followings:

A-Structured interviewB-Open ended interviewStructured InterviewsA structured interview is generally used in the screening stage. A Structured Interview is controlled by the interviewer to gather facts. Here the employer controls the interview by asking a series of prepared questions in a set order. Working from a checklist, the interviewer asks candidates each question, staying within an allotted time period. All answers are noted. Although useful in gathering facts, the structured interview is generally regarded as a poor measure of an applicant’s personal qualities. Some companies use structured interviews to create uniformity in their hiring process.

Open-ended InterviewsOpening-ended interview is less formal and unstructured. In an open-ended interview, the recruiter encourages the candidate to speak freely. The interviewer poses broad, open-ended question and encourages the applicant to talk freely. It is good for bringing out an applicant’s personality and is used to test professional judgment. However, some candidates reveal too much, rambling on about personal or family problems that have nothing to do with their qualifications for employment, their ability to get along with co-workers, or any personal interests that could benefit their performance on the job. So be careful. To strike a delicate balance between being friendly, remember that you’re in a business situation.


What are common errors to avoid common errors to avoid. 1. Lack of objectivitySeeing only the facts that support your views and ignoring any contradictory information. For example,” Although half the survey population expressed dissatisfaction with our current product, a sizable portion finds it satisfactory.” (You may be tempted to ignore the dissatisfied half instead of investigating the reasons for their dissatisfaction.) 2. Hasty generalization Forming judgments on the basis of insufficient evidence or special cases, for example:


“Marketing strategy Z increased sales 15 percent in Lahore supermarkets. Let’s try it in Karachi.” (Lahore and Karachi are probably vastly different markets). 3. Hidden assumptionsHiding a questionable major premise: for example,“We are marketing product X in Print media because we marketed product Y in Print media.” (Who says product X and product Y should be marketed the same way?) 4. Either or scenariosSetting up two alternatives and not allowing for others: for example,“We must open a new plant by spring, or we will go bankrupt.” (Surely there are other ways to avoid bankruptcy).

5. False causal relationships. Assuming that event A caused event B merely because A preceded B: for example, “Sales increased 20 percent as soon as we hired the new sales director.” (Something besides the new sales director might have been responsible for increased sales). 6. Begged questions. Assuming as proven what you are seeking to prove: for example, “We need a standard procedure so that we will have standard results.’ (But why is standardization important?) 7. Personal attacks or appeals to popular prejudice. Thinking people or ideas you don’t like by chaining them to irrelevant but unpopular actions or ideas: for example, “Mr. Naeem mishandled the budget last years, so he can’t be expected to motivate his staff.” (Mr. Naeem's accounting ability may have nothing to do with his ability to motivate staff members).


What is bibliography?

It is the list of the other books from where references are adopted, and material or other work is done. It may be at the end of the page or at the end of the book. Question No: 22 ( Marks: 2 )


What is pre-employment test? There are three types of job employment tests Psychological test, drug test and job skill test. These tests are used commonly for assessing the ability of the candidate for job competency his skills, ability and attitude towards work.Question No: 23 ( Marks: 2 )

Write a note on "abstract" in a thesis paper.

An abstract is the explanation that why this paper is important. It is a summary of main ideas. It also contains implications of the research. The last sentence explains the main theme of the work. A good abstract is concise, readable, and quantitative. The length should be one to two paragraphs or approximately 400 words.


How do we write long quotations in a thesis paper?

Start the quotation in a new line and almost five spaces should be left from the margin. It should be in free style. Write the quotation in the new line. Keep maintain double spacing throughout the document. Question No: 25 ( Marks: 3 )

Write a short note on the supplementary parts of a formal report. There are three supplementary Parts.Appendixes: The data in this report is relevant to the report but it is not included in the report because it may be too lengthy or not directly related to the report. It may include maps, long quotations and difficult formulas.Bibliography: It is the list of the other books from where references are adopted, and material or other work is done. It may be at the end of the page or at the end of the bookIndex: it is a list of names, places and subjects in alphabetical order mentioned in the report.Question No: 26 ( Marks: 3 )

Write a note on the question and answer stage during the interview process.


It is the most important part of the interview. In this part interviewer asks questions about your qualification, personal information and main points written in the resume and try to understand about you.Question No: 27 ( Marks: 5 )

How far do you agree that cultural differences provide hindrance to a company in this atmosphere of globalization?


