Welcome

To

Research Program

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قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد

What is Research ?

Research is what we do when we have a question or a problem we want to resolve

We may already think we know the answer to our question already

We may think the answer is obvious, common sense even

But until we have subjected our problem to rigorous scientific scrutiny, our 'knowledge' remains little more than guesswork or at best, intuition.

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قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد

Definitions R = Rationale way of thinking

E = Expert/exhaustive treatment

S = Search for solution

E = Exactness

A = Adequate date; analytical analysis

R = Relationships among facts, information

C = Careful recording; critical observations

H = Honesty; hard work

…….as the search for knowledge, or as any systematic

investigation, with an open mind, to establish novel facts, solve

new or existing problems, prove new ideas, or develop new

theories.

…….. systematic search for knowledge312/13/2014

قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد

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"It is really important to do the right research

as well as to do the research right.

You need to do 'wow' research, research

that is compelling, not just interesting."

George Springer, chairman of the aeronautics and astronautics department

at Stanford University12/13/2014

قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد

“The way to do research is to attack the facts at the point of

greatest astonishment.” —Celia Green

“A word after a word after a word is power.” —Margaret Atwood

“What is research, but a blind date with

knowledge.” —William Henry

“If we knew what it was we were doing, it

would not be called research, would it?”

—Albert Einstein

“Research is formalized curiosity. It is poking

and prying with a purpose.”

—Zora Neale Hurston

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قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد

TERM RESEARCH

The term ‘Research’ consists of two words:

Research = Re + Search

‘Re’ means again and again and ‘Search’ means to find out something.

The following is the process:

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Person Phenomena Conclusions

Observes

Again and again

Collection of data

Analysis of data

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قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد

Levels of Generalisation

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Orange Concept

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قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد

One orange is yellow.

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قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد

Few oranges are yellow.

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قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد

A bushel of oranges are yellow.

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قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد

All oranges are yellow.

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قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد

All oranges are yellow; but there

are some oranges which are blue.

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قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد

Structure of Research

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begin with broad questions

narrow down, focus in

operationalize

OBSERVE

analyze data

reach conclusions

generalize back to questions

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قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد

Fundamentals in research

Validity =>

Reliability =>

Success of measuring what was planned; strength of conclusion

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Research should be able to meet the tests of:

and, according to Nunan, be published (“’publish’ in the broad sense of ‘to make public’”) (Nunan 2005, 225)

Research is repeatable

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قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد

Significant of research

How does the proposed research relate to the existing knowledge in the area.

Explicitly state the significance of your purpose or the rationale for your study.

A significant research is one that:

√ Develops knowledge of an existing practice

√ Develops theory

√ Expands the current knowledge or theory base

√ Advances current research methodology

√ Related to a current technological issue

√ Exploratory research on an unexamined issue

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قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد

General Characteristics of Research

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1. Directed towards the solution of a problem.

2. It gathers new knowledge or data from primary or first-hand sources.

3. It places emphasis upon the discovery of general principles.

4. It is an exact systematic and accurate investigation.

5. It uses certain valid data gathering devices.

6. The researcher resists the temptation to seek only the data that support his hypotheses.

7. The researcher eliminates personal feelings and preferences.

8. It endeavours to organise data in quantitative terms.

9. Research is patient and unhurried activity.

10. The researcher is willing to follow his procedures to the conclusions that may be unpopular

and bring social disapproval.

11. Research is carefully recorded and reported.

12. Conclusions and generalisations are arrived at carefully and cautiously.

13. Research findings sometimes contrary to popular belief.قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد

SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH

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1. A sound philosophy of social studies as the basis of research

2. Research is based on insight and imagination

3. Research requires an inter-disciplinary approach

4. Research usually employs deductive reasoning process

5. Research should come out of a desire to do things better

6. Research is not as exact as research in physical science

7. Research is not the field of the specialist only

8. Research generally requires inexpensive material

9. Research is perhaps incapable of being dealt through empirical method

10. Research is based on inter dependence of causes and effect

11. Research cannot be a mechanical process

قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد

Characteristics Empirical. Research is based on direct experience or

observation by the researcher.

Logical. Research is based on valid procedures and principles.

Cyclical. Research is a cyclical process because it starts with a

problem and ends with a problem.

Analytical. Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in

gathering the data, whether historical, descriptive,

experimental and case study.

Critical. Research exhibits careful and precise judgment.

Methodical. Research is conducted in a methodical manner

without bias using systematic method and procedures.

Replicability. The research design and procedures are

replicated or repeated to enable the researcher to arrive at

valid and conclusive results.

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قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد

Importance/Purpose

The purposes may be :

Explanation - Possibly the most cited reason for conducting

research is to use it to explain why something is occurring.

Prediction - Research is used to help assess a situation and

predict what may happen in the future.

