Slide 1

How Dietary Enzymes Work to Reduce Diet Cost

R. Dean Boyd, Ph D

Technical Director – The Hanor Company

Cate Rush, MSci.

Nutritionist and Research Manager

National Pork Board – Animal Science Committee;

Feed Cost Mitigation Tactic, 2017

Feed Cost Mitigation Tactic –

FCM Research Tactic was initiated in 2012 in order to

reduce Feed Cost. Research Priorities included a

number of aspects, the TOP 3 being –

Increase Nutrient extraction from diets so lower cost

diets can be used without compromising ADG or FCR.

Strategies: a) Feed Enzymes, b) Processing methods.

Use Dietary Enzymes to Improve use of LO-Energy

Ingredients (Hi-NDF) and reduce dependence on Corn.

Identify Functional Ingredients that mitigate the

adverse impact of disease on Growth, FCE.

This Presentation identifies Feed Enzyme opportunities.

$1

.32

$2

.42

$2

.00

$3

.04

$4

.20

$4

.06

$3

.55

$5

.18

$6

.22

$6

.89

$4

.46

$3

.70

$3

.61

$3

.35

$3

.30

$-

$1.00

$2.00

$3.00

$4.00

$5.00

$6.00

$7.00

$8.00

194

5-6

5

197

5-9

5

200

5

200

6

200

7

200

8

200

9

201

0

2011

2012

2013

2014

201

5

201

6

201

7

Corn, US, $/bu paid to farmers, Source: USDA https://data.ers.usda.gov/FEED-GRAINS-custom-query.aspx

$1

97

.92

$1

74

.10

$2

05

.46

$3

34

.29

$3

31

.17

$3

11

.27

$3

45

.52

$3

93

.69

$4

68

.21

$4

90

.13

$3

68

.48

$3

24

.56

$-

$100.00

$200.00

$300.00

$400.00

$500.00

$600.00

198

5-9

5

2005

200

6

200

7

200

8

200

9

201

0

201

1

201

2

201

3

201

4

201

5

SBM, US, $/ton High Protein, Wholesale, Source: USDA https://data.ers.usda.gov/FEED-GRAINS-custom-query.aspx

Tactic Relevance over 2012-2016 Life-cycle ?

HOW Feed Enzyme Science Fits Feed Cost

Mitigation Strategy –

Feed Enzyme effectiveness, beyond Phytase, seems more

easily demonstrated in Poultry (Carbohydrases) as compared

to Pigs. Nevertheless, several opportunities emerged that

will be Illustrated –

1. Nutrient Uplift (amino acids, energy) with high Phytase.

2. Phytate destruction by Phytase super-dose reduces

nursery diet cost.

3. Xylanase improved pig viability.

4. Improving energy release from high-fiber, LO energy

ingredients is possible but difficult.

1.60

1.65

1.70

1.75

1.80

1.85

1.90

1.95

2.00

0 0 0 600 900 1200

1.16 1.07 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97

FTU/kg Diet / TID Lysine %

ADG Response to Lysine Deficit

0.500

0.540

0.580

0.620

0.660

0 0 0 600 900 1200

1.16 1.07 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97

FTU/kg Diet / TID Lysine %

FCR Response to Lysine Deficit

I. First Illustration of Improved Nutrient Access

Ex. First Illustration of apparent Nutrient Release by Higher Phytase Doses

Nutrient Release established as significant.

Question - How much is Amino Acids vs Energy ?

Illustration of Improved Nutrient Access

Outcome after a Series of Trials –

Balance between Lysine and Energy release estimated thru

a series of Growth assays. Digestibility assays important to

estimate Net release of Amino Acids and Energy.

Diet Model to Validate HI-Phytase Nutrient benefit(AA, NE):

Memo H 2008-07

CONTROL NEG CON NEG+ENZ

Adequate Deficit Deficit

ADG 910 850 905 g/d

FCR 2.50 2.62 2.51 kg/kg

FC

E, k

g/k

g

CONTROL NEG CON NEG + ENZ

POS C NEG C NEG C + NEG C +

Super-Phytase, FTU 0 0 1800 1200

Xylanase, U - - - 4000

Diet Cost, $/Ton 315.3 305.6 306.1 306.7

No. Pens 19 20 20 20

No. Pigs Placed 419 441 443 441

Initial Pig Weight, lbs 70.1 70.0 70.1 70.1

70 to 280 Lbs Growth

End Weight, lbs 282.6 278.2 279.9 282.0

. Gain, lbs 212.5 208.2 209.8 211.9

. ADG 2.10 2.06 2.08 2.09

. FCR 2.75 2.79 2.75 2.75

Feed/212 Lbs gain, $/p 84.54 83.13 82.07 82.23

Feed Advan. over PC - 1.41 2.47 2.31

VARIABLE Time, $/p Value Creation & Time Correction

Marginal Gain, Lbs/p 0 -4.3 -2.7 -0.6

NET Advan. vs PC, $/p 0 0.58 1.95 2.19

Illustration of Nutrient Access in Practice

Res Memo H 2013-6

II. Gut Health Compromise by SBM Limits its

Use in Weaned Pig Diets ?

Adverse Reactions to Feed Ingredients –

Food Type Does Compromise Gut Health and Viability

in Weaned Pigs Transition Diets limit on SBM level.

