PCTEHow Email Works

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How E-Mail Works?

Introduction

Electronic mail, commonly called email or e-mail, is a method of exchanging digital messages

across the Internet or other computer networks. Email systems are based on a store-and-

forward model in which email server computer systems accept, forward, deliver and store

messages on behalf of users, who only need to connect to the email infrastructure, typically an  e-

mail server, with a network-enabled device for the duration of message submission or retrieval.

Originally, email was transmitted directly from one user's device to another user's computer,

which required both computers to be online at the same time.

An electronic mail message consists of two components, the message header, and the

message body, which is the email's content. The message header contains control information,

including, minimally, an originator's email address and one or more recipient addresses. Usually

additional information is added, such as a subject header field.

Originally a text-only communications medium, email was extended to carry multi-media

content attachments, which was standardized in RFC 2045through RFC 2049, collectively

called, Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME).

The foundation for today's global Internet email services reaches back to the

early ARPANET and standards for encoding of messages were proposed as early as 1973 (RFC

561). An e-mail sent in the early 1970s looked very similar to one sent on the Internet today.

Conversion from the ARPANET to the Internet in the early 1980s produced the core of the

current services.

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Network-based email was initially exchanged on the ARPANET in extensions to the File

Transfer Protocol (FTP), but is today carried by the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), first

published as Internet standard 10 (RFC 821) in 1982. In the process of transporting email

messages between systems, SMTP communicates delivery parameters using a

messageenvelope separately from the message (header and body) itself.

There are several spelling variations that are occasionally the cause of vehement disagreement.

email is the form required by IETF Request for Comments and working groups and is also

recognized in most dictionaries.

e-mail is a form recommended by some prominent journalistic and technical style guides.

mail was the form used in the original RFC. The service is referred to as mail and a single

piece of electronic mail is called a message.

Origin

Electronic mail predates the inception of the Internet, and was in fact a crucial tool in creating it.

MIT first demonstrated the Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS) in 1961.[17] It allowed

multiple users to log into the IBM 7094[18] from remote dial-up terminals, and to store files online

on disk. This new ability encouraged users to share information in new ways. E-mail started in

1965 as a way for multiple users of a time-sharing mainframe computer to communicate.

Although the exact history is murky, among the first systems to have such a facility

were SDC's Q32 and MIT's CTSS.

Host-based mail systems

The original email systems allowed communication only between users who logged into the one

host or "mainframe", but this could be hundreds or thousands of users within a company or

university. By 1966 (or earlier, it is possible that the SAGE system had something similar some

time before), such systems allowed email between different companies as long as they ran

compatible operating systems, but not to other dissimilar systems.

Examples include BITNET, IBM PROFS, Digital Equipment Corporation ALL-IN-1 and the

original Unix mail.

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LAN-based mail systems

From the early 1980s networked personal computers on LANs became increasingly

important. Server based systems similar to the earlier mainframe systems developed, and again

initially allowed communication only between users logged into the same server infrastructure,

but these also could generally be linked between different companies as long as they ran the

same email system and (proprietary) protocol.

Examples include cc:Mail, Lantastic, WordPerfect Office, Microsoft Mail, Banyan

VINES and Lotus Notes - with various vendors supplying gateway software to link these

incompatible systems.

Attempts at interoperability

Novell briefly championed the open MHS protocol but abandoned it after purchasing the

non-MHS WordPerfect Office (renamed Groupwise)

uucp was used as an open "glue" between differing mail systems

The Coloured Book protocols on UK academic networks until 1992

X.400 in the early 1990s was mandated for government use under GOSIP but almost

immediately abandoned by all but a few — in favour of Internet SMTP

The rise of ARPANET mail

The ARPANET computer network made a large contribution to the development of e-mail.

There is one report that indicates experimental inter-system e-mail transfers began shortly after

its creation in 1969. Ray Tomlinson is credited by some as having sent the first email, initiating

the use of the "@" sign to separate the names of the user and the user's machine in 1971, when he

sent a message from one Digital Equipment Corporation DEC-10 computer to another DEC-10.

The two machines were placed next to each other. The ARPANET significantly increased the

popularity of e-mail, and it became the killer app of the ARPANET.

