how did early psychologists study the structures and functions of the mind? do now: why do you think...
TRANSCRIPT
How did early psychologists study the structures and functions of the
mind?
Do Now: Why do you think we need to learn psychology?
In the beginning…
Psychology is as old as we are
Trephination
How did early psychologists study the structures and functions of the mind?
Plato and Democritus
How did early psychologists study the structures and functions of the mind?
Epistemology
What makes the way we study Psych now different?
Scientific Method
How did early psychologists study the structures and functions of the mind?
Wilhelm Wundt
Set of the first psychology lab in Leipzig, Germany
How did early psychologists study the structures and functions of the mind?
How does one study the structures of the mind?
Introspection
How did early psychologists study the structures and functions of the mind?
What is Introspection?
Experiments based in Epistemology
Wundt thought that is we train people to explain their thoughts in a scientific manner we may find truthCritics say it is like trying to examine a car by looking at all of its parts disconnected from one another.
How did early psychologists study the structures and functions of the mind?
Wundt and Titchener
Theory of Structuralism was developed from Introspection
What do you think Structuralism is?
How did early psychologists study the structures and functions of the mind?
Structuralism
Our consciousness
How it is organized into complex experiences
How these experiences are related to physical events
How did early psychologists study the structures and functions of the mind?
Time Out!!! Recap:
Structuralism:– Elements of the mind (analysis through
introspection)– Tear apart the elements of the mind and
study them individually
How did early psychologists study the structures and functions of the mind?
Beyond just the structures of the mind…
William James
The Principles of Psychology
Influenced by Charles Darwin
How did early psychologists study the structures and functions of the mind?
James and Functionalism
Can we separate the elements of the mind?
James believed in a stream of consciousness: our consciousness is ever changing, never the same and can not be divided into parts.
Behavior– Where does it fit?– What is its function?
How did early psychologists study the structures and functions of the mind?
Functionalism
How do people adapt to their environment?
The function of our behaviors is survival.
Our behaviors are significant.
How did early psychologists study the structures and functions of the mind?
Summary
Why did structuralism die out?
Is introspection a measurable process? Why or why not?
What is the significance of what Functionalism calls our Stream of Consciousness?
How did early psychologists study the structures and functions of the mind?
What is context?
Do Now:Paintings
How does Gestalt Psychology differ from Structuralism and Functionalism?
1. How do these paintings makeyou feel?
2. Why do these paintings make you feel that way?
The ScreamEdvard Munch
Water LiliesClaude Monet
What is the difference?
Its not just the problem, but the context of the problem.
Do you agree with this? Why or why not?
How does Gestalt Psychology differ from Structuralism and Functionalism?
Redefining “lab”
Wundt, the Father of Psychology, used a lab. What do you think Gestalt Psychologists used?
Gestalt Psychologist observe people in the “real world”
How does Gestalt Psychology differ from Structuralism and Functionalism?
Max Wertheimer
Argued against dividing human thought and behavior into separate structures.
Gestalt Psychology
“The whole is different from the sum of its parts.”
Our understanding of objects is greater and more meaningful than the individual elements.
How does Gestalt Psychology differ from Structuralism and Functionalism?
How does Gestalt Psychology differ from Structuralism and Functionalism?
What do you see?
Summary
In one sentence, explain how Gestalt Psychology is different from Structuralism and Functionalism.
For Homework: Pick one perspective (Structuralism or Gestalt) and explain why you think it makes the most sense.
How does Gestalt Psychology differ from Structuralism and Functionalism?
Is Freud’s Theory of Consciousness Valid?
In pairs: Write a short story that involves a character who is trying to resolve a problem with a devil and an angel on his/her shoulder.
Is Freud’s Theory of Consciousness Valid
Freud and the Unconscious Mind
Through psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud believed he discovered the unconscious mind.
Is Freud’s Theory of Consciousness Valid?
Well, what is Psychoanalysis?
Psychoanalysis is theory which explains human nature and is used as a method of treatment for psychological problems.