Monitoring - Many decisions made must be monitored to

insure that goals are being attained.

Discovery/New improved situation – finding out new

situation

Hypothesis Testing - Finally, research helps test theories

about some issues. Hypothesis testing, which is at the heart

of scientific research, relies on statistical analysis to help

evaluate a hypothesis.

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قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد

Importance/Purpose

Research in whatever field of inquiry has three purposes:

Describing and explaining: This is the attempt to understand the world

we live in. Research is concerned with acquiring knowledge, establishing

facts and developing new methods.

Prediction: In research, predictions are usually stated as hypotheses, i.e.

clear unambiguous statements which can be subjected to scientific

verification or refutation. We are able to say that given these conditions

then this is likely to happen.

Control: Control represents the way in which research can be applied to

real problems and situations, thus helping us to shape our environment.

When we understand the relationship between variables we are able to

control our environment to suit our interests.2012/13/2014

قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد

Key Concepts and Issues

Time in research

Variables

Types of relationships

Hypotheses

Types of data

Fallacies

Structure or research

Deduction and induction

Ethics

Validity 2112/13/2014

قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد

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Good Academic Research

What is truly good research is hard to say, but here

are some ideas:

On topic

Rigorous

Generalisable

Valid

Testable

Reliable

Replicable

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قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد

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Good Academic Research (2)

Avoids bias (personal interest)

Avoids prejudice

Avoids muddle-headedness

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قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد

Characteristics

Qualities of a Good researcher:

Research-oriented

Efficient

Scientific

Effective

Active

Resourceful

Creative

Honest

Economical

Religious2412/13/2014

قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد

CharacteristicsCharacteristics of the Researcher

Intellectual Curiosity. A researcher undertakes a deep

thinking and inquiry of the things, and situations around

him/her.

Prudence. The researcher is careful to conduct his/her

research study at the right time and at the right place

wisely, efficiently, and economically.

Healthy Criticism. The researcher is always doubtful as to

the truthfulness of the results.

Intellectual Honesty. An intelligent researcher is honest

to collect or gather data or facts in order to arrive at honest

results.

Intellectual Creativity – A productive and resourceful

investigator always creates new researches.

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How is Research Evaluated

Research

Volume, income, reputation

Prestigious awards

Nobel Prizes

Innovation

Industry income and patents

Teaching

Academic Reputation Survey, higher degrees

International Mix

National / International staff and students

Citation analysis

Normalised for volume and subject area

Peer Evaluation

Reputational survey

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قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد

Obstacles to Successful Learning &

Research

DEEP LEARNING = an essential pre-requisite

Split between how to do archival work & how to think archivally

New archival career academics lack practical experience

Archival academics have unrealistic workloads

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قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد

Working on a Research Team (or not)

Why work on a team (in a group)?

Part of a larger project (less common in more theoretical areas)

Research often a collaborative, social process

Helps you to learn to communicate ideas

Try new ideas, practice talks, get feedback on

papers, learn to advise other students, etc.

How to work on a research team

Carve out your problem in the group

Be generous with giving credit to others, but

Stand up for your accomplishments

Your role in the group will change as you progress 2812/13/2014

قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد

Research Environment

Large group can be a blessingMore resourceful in terms of interaction

(now) and networking (future)

Senior students can be very helpful to

junior studentsExperience sharing & encouragements

More tolerant to mistakes

More accessible

Each group has its own cultureBuilding a nice group culture is rewarding

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قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد

HOW TO START ? ? ?

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قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد

Background study

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A general review of the

area of research

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قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد

Selection of Research Area

Selection of this broad entity of research is based on

the following:

researcher’s:

Specialty

Interest

Scientific background

Experience

Actual need for research in this area

Available resources (interest of funding body)

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قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد

Preparation

Think about it

Generate ideas

Background reading

Ask yourself

Am I familiar with other research that has been

conducted in areas related to my research project?

Do I have a clear understanding of the steps that I will

use in conducting my research?

Do I have the ability to go through each step?3312/13/2014

قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد

Search for an idea.

They don’t come out of the blue! You have to do brain gym, observe,

read, read, observe, think, read again...

It is usually the case that your topic, problem or idea has been previously

worked or developed. Don’t reinvent the wheel!

Talking and asking to other researchers and students can be crucial. Ask!

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قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد

Generating research ideas

Useful Techniques

Rational thinking Creative thinking

Searching the literature Scanning the media

Brainstorming Relevance Trees

Exploring past projects Discussion

Keeping an ideas notebook 3512/13/2014

قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد

Expected features of a research degree (PhD)

Independence

Originality

Contribution to knowledge

Suitable for publication

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FINISH

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قسم التدريب والتطوير باملعهد العالي للمهن الشاملة بني وليد

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