How can changing a light bulb reduce

greenhouse gases?

Energy – Where does it come from and why does it produce waste?

Exploring our traditional sources of energy: NONRENEWABLE ENERGY

Chapter 19ES 302

Objectives• What is energy?• What forms does it come in & how do we use

it?• Understand that ALL sources of energy have

costs and benefits• Why do we use nonrenewables?

What is our best immediate energy option?

1. Cut out unnecessary energy waste by improving energy efficiency

2. Transition to a renewable or solar age– Sun, wind, flowing water, biomass, geothermal,

hydrogen gas

3. Burn more coal & synthetic gas/liquids4. Natural gas5. Nuclear power

No matter what our decision…

Ask:

• How much will be available in the next 15 years? the next 30 years? longterm?

• What is the source’s net energy yield?

• How much will it cost to develop, phase in, and use this energy resource?

• How will extracting, transporting, and using the energy resource affect the environment?

• Can this energy source help us sustain the earth?

Did you beat Mrs. Lil?• You analyzed your (presumed) usage of electricity

– That energy is secondary

• Primary Energy Resources: The fossil fuels(oil, gas, and coal), nuclear energy, falling water, geothermal, and solar energy.

• Secondary Energy Resources: Those sources which are derived from primary resources such as electricity, fuels from coal, (synthetic natural gas and synthetic gasoline), as well as alcohol fuels.

What is a watt?• 1 watt = energy to lift 100 g (or 1 Newton)

in 1.0 seconds. • It is a measure of energy over time

• Energy “The ability to do work”.• Remember:

The amount of energy in the universe is constant.

What are the 2 major laws???What are the 6 major forms?

Other Units of Energy• 1 calorie = amount of heat needed to heat 1 g

of water 1 degree Celsius– 1 cal = 4.187 Joules

• 1 Btu (British thermal unit) = amount of heat energy needed to raise the temp of 1 pound of water by 1 degree Fahrenheit– 1 Btu = 1,054 joules; 252 calories

• 1 Q (quad) = 1 quadrillion Btu (very large!) – The U.S. uses ~ 1 quad of energy about every 3.7

days

More Units of Energy• 1 kWh = one kilowatt of electricity over 1 hour

– The energy it takes to burn a 100 watt light bulb for 10 hours (costs an average of 9 cents)

– 3.6 million joules– 3,412 Btu

• 1 CF = Cubic foot: a measure of volume• One CF of natural gas contains about 1020 Btu

Six (6) Forms of Energy• Mechanical

– The energy of moving things.• EX: wind, moving water

• Electrical– The energy of moving electrons

• Heat• The energy of temperature

change– Hotter temperatures can do

more work.

Six (6) Forms of Energy• Light

– The energy of moving photons

• Chemical– The energy stored in the bonds

between atoms.• EX: food, wood, gasoline,

batteries, coal, oil…

• Nuclear– The energy stored between the

subatomic particles• EX: Nuclear power plants

1st Law of Thermodynamics

• “Conservation of Energy Law”– Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.

• Energy in the universe is constant.• If you can’t destroy energy, you CAN change its form!

– EX: Matches– EX: Light Bulb

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

• “Energy Quality Law”– When energy changes form, some useful energy is

always degraded to lower quality, less useful energy.

• Low temperature heat is the least useful energy form!

• EX: 90% of energy in gas (chemical) is changed to heat!• Only 10% of the electricity flowing through a light bulb is

converted to light energy (the rest is heat).

What is electricity?• The movement of electrons• Atoms are normally neutral, but interactions

can create imbalances

• As electrons move through metal wires, they rub against the wire – creating friction. This resistance creates heat and even light!

• But where does this supply of electrons come from?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f5Vwxabb12s&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUMAfSBR4yg&feature=related

Magnets & Generators

• http://www.metacafe.com/watch/912594/simple_electric_generator/

• Energy sources, for example coal, are burned • which boils water, which produces steam• The steam spins a turbine• The turbine spins a magnet• The magnet creates a flow of electrons• This flow of electrons travels from the power plant to

your home!

Evaluating Energy ResourcesEvaluating Energy Resources

• U.S. has 4.6% of world population; uses 24% of the world’s energy;

– 84% from nonrenewable fossil fuels (oil, coal, & natural gas);

– 7% from nuclear power;

– 9% from renewable sources (hydropower, geothermal, solar, biomass).