Email Format

Internet e-mail messages consist of two major sections:

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Header — Structured into fields such as summary, sender, receiver, and other information

about the e-mail.

Body — The message itself as unstructured text; sometimes containing a signature block at

the end. This is exactly the same as the body of a regular letter.

The header is separated from the body by a blank line.

Message header

Each message has exactly one header, which is structured into fields. Each field has a name and

a value. RFC 5322 specifies the precise syntax.

Informally, each line of text in the header that begins with a printable character begins a separate

field. The field name starts in the first character of the line and ends before the separator

character ":". The separator is then followed by the field value (the "body" of the field). The

value is continued onto subsequent lines if those lines have a space or tab as their first character.

Field names and values are restricted to 7-bit ASCII characters. Non-ASCII values may be

represented using MIME encoded words.

Header fields

The message header should include at least the following fields:

From: The e-mail address, and optionally the name of the author(s). In many e-mail clients

not changeable except through changing account settings.

To: The e-mail address(es), and optionally name(s) of the message's recipient(s). Indicates

primary recipients (multiple allowed), for secondary recipients see Cc: and Bcc: below.

Subject: A brief summary of the topic of the message. Certain abbreviations are commonly

used in the subject, including "RE:" and "FW:".

Date: The local time and date when the message was written. Like the From: field, many

email clients fill this in automatically when sending. The recipient's client may then display

the time in the format and time zone local to him/her.

Message-ID: Also an automatically generated field; used to prevent multiple delivery.

Messege Body

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Content encoding

E-mail was originally designed for 7-bit ASCII.[26] Much e-mail software is 8-bit clean but must

assume it will communicate with 7-bit servers and mail readers. The MIME standard introduced

character set specifiers and two content transfer encodings to enable transmission of non-ASCII

data: quoted printable for mostly 7 bit content with a few characters outside that range

and base64 for arbitrary binary data. The 8BITMIME extension was introduced to allow

transmission of mail without the need for these encodings but many mail transport agents still do

not support it fully. In some countries, several encoding schemes coexist; as the result, by

default, the message in a non-Latin alphabet language appears in non-readable form (the only

exception is coincidence, when the sender and receiver use the same encoding scheme).

Therefore, for international character sets, Unicode is growing in popularity.

Plain text and HTML

Most modern graphic e-mail clients allow the use of either plain text or HTML for the message

body at the option of the user. HTML e-mail messages often include an automatically-generated

plain text copy as well, for compatibility reasons.

Advantages of HTML include the ability to include in-line links and images, set apart previous

messages in block quotes, wrap naturally on any display, use emphasis such

as underlinesand italics, and change font styles. Disadvantages include the increased size of the

email, privacy concerns about web bugs, abuse of HTML email as a vector for phishing attacks

and the spread of malicious software.

How Email Works

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Step A: Sender creates and sends an email

The originating sender creates an email in their Mail User Agent (MUA) and clicks 'Send'. The

MUA is the application the originating sender uses to compose and read email, such as Eudora,

Outlook, etc.

Step B: Sender's MDA/MTA routes the email

The sender's MUA transfers the email to a Mail Delivery Agent (MDA). Frequently, the sender's

MTA also handles the responsibilities of an MDA. Several of the most common MTAs do this,

including sendmail and qmail (which Kavi uses).

The MDA/MTA accepts the email, then routes it to local mailboxes or forwards it if it isn't

locally addressed. In our diagram, an MDA forwards the email to an MTA and it enters the first

of a series of "network clouds," labeled as a "Company Network" cloud.

Step C: Network Cloud

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An email can encounter a network cloud within a large company or ISP, or the largest network

cloud in existence: the Internet. The network cloud may encompass a multitude of mail servers,

DNS servers, routers, lions, tigers, bears (wolves!) and other devices and services too numerous

to mention. These are prone to be slow when processing an unusually heavy load, temporarily

unable to receive an email when taken down for maintenance, and sometimes may not have

identified themselves properly to the Internet through the Domain Name System (DNS) so that

other MTAs in the network cloud are unable to deliver mail as addressed. These devices may be

protected by firewalls, spam filters and malware detection software that may bounce or even

delete an email. When an email is deleted by this kind of software, it tends to fail silently, so the

sender is given no information about where or when the delivery failure occurred.