Is Freud’s Theory of Consciousness Valid?
Psychoanalysis is multi-faceted
Is Freud’s Theory of Consciousness Valid?
Psychoanalysis is multi-faceted
Elements of Psychoanalysis:Our personalities are unique, and were developed early in our livesOur unconscious mind influences our thoughts and actionsOur past shapes our futureWe are constantly developing throughout our lives
Is Freud’s Theory of Consciousness Valid?
The Unconscious Mind
The Id
The Ego
The Superego
Is Freud’s Theory of Consciousness Valid?
The Unconscious Mind
IDResponds to stimuli
Satisfies needsAggressiveImpulsive
EGO“Balancer”
SUPEREGOGuilt
Follows the rulesIs “the law”
Puts others above themselves
Is Freud’s Theory of Consciousness Valid?
IdishFight all the time
Careless with money
Sexually aggressive
Whine if they don’t get what they want
Demanding
Never satisfied
Is Freud’s Theory of Consciousness Valid?
Superegoed
Guilty
Paranoid
Follow “the rules”
Fearful
Withdrawn
Nervous
Is Freud’s Theory of Consciousness Valid?
“Rugrats”
What the following episode and determine which baby is which part of our unconscious mind.
Id
Ego
Superego
Is Freud’s Theory of Consciousness Valid?
Summary
In the cartoon “Rugrats”, which baby represented the Id? Ego? Superego?
Why?
Homework: Describe a time in your life that you were “idish” or “superegoed”.
Is Freud’s Theory of Consciousness Valid?
Nature versus Nurture
Aim: Is our personality determined by nature or nurture?
Do Now: Describe the environment you grew up in.
Time to share!
Find a partner and share your Do Now answers.
Do you think you would be the same person if you grew up in your partner’s environment? Why or why not?
Do you think you would be the same person if you grew up during a different time period? Why or why not?
Is our personality determined by nature or nurture?
Nature versus Nurture
The Nature versus Nurture debate is multi-faceted and may never truly be answered.
Why do you think this is?
Is our personality determined by nature or nurture?
Ivan Pavlov
Pavlov’s Dogs
Is our personality determined by nature or nurture?
Classical Conditioning
The Unconditional Stimulus is unconditional, natural, and automatically triggers a response.
For example, when you smell one of your favorite foods, you may immediately feel very hungry. In this example, the smell of the food is the unconditioned stimulus.
Is our personality determined by nature or nurture?
Classical Conditioning continued…
The Unconditioned Response is the unlearned response that occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus.
In our example, the feeling of hunger in response to the smell of food is the unconditioned response.
Is our personality determined by nature or nurture?
Classical Conditioning continued…
The Conditioned Stimulus is previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response.
In our earlier example, suppose that when you smelled your favorite food, you also heard the sound of a whistle. While the whistle is unrelated to the smell of the food, if the sound of the whistle was paired multiple times with the smell, the sound would eventually trigger the conditioned response. In this case, the sound of the whistle is the conditioned stimulus.
Is our personality determined by nature or nurture?
Classical Conditioning continued…
The Conditioned Response is the learned response to the previously neutral stimulus.
In our example, the conditioned response would be feeling hungry when you heard the sound of the whistle.
Is our personality determined by nature or nurture?
Pavlov’s Dogs
Is our personality determined by nature or nurture?
Pavlov’s Dogs Summary
Unconditioned Stimulus = Food
Unconditioned Response = Salivation
Conditioned Stimulus = Bell
Conditioned Response = Salivation
Summary
Analyze one of your behaviors to determine if you have been conditioned to act that way (nurture), or if you were born that way (nature).
Is our personality determined by nature or nurture?
How can Conditioning Impact Human Behavior?
Do Now: Describe a time when you stop doing something because something bad happened when you were doing.
For example: I stopped eating strawberries because one time I was eating one and fell of the kitchen chair.
John B. Watson
Behaviorism: Our actions, thoughts, and emotions are all behaviors. We can observe these behaviors scientifically, and change them to treat psychological disorders.