Global Primary Energy Supply

Analyze the figure• What is the primary energy source for all of our transportation?• What is the largest end use consumer of U.S. energy?• What is the largest primary energy source used?• What is the second largest primary energy source?• What is the smallest utilized primary energy source and what is used for?• What primary energy source powers all sectors of end use?• What is coal used to power?• Where does industry draw its power from?• What is nuclear power used for?• What is the only end use item that has one primary energy source?

Fossil FuelsFossil Fuels• Fossil fuels originated from the decay of living

organisms millions of years ago, and account for about 80% of the energy generated in the U.S.

• The fossil fuels used in energy generation are:– Natural gas, which is 70 - 80% methane (CH4)

– Liquid hydrocarbons obtained from the distillation of petroleum

– Coal - a solid mixture of large molecules with a H/C ratio of about 1

www.lander.edu/rlayland/Chem%20103/

chap_12.ppt

How Fossil Fuels Are Formed

How Fossil Fuels Are Formed

Energy resources removed from the earth’s crust include: oil, natural gas, coal, and uranium

www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

Coal is cheaper but gas is cleanerCoal: $0.85 per million Btu

Natural Gas: $2.18 per million BtuCrude Oil: $2.97 per million Btu

Problems with Fossil FuelsProblems with Fossil Fuels• Fossil fuels are nonrenewable resources

– At projected consumption rates, natural gas and petroleum will be depleted before the end of the 21st century

• Impurities in fossil fuels are a major source of pollution

• Burning fossil fuels produce large amounts of CO2, which contributes to global warming

www.lander.edu/rlayland/Chem%20103/

chap_12.ppt

Energy Resources

1. Oil1. Oil2. Natural Gas3. Coal4. Nuclear Energy

www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

OilOil• Deposits of crude oil often are trapped within

the earth's crust and can be extracted by drilling a well

• Fossil fuel, produced by the decomposition of deeply buried organic matter from plants & animals

• Crude oil: complex liquid mixture of hydrocarbons, with small amounts of S, O, N impurities

Crude Oil• Petroleum (crude oil)– Thick, black oil as it comes out of the

ground• Estimated reserves: educated guesses

about the location and size of oil or natural gas deposits

• Proven reserves: how much oil can be economically obtained from the oil field

• Production: withdrawal of oil or gas from the oil field

• Most valuable natural resource (?)– Gasoline, heating oil, jet fuel, grease,

wax, asphalt, plastics…

Oil Formation

• Decomposition of ancient sea plants & animals– Quick burial – Partial decayed (some carbon remains)

• Intense heat & pressure

• Time – millions of years to form

Oil Extraction

• Primary Oil Recovery– Drill well– Pump out oil that flows by

gravity into well

• Secondary Oil Recovery– Inject water into nearby water

to force oil into well.

Enhanced (Tertiary) Oil Recovery

OPEC• Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

– Set up in 1960 so developing countries would get a fair price for the resource.

– Control 67% of world’s oil

– Saudi Arabia (#1), Iraq (#2), Iran, Kuwait, UAE, Algeria, Libya, Nigeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Qatar, and Venezuela

Oil in U.S.Oil in U.S.•2.3% of world reserves

•uses nearly 30% of world reserves;

•65% for transportation;

•increasing dependence on imports.

www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

Low oil prices have stimulated economic growth, they have discouraged / prevented improvements in energy efficiency and alternative technologies favoring renewable resources.

What a Barrel of Persian Gulf Oil Really Costs U.S. Consumers

• $30 in initial costs • + $61 for military support services • = $91 per barrel of oil

(Prentice Hall 2005)

• Oil near $119 after report of Iranian boat firing– MSNBC April. 25, 2008

www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

Alternative forms of Oil

• Oil Shale & Tar Sand• Different forms of rock/sand that can be

transformed (crushed/heated or pressurized) to be use like crude oil.

• PROS: In Canada & U.S• CONS: Need ½ barrel of oil to extract & purify

– Uses large amounts of water– Pollutes groundwater, air, etc.

Extra stuff• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1MiQCBIx1mM&feature=related• How an air conditioner works (not the energy about it though)

Energy Consumption in the United StatesEnergy Consumption in the United States

1. Wood2. Water (steam)3. Coal4. Natural gas5. Oil6. Nuclear power

3, 4, and 5 = 83.5% of U.S. energy consumption

Who Has the Oil? Reserves

North America 75.7

South and Central America 89.5

Western Europe 18.9

Former Soviet Countries 58.9

Middle East 673.6

Africa 75.4

Far East and Oceania 43.0

Total 1,033.2