Email service providers and other companies that process a large volume of email often have

their own, private network clouds. These organizations commonly have multiple mail servers,

and route all email through a central gateway server (i.e., mail hub) that redistributes mail to

whichever MTA is available. Email on these secondary MTAs must usually wait for the primary

MTA (i.e., the designated host for that domain) to become available, at which time the secondary

mail server will transfer its messages to the primary MTA.

Step D: Email Queue

The email in the diagram is addressed to someone at another company, so it enters an email

queue with other outgoing email messages. If there is a high volume of mail in the queue—either

because there are many messages or the messages are unusually large, or both—the message will

be delayed in the queue until the MTA processes the messages ahead of it.

Step E: MTA to MTA Transfer

When transferring an email, the sending MTA handles all aspects of mail delivery until the

message has been either accepted or rejected by the receiving MTA.

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As the email clears the queue, it enters the Internet network cloud, where it is routed along a

host-to-host chain of servers. Each MTA in the Internet network cloud needs to "stop and ask

directions" from the Domain Name System (DNS) in order to identify the next MTA in the

delivery chain. The exact route depends partly on server availability and mostly on which MTA

can be found to accept email for the domain specified in the address. Most email takes a path that

is dependent on server availability, so a pair of messages originating from the same host and

addressed to the same receiving host could take different paths. These days, it's mostly spammers

that specify any part of the path, deliberately routing their message through a series of relay

servers in an attempt to obscure the true origin of the message.To find the recipient's IP address

and mailbox, the MTA must drill down through the Domain Name System (DNS), which

consists of a set of servers distributed across the Internet. Beginning with the root nameservers at

the top-level domain (.tld), then domain nameservers that handle requests for domains within

that .tld, and eventually to nameservers that know about the local domain.

Step F: Firewalls, Spam and Virus Filters

The transfer process described in the last step is somewhat simplified. An email may be

transferred to more than one MTA within a network cloud and is likely to be passed to at least

one firewall before it reaches it's destination.

An email encountering a firewall may be tested by spam and virus filters before it is allowed to

pass inside the firewall. These filters test to see if the message qualifies as spam or malware. If

the message contains malware, the file is usually quarantined and the sender is notified. If the

message is identified as spam, it will probably be deleted without notifying the sender.

Spam is difficult to detect because it can assume so many different forms, so spam filters test on

a broad set of criteria and tend to misclassify a significant number of messages as spam,

particularly messages from mailing lists. When an email from a list or other automated source

seems to have vanished somewhere in the network cloud, the culprit is usually a spam filter at

the receiver's ISP or company. This explained in greater detail in Virus Scanning and Spam

Blocking.

Delivery

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In the diagram, the email makes it past the hazards of the spam trapper filter, and is accepted for delivery

by the receiver's MTA. The MTA calls a local MDA to deliver the mail to the correct mailbox, where it

will sit until it is retrieved by the recipient's MUA.

Difference between Snail mail and Email

There are a number of differences between writing and sending an ordinary "snail mail" letter

and an e-mail message. However, a lot of these differences are probably rather obvious, but they

will still be examined.The first difference between these two forms of communication is that

there is less potential for pain to be involved when a person sends an e-mail. It doesn't take as

much in the way of motor skills to type an e-mail message as it does to handwrite a "snail mail"

letter. Of course, in this day and age of computers, people may already be typing letters in word

processing programs instead of writing them out by hand.

The next difference between "snail mail" and e-mail is the speed in which a message can be

delivered. With an e-mail message, you can click on the "send" button, and the message is sent

instantaneously. The recipient of the e-mail message can receive the letter a lot sooner than when

a "snail mail" letter is sent. While the e-mail message can be sent right away, the "snail mail"

letter has to be taken to a mailbox or a post office, and it can take several days for a letter to

reach its intended destination.

Another difference between the two kinds of mail is cost. For an e-mail message, the only cost

that is incurred is a person's monthly bill for their internet connection. With "snail mail" letters,

people have to use a stamp on each letter they write. As of this writing, a stamp costs forty-one

cents. So, assuming a person who has internet access sends five "snail mail" letters in one month,

then that person will be paying $2.05 in addition to their monthly internet bill.

