how does a single cell become a fetus and then a baby? human conception and pregnancy
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How does a single cell become a fetus and then a baby?
Human Conception and Pregnancy
Review…Like most animals, humans reproduce
sexually. You started out as a single, fertilized egg called a zygote.
Surviving sperm use their flagella to swim through the uterus and up the fallopian tube. When they reach the egg, the sperm surround it.
They release an enzyme that breaks down the proteins in the egg’s outer covering.
As soon as a single sperm gets through that covering, a reaction occurs that keeps any other sperm from entering.
The membrane of the egg then fuses with the sperm.
Next, the sperm’s flagellum and mitochondria break down.
At that point, the sperm is only a nucleus.
This explains why all mitochondrial DNA is inherited from the mother.
When the sperm and egg nuclei fuse, fertilization is complete.
The fertilized egg then begins a 5 day journey down the fallopian tube (oviduct) toward the uterus.
During the journey, the zygote undergoes many divisions.
What type of division does it undergo?
By the time it reaches the uterus, it is an embryo that looks like a tiny ball of cells
7B Human reproduction – Fertilisation
Human reproduction begins with fertilisation.
The next step is called implantation.
In implantation, the tiny embryo becomes embedded in the lining of the mother’s uterus.
Implantation is successful only about 30 percent of the time.
http://health.howstuffworks.com/human-reproduction11.htm
Trimesters: Human pregnancy can be divided into three-month stages.
First Trimester 0- 3This lasts from fertilization to the end of the
third month.Once the embryo is implanted in the uterus,
the placenta begins to grow.What is the function of the placenta?
The placenta supplies food and oxygen from the mother’s blood to the developing embryo.
It contains a network of blood vessels that links the embryo to the mother. Waste from embryos blood diffuses into mothers blood
By the fourth week of pregnancy, the embryo is about 2-7 millimeters long. (500 times larger than fertilized egg)
The four chambered heart has formedBrain becomes visibleLimb bud with tiny fingers and toes
By the end of the second month: cartilage is replaced by bone
Embryo is called fetusmost body parts formedArms and legs begin to move Sucking reflex can be seenWhat is the difference Between an embryo and A fetus?
http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery-health/6909-ultimate-guide-to-pregnancy-month-three-video.htm
It is surrounded by a thin, protective membrane called the amnion.
Inside the amnion and surrounding the embryo, is amniotic fluid that protects the embryo from shocks.
The umbilical cord has also formed.What is the function of the umbilical
cord?
It contains arteries and veins that connect the embryo to the placenta.
It enters the embryo’s body at the umbilicus, or naval.
The blood of the mother and fetus do not mix together.
Oxygen and nutrients pass from the mother’s blood to the fetus through the placenta and umbilical cord. (smoking= bad)
Waste products like carbon dioxide pass from the fetus to the mother’s blood for removal.
Second Trimester 4-6 monthsThe 57-mm fetus moves enough for to be
felt by the mother All the organs have been formedAnd like other mammals soft hairs cover the
entire bodyIn the forth month the fetus begins to
swallow amniotic fluid and hiccup and suck its thumb
In the 6th month eyelids and eyelashes formMost cartilage in the skeleton has been
replaced by bone
Third Trimester 7-9 monthsThe organ systems that developed in the 1st and
second trimester will now function properlyAll that remains will to increase body mass
http://health.howstuffworks.com/how-a-fetus-grows3.htm#
Birth The mother goes through a series of
contractions called parturition: the process of birth.
The cervix dialates and the amniotic membrane breaks (“water”) and lubricates the canal
The fetus is pushed, headfirst, through her vagina (birth canal).
The baby is still connected to the placenta by the umbilical cord.
When the doctor ties and cuts the umbilical cord, birth is complete.
Hormones and BirthHormones play a vital role in the birthing
processRelaxin is produced by the placenta= causes
ligaments in the pelvis to loosen. This provides flexibility.
Prior to labour- the hormone oxytocin is secreted by the pituitary gland
This causes strong uterine contractions which push the baby into the birth canal
After the placenta is expelled, secretion of estrogen and proesterone stops
If the mother does not breast feed her menstrual cycle begins within a few months
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