Write a note on five types of work place power.Legitimate power is based on the position, role, authority and control over resources of a person in an organization.Reward power: it is exerted by someone who has control over resources of the organization and influence of the person to the behavioursExpertise power includes the ability, skills and strength over other employees of the organization.Consultation power is exerted by the person who accepts advice from others, seeks information.Coercive power: is used by persons who use force or authority, emotional or physical. Question No: 29 ( Marks: 5 )

Which elements influence the length and format of a report?

Preprinted forms should be short normally five or fewer pages and contains routine information. This format may be used on request by the person authorizing the report.In Letter writing less than five pages should be considered enough especially when communicating outsiders. It may include the normal parts of the letter and also may include the foot notes, tables and headings.A memo may not more than ten pages. It has headings on the top To, From, Date, and Subject. Question No: 30 ( Marks: 5 )

How can visual aids be helpful in an oral presentation?


Visual aids make presentation more effective. It can also help the audience to follow the presentation and make it easy to understand. There are two common types of visual aid that is overhead transparencies and computer slide shows. Question No: 21 ( Marks: 2 )

Mention key points of solicited application letter.


In thesis writing what is meant by “be inclusive with your thinking”? Be inclusive with your thinking. Don't try to eliminate ideas too quickly. Build on your ideas and see how many different research projects you can identify. Give yourself the luxury of being expansive in your thinking at this stage -- you won't be able to do this later on. Try and be creative.


Write a note on progress report.Progress Reports Progress reports show, progress, accomplishments, or activity over time or at a given stage of a major assignment. The organizational plan is usually inductive, including topics similar to these.

1. Introduction (purpose, nature of project) 2. Description of accomplishments during the reporting period.3. Unanticipated problems (if any) 4. Plans for the next reporting period.5. Summary (overall appraisal of progress to date)


What is the difference between CV and resume?The primary differences between a resume and a curriculum vitae (CV) are the length, what is included and what each is used for. A resume is a one or two page summary of your skills, experience and education. While a resume is brief and concise - no more than a page or two, a Curriculum Vitae is a longer (at least two page) and more detailed synopsis.

A Curriculum Vitae includes a summary of your educational and academic backgrounds as well as teaching and research experience, publications, presentations, awards, honors, affiliations and other details. In Europe, the Middle East, Africa, or Asia, employers may expect to receive a curriculum vitae.

In the United States, a curriculum vitae is used primarily when applying for academic, education, scientific or research positions. It is also applicable when applying for fellowships or grants.



What are the three main parts of an oral presentation and how would you prepare them? Discuss.

The Three Step Oral Presentation ProcessRegardless of your job or the purpose of your presentation, you will be more effective if you adopt an oral presentation process that follows these threes steps: 1. Planning your presentation2. Writing your presentation3. Completing your presentation


Describe briefly any five types of quantitative research.

1) Individual cultural variables are very important to understand intercultural communication. Discuss with three individual cultural variables2) Name some individual cultural variables mentioned in intercultural communication model.3) Advantages of email 5 marks.4)Choose short, familiar and conversational words. Discuss this clarity principle with example.5) What is the difference b/w general request and inquiry letter. And what organizational approach is used for both?

Question No: 39( Marks: 10 )Being an employee of a firm, you have complained to your manager that facilities for thestaff refreshment and recreation are either non-existent or inadequate. He asks you to putthe situation in written form. You are required to write a short memo-report with somerecommendations to present it to management meeting. ( Marks: 2 )


Extemporaneous style of presentation. 1. ExtemporaneousThis method of delivery is very carefully planned and practiced. In it, the speaker, makes a presentation with the help of an outline, note cards, or visual aid. It is very popular and effective method of delivering a speech. In this way the speaker can glance at his notes, keep eye contact and speak in a natural, conversational tone.

Question No: 33( Marks: 2 )What is an informal report?Informal reports are usually short messages with natural, casual use of language. The internal memorandum generally can be described as an informal report.

( Marks: 3 )Countless aspects of business dealings can be written, but which are the most commoncauses for claims? ( Marks: 5 )Write a note on chronological resume.The Chronological ResumeIn a chronological resume, the work-experience section dominates, immediately after the name and address and the objective. You develop this section by listing your jobs sequentially in reverse order, beginning with the most recent position and working backward towards earlier jobs. Under each listing, describe your responsibilities and accomplishments, giving the most space to the most recent positions. If you’re just graduating from college, you can vary this chronological approach by putting your educational qualifications before your experience, thereby focusing attention on your academic credentials.The chorological approach is the most common way to organize a resume, and many employers prefer it. This approach has three key advantages: (1) employers are familiar with it & can easily find information(2) it highlights growth and career progression(3) it highlights employment continuity and stability

The chronological approach is especially appropriate if you have a strong employment history and are aiming for a job that builds on your current career path.