Protocols Used

Internet Message Access Protocol

The Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) is one of the two most prevalent Internet standard

protocols for e-mail retrieval, the other being the Post Office Protocol (POP) Virtually all modern e-mail

clients and mail servers support both protocols as a means of transferring e-mail messages from a server.

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The Internet Message Access Protocol (commonly known as IMAP, and previously called

Internet Mail Access Protocol, Interactive Mail Access Protocol , and Interim Mail Access

Protocol is an Application Layer Internet protocol that allows an e-mail client to access e-mail on

a remote mail server. The current version, IMAP version 4 revision IMAP supports both on-line

and off-line modes of operation

Post Office Protocol

In computing, the Post Office Protocol (POP) is an application-layer Internet standard protocol used by

local e-mail clients to retrieve e-mail from a remote server over a TCP/IP connection. POP and IMAP

(Internet Message Access Protocol) are the two most prevalent Internet standard protocols for e-mail

retrieval. Virtually all modern e-mail clients and servers support both. The POP protocol has been

developed through several versions, with version 3 (POP3) being the current standard. POP3 is used for

most webmail services such as Gmail and Yahoo.

POP supports simple download-and-delete requirements for access to remote mailboxes . Although most

POP clients have an option to leave mail on server after download, e-mail clients using POP generally

connect, retrieve all messages, store them on the user's PC as new messages, delete them from the server,

and then disconnect.

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is an Internet standard for electronic mail (e-mail)

transmission across Internet Protocol (IP) networks. SMTP is the protocol in widespread use

today. SMTP is specified for outgoing mail transport and uses TCP port 25.

While electronic mail servers and other mail transfer agents use SMTP to send and receive mail

messages, user-level client mail applications typically only use SMTP for sending messages to a

mail server for relaying. For receiving messages, client applications usually use either the Post

Office Protocol (POP) or the Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) or a proprietary system

(such as Microsoft Exchange or Lotus Notes/Domino) to access their mail box accounts on a

mail server.

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Uses of Email

In society

There are numerous ways in which people have changed the way they communicate in the last

50 years; e-mail is certainly one of them. Traditionally, social interaction in the local community

was the basis for communication – face to face. Yet, today face-to-face meetings are no longer

the primary way to communicate as one can use a landline telephone, mobile phones, fax

services, or any number of the computer mediated communications such as e-mail.

Research has shown that people actively use e-mail to maintain core social networks, particularly

when others live at a distance. However, contradictory to previous research, the results suggest

that increases in Internet usage are associated with decreases in other modes of communication,

with proficiency of Internet and e-mail use serving as a mediating factor in this relationship.

With the introduction of chat messengers and video conference, there are more ways to

communicate.

Flaming

Flaming occurs when a person sends a message with angry or antagonistic content. Flaming is

assumed to be more common today because of the ease and impersonality of e-mail

communications: confrontations in person or via telephone require direct interaction, where

social norms encourage civility, whereas typing a message to another person is an indirect

interaction, so civility may be forgotten. Flaming is generally looked down upon by Internet

communities as it is considered rude and non-productive.

E-mail bankruptcy

Also known as "e-mail fatigue", e-mail bankruptcy is when a user ignores a large number of e-

mail messages after falling behind in reading and answering them. The reason for falling behind

is often due to information overload and a general sense there is so much information that it is

not possible to read it all. As a solution, people occasionally send a boilerplate message

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explaining that the e-mail inbox is being cleared out. Stanford University law professor

Lawrence Lessig is credited with coining this term, but he may only have popularized it.

In business

E-mail was widely accepted by the business community as the first broad electronic

communication medium and was the first ‘e-revolution’ in business communication. E-mail is

very simple to understand and like postal mail, e-mail solves two basic problems of

communication: logistics and synchronization.

LAN based email is also an emerging form of usage for business. It not only allows the business

user to download mail when offline, it also provides the small business user to have multiple

users e-mail ID's with just one e-mail connection.