Anti-Nutrient Components (SBM B-Mannans, Phytate)

Elicit Medical treatment in young pigs in practice.

2014 USB Funded Project: NCSUIncrease SBM use in Nursery transition diets by super-

dosing with Phytase to destroy anti-nutrient, Phytate,

thereby decreasing diet cost by increasing SBM limit

without compromising stool firmness and growth.

Composition of Experimental Diets

Phase 1 (4 lbs/pig) Phase 2 (12 lbs/pig) Phase 3

Ingredient, lbs/ton LO-SBM HI-SBM LO-SBM HI-SBM Common

Corn 377 271 1062 903 1035

Soybean Meal 47.5 310 501 380 580 650

DDGS 100 100 120 120 200

Steamed Oats 400 400 - - -

Fat, CWG 60 105 62 98 46

Poultry Meal 160 12 160 82 -

Dairy Lac 439 439 122 122 -

Plasma 85 85 25 25 -

AB-V Phytase TR + + + + -

Other 69 87 69 70 69

DIET COST, $/Ton 633.5 615.0 472.8 450.1 317.1

. . . . . . . . . . . . Ceiling Lift = $0.44 / pig . . . . . . . . . . .

Impact of SBM Level and Phytase Level on Fecal

Scores (Initial 6 d)

1.00

1.05

1.10

1.15

1.20

1.25

1.30

0 1250 2500 3750

Feca

l Sco

re

Phytase, FTU/kg

Low SBM High SBM

SEM = 0.10; SBM effect, P = 0.125

Main Effect of Phytase Level on Gain and FCR

Gentle Improvement and Quadratic

Super-dose of Phytase Eliminated Fecal Looseness

in HI-SBM Diets Diet Cost Reduction ?

Certain Ingredients (or lack of) can have Adverse

Effects on Gut Barrier Function ? (From Dr. A. Moeser)

The GUT wall is a vital line of defense against Pathogens. This GUT

Barrier to Infection can be disrupted by Production stressors,

Pathogens and Diet (or lack of) have long- and short-term Outcomes.

While studying whether the enzyme Xylanase improved

access of energy from LO-energy, High-Fiber ingredients,

in Pigs, a benefit emerged that we did not anticipate –

Improved Finish Pig Viability.

Technologies that increase livability and improve the ability

to thrive (fewer cull pigs) have high Economic impact.

III. Improved Finish Pig Viability

Improved Viability with Porzyme Xylanase is

Dose-Related – LO Immune Stress (25 to 300 lbs)

SEM, 0.82 Linear, P = 0.126

Rush, Tillman, Remus and Boyd, 2014 (Res Memo 2014-15)

A Possible Mechanism by Which Xylanase

Improves Finish Pig Viability

Xylanases breakdown cell wall NSP esp. Arabino-Xylans to

smallers Xylo Oligomers. The latter are Prebiotic Oligosaccharides

which as fermented support the growth of beneficial gut

microflora and suppress growth of pathogenic bacteria.

This possible shift in Microbiome Balance is due to a change in

substrate type, which favors beneficial bacteria. Pathogens tend

to use Protein based substrates. Butyric acid is also produced

which is important to epithelial cell growth.

A beneficial Microbiome supports good Intestinal barrier function

and reduces the local response to Immune challenge against

pathogenic bacteria. One could envision less gut immune tissue,

resulting in a higher Carcass Yield; hence improved Carcass FCR.

IV. Tough Frontier – High Fiber, Low Energy

Ingredients

Expensive Corn and SBM caused diets to become more complex for

almost all farmers, not just Nutrition Firms and large Integrators.

Corn DDGS became a staple and more began to use other grain by-

products such as Wheat Midds, High Fat Rice Bran . . .

NPB Research Funds immediately directed to understanding how to

feed DDGS and other Grain by-products. Never more than with DDGS.

By-product use not New but had to be more detailed than in the past.

Had to know what Nutrition firms mostly knew.

Potential for 3 by-product ingredients shown in next slide -

Potential of High Fiber, Low Energy Ingredients

is High . . .

So Much Opportunity but How to Access ?

1791 2171 1941 1792

100.0

121.2

108.4

100.1

100

88

71

79

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

140.0

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

CORN DDGS 6.5 C. Germ Midds 22

Corn Energy Compared to Other Grains

Gross Energy, Kcal/lb Gross Energy, % Corn STD Net Energy, % Corn

Tough Frontier – High Fiber, Low Energy

Ingredients.

Webinar Series going forward –

Project reports of bottom-line information from studies dealing with

Carbohydrases and Pre-milling treatment.

Dr. Pedro Urriola. Carbohydrase enzymes on Midds, DDGS

Access to energy is different for Midds vs DDGS

Dr. Eric van Heugten and Kees DeLange.

Multiple Carbohydrases gently improved ADG, FCR.

Pre-milling Steeping not helpful.

Dr. Merlin Lindemann.

Xylanase impact on Fiber digestion in diet with multiple LO-

energy ingredients

Take-home Message

Ending Where We Started

1. High Phytase dose causes amino acid and

energy release.

2. High Phytase dose reduce early Nursery diet

cost (SBM elevation).

3. Xylanase improves Finish pig viability and may

gently improve Fiber digestion.

4. Carbohydrases slightly improve value of High

Fiber ingredients but may not be equivalent to

25-30 lbs Fat.