how do i get there? navigating the map in your head
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: How Do I Get There? Navigating the Map in your Head](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042715/559cf2b71a28ab8d288b45fe/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
How Do I Get There?Navigating the Map in your Head
Navaneethan Santhanam
Johns Hopkins University
12th May 2014
![Page 2: How Do I Get There? Navigating the Map in your Head](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042715/559cf2b71a28ab8d288b45fe/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Giving Directions
• Think of a time you gave someone directions– What did you include?
– What did you leave out?
– Why?
• Important for others to understand your directions– How do we know what
they might use?
![Page 3: How Do I Get There? Navigating the Map in your Head](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042715/559cf2b71a28ab8d288b45fe/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Google Maps in the US
• Focus on
– Street names
– Directions
– Distances
• Why?
– Clear street signs
– Standardized
– Vernacular names = Official names
![Page 4: How Do I Get There? Navigating the Map in your Head](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042715/559cf2b71a28ab8d288b45fe/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Google Maps in India
• Focus on
– Street names
– Distances
– LANDMARKS
• Why?
– Street signs hard to find
– Signs not standardized
– Vernacular names ≠ Official names
![Page 5: How Do I Get There? Navigating the Map in your Head](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042715/559cf2b71a28ab8d288b45fe/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Individual Cue Preferences vary
Some people prefer using orientation
Others prefer using landmarks
“Head North and then East” “Turn right after the Transamerica Building”
![Page 6: How Do I Get There? Navigating the Map in your Head](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042715/559cf2b71a28ab8d288b45fe/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Cognitive Maps & Navigation
• We all have different ‘cognitive maps’
– Internal map of the world around us
– Shaped by individual preferences
– Contains info about aspects of environment
• Google Maps in India
– Understood Indian users’ needs/preferences
– Provided info in straightforward manner
![Page 7: How Do I Get There? Navigating the Map in your Head](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042715/559cf2b71a28ab8d288b45fe/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
‘Our environments give us many options about what to use while navigating. With so many cues to choose from, which ones do we pick, and how do we use them?’
![Page 8: How Do I Get There? Navigating the Map in your Head](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042715/559cf2b71a28ab8d288b45fe/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Roadmap
• Different Types of Cues
– What are Orientation Cues?
– Orientation Cues vs. Local Landmarks
– Why this distinction?
• How might Orientation Cues be useful?
– Intuition, Hypotheses & Predictions
– Experimental Findings
• What next?
![Page 9: How Do I Get There? Navigating the Map in your Head](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042715/559cf2b71a28ab8d288b45fe/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Navigational Information Sources
Orientation Cues
Cues that provide info about orientation but not position
– Not informative about position within environment
Examples – constellations, mountains, city skyline
Operational Definition – does the cue provide position information or not?
![Page 10: How Do I Get There? Navigating the Map in your Head](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042715/559cf2b71a28ab8d288b45fe/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Navigational Information Sources
Cues that provide position (and orientation) information
– Appearance depends on both position & heading
Examples – stores, street signs
Local Landmarks
Operational Definition – does the cue provide position information or not?
![Page 11: How Do I Get There? Navigating the Map in your Head](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042715/559cf2b71a28ab8d288b45fe/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
A bit more about Orientation Cues
![Page 12: How Do I Get There? Navigating the Map in your Head](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042715/559cf2b71a28ab8d288b45fe/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Orientation Cues in Rodent Studies
• How have they been used?
– Rodents run in mazes with little or no cues inside
– Distinguishing extra-maze cues on walls of room
![Page 13: How Do I Get There? Navigating the Map in your Head](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042715/559cf2b71a28ab8d288b45fe/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Orientation Cues in Rodent Studies
Long history in rodent maze studies
– Rats extremely sensitive to orientation cues
• Removing/rotating cues affected behavior
– Shown in various types of mazes
• T-Maze, Radial Arm Maze, Water Maze
![Page 14: How Do I Get There? Navigating the Map in your Head](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042715/559cf2b71a28ab8d288b45fe/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Orientation Cues in Human Navigation?
• Do the rodent results translate to humans?
– Mazes set up to favor orientation cues
• Few (if any) landmarks
– If local landmark are present, rats do use them
![Page 15: How Do I Get There? Navigating the Map in your Head](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042715/559cf2b71a28ab8d288b45fe/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Orientation Cues in Human Navigation?