Let’s read the article!
How can Conditioning impact human behavior?
Little Albert Experiment
How can Conditioning impact human behavior?
Little Albert Experiment
Little Albert was given time to play with a rat. Little Albert enjoyed playing with the rat.
The next time Little Albert was given the rat to play with, a loud noise was sounded behind him.
From this point, each time Little Albert saw the rat, he would cry and turn away.
How can Conditioning impact human behavior?
Classical Conditioning and Little Albert
Unconditioned Stimulus: The loud noise
Unconditioned Response: Fear
Conditioned Stimulus: The white rat
Conditioned Response: Fear
How can Conditioning impact human behavior?
Can we reverse it?
Desensitization: when a subject is reintroduced to the Conditioned Stimulus without the Unconditioned Stimulus in order to remove the Conditioned Response
How can Conditioning impact human behavior?
Um…is there a problem here?
Why do you think the Little Albert Experiment is controversial?
How can Conditioning impact human behavior?
In Pairs
In our “experiment” earlier, tell me what the Unconditioned Stimulus, Unconditioned Response, Conditioned Stimulus, Conditioned Response
How can Conditioning impact human behavior?
Summary
How can Classical Conditioning potentially help a patient?
How can Conditioning impact human behavior?
How Can We Use Operant Conditioning to Alter Behavior?
Do Now: Define the following words:
1. Positive
2. Negative
B.F. Skinner
Used Positive and Negative Reinforcement to develop his theory of Operant Conditioning.
How Can We Use Operant Conditioning to Alter Behavior?
Reinforcement
B.F. Skinner developed Operant Conditioning which uses positive and negative reinforcement in order to get a desired behavior.
How Can We Use Operant Conditioning to Alter Behavior?
Positive Reinforcement
When a reward is given after a desired behavior.
• Example: a child makes his bed and his mom gives him a piece of candy.
• The child making the bed is the desired behavior and the candy is the positive reinforcement
How Can We Use Operant Conditioning to Alter Behavior?
Negative Reinforcement
• Taking away an adverse stimulus to increase a desired behavior.
• Example: There is always heavy traffic when I leave at 6:10, but if I leave at 5:55 there is no traffic.
• The heavy traffic is the adverse stimulus and my leaving at 5:55 is the negative reinforcement.
How Can We Use Operant Conditioning to Alter Behavior?
Another example for Negative Reinforcement
• A student has a hard time taking a test in a crowded and noisy room, so the teacher moves the student to another room.
• The crowded and noisy room is the negative stimulus, and the student doing well on the test is the desired behavior.
How Can We Use Operant Conditioning to Alter Behavior?
Punishment
• Negative Reinforcement is NOT a punishment.
• A punishment is when you add an undesirable stimulus in order to get a desired behavior.
How Can We Use Operant Conditioning to Alter Behavior?
Extinction
• When a behavior is weakened by lack of either a Positive or Negative Reinforcement.
• Example: When a student keeps raising their hand and the teacher does not call on her, or anybody else.
How Can We Use Operant Conditioning to Alter Behavior?
How Can We Use Operant Conditioning to Alter Behavior?
The Skinner Box
By shocking the rat until it pushed the bar, the rat was conditioned to perform a desired behavior using Negative Reinforcement.
How Can We Use Operant Conditioning to Alter Behavior?
Summary
• Exit Slip: Answer the following questions:• A police officer gives me a ticket for
driving to fast. This is an example of what?
• How could the police officer use Positive Reinforcement to get me to drive the speed limit?
How Can We Use Operant Conditioning to Alter Behavior?
Waves of Psychology
• Wave One: Introspection
• Wave Two: Gestalt Psychology
• Wave Three: Psychoanalysis
• Wave Four: Behaviorism
• Wave Five: Multiple Perspectives– Humanism, Psychoanalytic, Biopsychology,
Evolutionary, Behavioral, and Cognitive
What are our Basic Human Needs?