The problem of logistics: Much of the business world relies upon communications

between people who are not physically in the same building, area or even country;

setting up and attending an in-person meeting, telephone call, or conference call can be

inconvenient, time-consuming, and costly. E-mail provides a way to exchange

information between two or more people with no set-up costs and that is generally far

less expensive than physical meetings or phone calls.

The problem of synchronisation: With real time communication by meetings or phone calls,

participants have to work on the same schedule, and each participant must spend the same

amount of time in the meeting or call. E-mail allows asynchrony: each participant may control

their schedule independently.

Problems

Loss of context: which means that the context is lost forever; there is no way to get the text back.

Information in context (as in a newspaper) is much easier and faster to understand than unedited

and sometimes unrelated fragments of information. Communicating in context can only be

achieved when both parties have a full understanding of the context and issue in question.

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Information overload: E-mail is a push technology—the sender controls who receives the

information. Convenient availability of mailing lists and use of "copy all" can lead to people

receiving unwanted or irrelevant information of no use to them.

Inconsistency: E-mail can duplicate information. This can be a problem when a large team is

working on documents and information while not in constant contact with the other members of

their team.

Attachment size limitation

Email messages may have one or more attachments. Attachments serve the purpose of delivering

binary or text files of unspecified size. In principle there is no technical intrinsic restriction in the

SMTP protocol limiting the size or number of attachments. In practice, however, email service

providers implement various limitations on the permissible size of files or the size of an entire

message.

Furthermore, due to technical reasons, often a small attachment can increase in size when sent,

which can be confusing to senders when trying to assess whether they can or cannot send a file

by e-mail, and this can result in their message being rejected.

As larger and larger file sizes are being created and traded, many users are either forced to

upload and download their files using an FTP server, or more popularly, use online file sharing

facilities or services, usually over web-friendly HTTP, in order to send and receive them.

Information overload

A December 2007 New York Times blog post described information overload as "a $650 Billion

Drag on the Economy",and the New York Times reported in April 2008 that "E-MAIL has

become the bane of some people’s professional lives" due to information overload, yet "none of

the current wave of high-profile Internet start-ups focused on e-mail really eliminates the

problem of e-mail overload because none helps us prepare replies".

Technology investors reflect similar concerns.

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The email services are trying to provide maximum email inbox space to save the large size

documents(attachments).

Spamming and computer viruses

The usefulness of e-mail is being threatened by four phenomena: e-mail bombardment,

spamming, phishing, and e-mail worms.

Spamming is unsolicited commercial (or bulk) e-mail. Because of the very low cost of sending e-

mail, spammers can send hundreds of millions of e-mail messages each day over an inexpensive

Internet connection. Hundreds of active spammers sending this volume of mail results in

information overload for many computer users who receive voluminous unsolicited e-mail each

day.

E-mail worms use e-mail as a way of replicating themselves into vulnerable computers.

Although the first e-mail worm affected UNIX computers, the problem is most common today

on the more popular Microsoft Windows operating system.

The combination of spam and worm programs results in users receiving a constant drizzle of

junk e-mail, which reduces the usefulness of e-mail as a practical tool.

A number of anti-spam techniques mitigate the impact of spam. In the United States, U.S.

Congress has also passed a law, the Can Spam Act of 2003, attempting to regulate such e-mail.

Australia also has very strict spam laws restricting the sending of spam from an Australian ISP,

but its impact has been minimal since most spam comes from regimes that seem reluctant to

regulate the sending of spam.

E-mail spoofing

E-mail spoofing occurs when the header information of an email is altered to make the message

appear to come from a known or trusted source. It is often used as a ruse to collect personal

information.

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E-mail bombing

E-mail bombing is the intentional sending of large volumes of messages to a target address. The

overloading of the target email address can render it unusable and can even cause the mail server

to crash.

Privacy concerns

E-mail privacy, without some security precautions, can be compromised because:

e-mail messages are generally not encrypted.

e-mail messages have to go through intermediate computers before reaching their destination,

meaning it is relatively easy for others to intercept and read messages.

many Internet Service Providers (ISP) store copies of e-mail messages on their mail servers

before they are delivered. The backups of these can remain for up to several months on their

server, despite deletion from the mailbox.

the "Received:"-fields and other information in the e-mail can often identify the sender,

preventing anonymous communication.

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