• Do the rodent results translate to humans?
– Human environments have many local cues
– May not need orientation cues to navigate
![Page 16: How Do I Get There? Navigating the Map in your Head](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042715/559cf2b71a28ab8d288b45fe/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Role of Orientation Cues in Navigation
• Help establish & maintain orientation
– May be disoriented without these cues
– Unable to reach destinations without them
• Provide sense of global structure
– Allow navigators to take direct paths
– Removal may result in reliance on the previously-seen familiar paths
![Page 17: How Do I Get There? Navigating the Map in your Head](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042715/559cf2b71a28ab8d288b45fe/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Solution Index
LEARNING: Video tour with multiple chances to learn environment
NAVIGATION: Participants navigate to targets in environment
Dual Solution Paradigm (DSP)
Marchette, Bakker, & Shelton, 2011
LEARNING NAVIGATION
Familiar Path
Novel Shortcut
Familiar Paths Shortcuts
![Page 18: How Do I Get There? Navigating the Map in your Head](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042715/559cf2b71a28ab8d288b45fe/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Video of environment
![Page 19: How Do I Get There? Navigating the Map in your Head](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042715/559cf2b71a28ab8d288b45fe/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Experimental Design
• Orientation Cues
– 4 different mountains surrounding environment
– At ‘visual infinity’: only orientation info
• Learning
– Guided tour of environment
• Navigation– Cues Present: 50% of trials with mountains
– Cues Absent: 50% of trials mountains removed
![Page 20: How Do I Get There? Navigating the Map in your Head](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042715/559cf2b71a28ab8d288b45fe/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Prediction: Do we need orientation cues?
PREDICTION: Orientation cues required for success Why?
• Navigators use mountains to remain oriented while navigating
• Removing mountains disorients navigators
• Unable to reach target
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
CUES PRESENT CUES ABSENT
![Page 21: How Do I Get There? Navigating the Map in your Head](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042715/559cf2b71a28ab8d288b45fe/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Results: Do we need orientation cues?
Prediction Result
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
CUES PRESENT CUES ABSENT
% O
F TA
RG
ETS
FOU
ND
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
CUES PRESENT CUES ABSENT
% O
F TA
RG
ETS
FOU
ND
Removing Orientation Cues does not affect navigational success
![Page 22: How Do I Get There? Navigating the Map in your Head](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042715/559cf2b71a28ab8d288b45fe/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Prediction: Do orientation cues help us navigate more directly?
PREDICTION: Fewer shortcuts when mountains are removed Why?
• No mountains reduced global structure info
• Navigators use mountains to orient towards target
• Without mountains, navigators rely on past experience0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
CUES PRESENT CUES ABSENT
% T
AR
GET
S FO
UN
D U
SIN
G S
HO
RTC
UTS
MoreFamiliar Paths
More Shortcuts
![Page 23: How Do I Get There? Navigating the Map in your Head](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042715/559cf2b71a28ab8d288b45fe/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Results: Do orientation cues help us navigate more directly?
Prediction Results
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
CUES PRESENT CUES ABSENT
% T
AR
GET
S FO
UN
D U
SIN
G S
HO
RTC
UTS
MoreFamiliar Paths
More Shortcuts
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
CUES PRESENT CUES ABSENT
% T
AR
GET
S FO
UN
D U
SIN
G S
HO
RTC
UTS
Removing Orientation Cues does not affect shortcut usage
![Page 24: How Do I Get There? Navigating the Map in your Head](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042715/559cf2b71a28ab8d288b45fe/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Interim Conclusions: Experiment 1
• Orientation Cues don’t see to matter
– Removing cues didn’t affect success
– Removing cues didn’t affect solution used
• Why might this be happening?
– Navigation may not depend on orientation cues
• Landmarks may compensate during navigation
– Orientation cues may serve different function
• Measures not sensitive to what they actually do
![Page 25: How Do I Get There? Navigating the Map in your Head](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042715/559cf2b71a28ab8d288b45fe/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Establishing Orientation
• Use Orientation Cues before navigating
– Coming out of a subway and using skyline to orient
![Page 26: How Do I Get There? Navigating the Map in your Head](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042715/559cf2b71a28ab8d288b45fe/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
• Use Local Landmarks to guide navigation
– Use storefronts, billboards, street signs, etc to guide movements
![Page 27: How Do I Get There? Navigating the Map in your Head](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042715/559cf2b71a28ab8d288b45fe/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
New Hypothesis: Initial Orientation
• Help establish orientation
– Help navigators orient when initially in environment
• Does initial orientation differ between Present & Absent trials?