• Do Now: With a partner fill in the following triangle with what you think are our basic human needs. The most basic and important need goes on the bottom.
__________________________
___________
Group Activity
Examine the needs on the handout, and determine the hierarchy of these needs.
What are our Basic Human Needs?
Our most Basic Human Need
• Physiological Needs
• Air
• Water
• Food
• Rest
• Human Touch
What are our Basic Human Needs?
Safety
• Security
• Structure
• Free from fear
What are our Basic Human Needs?
Belonging and Love
• Intimate love
• Fitting in a group
• Give love
• Receive love
What are our Basic Human Needs?
Esteem
• Self respect
• Respect from others
• Success
• Recognition from others
What are our Basic Human Needs?
Self Actualization
• Ideal Self
• The realization of one’s potential
• Creativity
• Self-understanding
What are our Basic Human Needs?
Summary
Did Maslow get it right? Why or why not?
What are our Basic Human Needs?
According to Rogers, how can we Self-Actualize?
• "The organism has one basic tendency and striving - to actualize, maintain, and enhance the experiencing organism” Rogers, 1951
• Do Now: Answer the following questions:– What does it mean to “self-actualize”?– What needs need to be met in order to
get there?
Carl Rogers
• 1902-1987
• Client Centered Therapy
• Won the Nobel Peace Prize for his work with national inter-group conflict in South Africa and Northern Ireland
According to Rogers, how can we Self-Actualize?
Self-Concept
• Composed of three concepts:
1.Self Worth
2.Self Image
3.Ideal Self
According to Rogers, how can we Self-Actualize?
Self Worth
• What we think about ourselves.
• Our esteem is formed from our childhood and relationship with our parents/guardians.
According to Rogers, how can we Self-Actualize?
Self Image
• How we see ourselves.
• Body image.
• Whether we see ourselves as “good” or “bad” or “beautiful” or “ugly”
According to Rogers, how can we Self-Actualize?
Ideal Self
• The person we would like to be.
• This may be continually changing.
According to Rogers, how can we Self-Actualize?
Self Worth and Positive Regard
• Children have two basic needs:
1.Positive Regard from other people
2.Self-Worth
According to Rogers, how can we Self-Actualize?
Self Worth
• Continuum
Very HighVery Low
According to Rogers, how can we Self-Actualize?
Positive Regard
How other people evaluate and judge us in the real world
According to Rogers, how can we Self-Actualize?
Unconditional Positive Regard
• Parents, guardians, significant others and the humanist therapist, accept the person for who they are.
• It does not matter if you do something wrong or make a mistake.
According to Rogers, how can we Self-Actualize?
Conditional Positive Regard
• Is dependent on the child
• For example: the child has to behave the way the parents want him/her to.
• The child is not loved for who they are, but for what they do.
According to Rogers, how can we Self-Actualize?
What do you think?
How can Conditional Positive Regard affect a child’s development. Give examples.
According to Rogers, how can we Self-Actualize?
Congruence
According to Rogers, how can we Self-Actualize?
Incongruence
When a person’s Self Image and Idea Self are not in line
According to Rogers, how can we Self-Actualize?
Congruence
When a person’s Self Image and Ideal Self are similar.
According to Rogers, how can we Self-Actualize?
Individual Activity
• “Lay it on the Line” handout will determine your Self-Worth
• “Name Game” handout will determine your Self-Esteem
• “How I See It” handout will also determine your Self Esteem”
• “I Am” handout will help you determine your Ideal Self.
Homework
• Self Actualization mini project
• “Teen Spotlight” handout will help us reach actualization. Your completed mini project should be on poster board.
Summary
According to Rogers, how can we Self-Actualize?
Are we Congruent or Incongruent?
• In pairs, examine your “self actualization” poster as well as the self concept handouts.
• Is your partner congruent or incongruent? How do you know?
• Be sure to use examples from the handouts and poster.
Homework
• Write a reflection on our Congruency Project.
• Should be at least one page, typed.