– Need task that focuses on initial orientation
– Task should also reduce influence of local landmarks
& maintain & maintain
![Page 28: How Do I Get There? Navigating the Map in your Head](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042715/559cf2b71a28ab8d288b45fe/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
‘Initial Orientation’ Task
• Use Dual Solution environment
– Measure of cue effects on establishing orientation
– Try to keep task as similar as possible
• Judge target orientation
– Participant indicates target direction from start location
– No translation allowed, only rotation
• Restrict ability to use landmarks
![Page 29: How Do I Get There? Navigating the Map in your Head](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042715/559cf2b71a28ab8d288b45fe/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Task Structure
Orientation CuesSame as previous study
LearningGuided tour of environment
![Page 30: How Do I Get There? Navigating the Map in your Head](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042715/559cf2b71a28ab8d288b45fe/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Task Structure
TestProcedure
– Participant dropped at start location & provided target
– Participant turns & orients to face goal location
Conditions
– Present condition: 50% of trials with mountains
– Absent condition: 50% of trials mountains removed
![Page 31: How Do I Get There? Navigating the Map in your Head](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042715/559cf2b71a28ab8d288b45fe/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Angular Error (θerr)Definition – diff between participant’s final direction & actual direction from starting point
θerr
Participant’s pointing direction
Actual object direction
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Cues Present Cues Absent
An
gula
r Er
ror
Predicted Angular Error
![Page 32: How Do I Get There? Navigating the Map in your Head](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042715/559cf2b71a28ab8d288b45fe/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Results: Angular Error
Prediction Result
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
CUES PRESENT CUES ABSENT
AN
GU
LAR
ER
RO
R (
de
gre
es)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
CUES PRESENT CUES ABSENT
AN
GU
LAR
ER
RO
R (
de
gre
es)
Having Orientation Cues does not improve accuracy
![Page 33: How Do I Get There? Navigating the Map in your Head](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042715/559cf2b71a28ab8d288b45fe/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Interim Conclusions: Experiment 2
• Had no impact on judgments– No improvement in angular error on
Present vs. Absent trials
– Also looked at: rotation time, initiation time
• HOWEVER: Are Present & Absent trials treated the same way?– Don’t know if same strategy used for both
– May use different approach if orientation cue removal is noticed
![Page 34: How Do I Get There? Navigating the Map in your Head](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042715/559cf2b71a28ab8d288b45fe/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Open Questions
• Shift to landmarks if cue removal noticed?
– Orientation Cues used when available
– If Orientation Cues absent, landmarks used
– Cue absence causes a strategy switch
• Do participants use available Orientation Cues?
– Keep cues throughout Navigation phase
–Rotate cues in 50% of trials
– Compare navigation for Original vs. Rotated
![Page 35: How Do I Get There? Navigating the Map in your Head](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042715/559cf2b71a28ab8d288b45fe/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Experiment: Rotated Orientation Cues
Use Dual Solution navigation task
Orientation Cues Same as previous study
LearningGuided tour of environment (same as previous studies)
Navigation
Present condition: 50% of trials with mountains
Rotated condition: 50% of trials mountains rotated
![Page 36: How Do I Get There? Navigating the Map in your Head](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042715/559cf2b71a28ab8d288b45fe/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Rotated Cues: Schematic
0°
![Page 37: How Do I Get There? Navigating the Map in your Head](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042715/559cf2b71a28ab8d288b45fe/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Rotated Cues: Schematic
180°
![Page 38: How Do I Get There? Navigating the Map in your Head](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042715/559cf2b71a28ab8d288b45fe/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Rotated Cues: Measures
• Effects in overall navigation performance
– Still look at Success Rate & Solution Index
– May not see effect in such ‘global’ measures
• Local Landmarks may take over nav
• Rotated cues could disorient at start
– Compare Time to Initiate Movement for Original & Rotated cue trials
![Page 39: How Do I Get There? Navigating the Map in your Head](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042715/559cf2b71a28ab8d288b45fe/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Predictions: Success Rate
Prediction: Rotating cues reduces success rate Why?
• Navigators disoriented by rotation of cues
• May find it difficult to use cues to navigate successfully
• Unlikely since we haven’t seen such effects in previous experiment0
20
40
60
80
100
ORIGINAL CUES ROTATED CUES
Succ
ess
Rat
e
![Page 40: How Do I Get There? Navigating the Map in your Head](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042715/559cf2b71a28ab8d288b45fe/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Preliminary Results: Success Rate
Prediction ResultsPRELIMINARY n = 11
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
ORIGINAL CUES ROTATED CUES
% o
f TA
RG
ETS
FOU
ND
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
ORIGINAL CUES ROTATED CUES
% o
f TA
RG
ETS
FOU
ND
Rotating Orientation Cues does not affect navigational success
![Page 41: How Do I Get There? Navigating the Map in your Head](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042715/559cf2b71a28ab8d288b45fe/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Predictions: Solution Index
Predictions: Rotating cues reduces shortcut use Why?
• Rotating cues disorients navigators
• May make them rely on previously-seen paths
• Unlikely, since we don’t see this effect in previous study
MoreFamiliar
Paths
More Shortcuts
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
ORIGINAL CUES ROTATED CUES
% T
AR
GET
S FO
UN
D U
SIN
G S
HO
RTC
UTS
![Page 42: How Do I Get There? Navigating the Map in your Head](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042715/559cf2b71a28ab8d288b45fe/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Results: Solution Index (Preliminary)
Prediction Results
MoreFamiliar Paths
More Shortcuts
PRELIMINARY n = 11
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
ORIGINAL CUES ROTATED CUES
% T
AR
GET
S FO
UN
D U
SIN
G S
HO
RTC
UTS
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
ORIGINAL CUES ROTATED CUES
% T
AR
GET
S FO
UN
D U
SIN
G S
HO
RTC
UTS
Rotating Orientation Cues does not lead to reduced shortcut usage
![Page 43: How Do I Get There? Navigating the Map in your Head](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042715/559cf2b71a28ab8d288b45fe/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Prediction: Time to Initiate Movement
Rotating orientation cues increases time to start moving Why?
• Rotating cues may stump participants
• Not sure which way to go initially
• Most likely effect if cues help in establishing orientation0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
ORIGINAL CUES ROTATED CUES
Tim
e t
o In
itia
te M
ove
me
nt
(s)
![Page 44: How Do I Get There? Navigating the Map in your Head](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042715/559cf2b71a28ab8d288b45fe/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Prelim Results: Time to Initiate Movement
Prediction ResultsPRELIMINARY n = 11
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
ORIGINAL CUES ROTATED CUES
TIM
E TO
INIT
IATE
MO
VEM
ENT
(s)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
ORIGINAL CUES ROTATED CUES
TIM
E TO
INIT
IATE
MO
VEM
ENT
(s)
Rotating Orientation Cues does not lead to longer ‘Time to Initiate’
![Page 45: How Do I Get There? Navigating the Map in your Head](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042715/559cf2b71a28ab8d288b45fe/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Conclusions so far…
• What do we know about orientation cues?– Don’t seem to be critical for navigation/orientation
in these environments
– Typical human environments may not require such cues• Our environments are less ‘locally-rich’ than real world
• When (if ever) are they used?– If orientation cues perfectly predict navigational goal
– If local landmarks are uninformative/confusing• Need to test by reducing local landmarks during navigation
![Page 46: How Do I Get There? Navigating the Map in your Head](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042715/559cf2b71a28ab8d288b45fe/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Future Directions
• Eliminate local landmarks
– What exactly is a local landmark?
– Lots of redundant sources of nav info
– What kind of info do landmarks give us?
• Remove alcoves (where objects are located)
– Might find it impossible to navigate
• Remove objects
– Might change representation of environment
![Page 47: How Do I Get There? Navigating the Map in your Head](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042715/559cf2b71a28ab8d288b45fe/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Relevance
• Understanding how we navigate is important
– Understand individual preferences for cues
– Understanding how we use them
• How does this help us?
– Customize navigational experience for each person
– Highlight cues specific to each individual
– Important for tools such as Google Maps & Google Glass
![Page 48: How Do I Get There? Navigating the Map in your Head](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042715/559cf2b71a28ab8d288b45fe/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Acknowledgements
Thank you to everyone in the Shelton Lab!
Dr. Amy Shelton
Dr. Amy Stephens
Ben Nelligan
Dr. Steven Marchette
Andrew Furman