housing rehabilitation and services in post-conflict
TRANSCRIPT
Housing Rehabilitation and Services in Post-Conflict & Post-Disaster
Settings
Charles A. Setchell,Shelter,
Settlements, and Hazard Mitigation
Advisor, USAID/OFDA
SHELTER and SETTLEMENTSActivities in
Post-Conflict & Post-Disaster
Settings
Charles A. Setchell,Shelter,
Settlements, and Hazard Mitigation
Advisor, USAID/OFDA
• Overview of USAID/OFDA • NOT Housing, but Shelter• “S&S” Approach• Focus on Links Among “S&S,”
DRR, and other Sectors• Q&A
SESSION AGENDA
If You Don’t Think Shelter Is Important…
OFDA: Lead USG Agency for Int’l Disaster Assistance Since 1964*
1963, Irazu Volcano in Costa Rica
1963, Skopje EQ, Former Yugoslavia
*: Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended, Sec. 491-493.
USAID/OFDA Mandate
Save Lives
Reduce Suffering
Reduce the Economic and Social Impacts of Disasters (OFDA’s “Third Phrase”)
OFDA Criteria for Response
Host country must ask for, or be willing to accept, USG assistance
The disaster is of such magnitude that it is beyond the host country’s ability to respond adequately, and
It is in the interest of the USG to provide assistance.
Quick Review of OFDA Activities
• In FY ’08, spent about $550M • 81 “declared disasters,” the most
in years (1 every 4.5 days), and• Spent funds on 99 different
disasters
• FY’09 was busier, with budget over $600M
• FY’10 request higher than FY’09
Some of OFDA’s Operational Partners
g
25%
65%
10%
UN Agencies NGOs/PVOs Int'l Orgs
Not an Atypical Pattern of Recent OFDA Grant Funding to
Implementing Partners…
NGOs
ICRCOTHER UN
AGENCIES IN COUNTRY
USAID
Other Nation Military
HOST NATION
SECURITYFORCES
EU/ECHO
US Military
NGOs
NGOsNGOs
OTHERDONORSUSAID
UNHCR
UNOCHA
UNJLCUNDP
WFP
A Challenging Work Environment:The Fog of Relief
IOM
That Said, OFDA Does NOTEngage in Housing
Reconstruction or Development, But Rather Humanitarian Shelter
Assistance
3.5 - 4.5 m2
THE BASIC
METRIC OF
SHELTER
3.5 sq. m. per person is NOTbased on comfort, but is considered “minimallyadequate” to promote health,privacy, andhuman dignity
A = ± 3.5 m2/p
3.5 sq. m. per person is alsoabout 40% of what peoplehad, on average,before the disaster/crisis.
• World Bank Ave. forDev. Countries = 9.0 sq. m./
• UN Habitat “slum”Indicator = 5.0 sq. m./
A = ± 3.5 m2/p
SETTLEMENTS, the “Where?” of “Our” Mandate
Where Settlements are located,How they have developed,How rapidly they grow,How strong their economies are, andHow well they are managed, esp. in times of crisis…
Will largely determine whether they become the sites of future disasters -- and possible USG responses
The TRENDS Affecting Settlements Are Many, and Include…
• The Future Is Urban. Global population will increase from 6.2 billion to 8.3 billion, ’03-’30; equiv. of 100% located in the cities of developing countries, increasing pop. from 2 to 4 billion!
• Persistent Poverty. Over three billion people -- nearly half of humanity -- survive on per capita incomes of no more than $2.50/day, up from 2.5 billion in 1987. Millions more earn only slightly more.
• Increasing Strains on Basic Social Services and Institutions
• Growing Environmental Decline, Coupled with Limited Economic Growth
• HIV/AIDS, Bird Flu, Swine Flu, Pandemic Influenza, etc. increasingly a feature of settlements
AN EXAMPLE: ANYONE SEE
• Conditions depicted are experiencedby nearly 1 of every 6 human beings
• By 2030, nearly 1 of every 4!!!
SETTLEMENTSat the Center of Climate Change and Environmental Degradation Debate
• Context: 2X urban pop., 3X urban land; LOTS of issues with growth
• Chronic and acute needs are merging more and more every day
• Disasters/crises accelerate and exacerbate the urbanization process, and
• How to address urban displacement?
Implications for OUR Work…
Kabul, Since 2000: 3X Pop., 4X
Area
Some Qs, Then…
• Are tomorrow’s disasters being incorporated into today’s development processes?
• Development policies affect humanitarian work. Should “HA” and “DA” workers be talking more?
The Biz of Humanitariansis… Displacement
“Displaced people”:* Are displaced from???* Want to go back to???* Satisfy their needs in???* Are a primary reason for
humanitarian responses,
SO… It’s NEVER, EVER too early to start focusing on shelter.
FEATURES OF SETTLEMENTS PROGRAMMING
• Shelter-led • Multi-sectoral, reflecting multi-faceted
character of context (i.e., settlements)
• Opportunistic with regard to livelihood promotion and DRR (e.g., rubble removal)
• Cognizant of gender, environment, local organizations, and social relations
• Transitional, by linking relief and developmental concerns, and
• Accountable to local governing structures
ECONOMIC IMPACTSOF SHELTER
• Greater Than Anticipated• Primary Means of
Implementing OFDA Mandate’s “Third Phrase”
• Can “Jump-Start” Affected Settlements
• Can Lead Transitionto Reconstruction
Shelter as a Survival & Production Platform
“Extreme Linkage”:Growing Onions INSIDE a Tent,
Afghanistan
KEY POINTS
• Shelter Provision is a Major Tool in Reducing the Economic & Social Impacts of Disasters (Remember OFDA’s “Third Phrase”)
• Livelihoods are not only Rural, or Ag, or Low-end, and
• If Designed in Context, Shelter Activities are Livelihood Magnets.
Transitional Shelter…
• More than a tent, less than a house
• Jump-starts and re-engages affected populations in the incremental, longer-term process of housing development
• Now SOP of Shelter Sector Globally
• Vehicle for DRR and Livelihood Promotion, and
• Unlike other sectors, no handoff to development. With programmatic vacuum, all the more reason to emphasize TRANSITION and CONTEXT.
TransitionalShelter,
Indonesia
T-Shelter, Indonesia
T-Shelter, Peru
T-Shelter, Goma, DRC
T-Shelter, Sri Lanka
T-Shelter, Zimbabwe
TS: Platforms for DRR (at 18% per sq. m. Less than Conventional)
BRICKS -- and More BRICKS --as Shelter-Livelihood Link
“TS” Not New; Rooted, in part, in “Earthquake Shacks,”
San Francisco, 1906
On the Move…
And Still Around…
HOSTING: “STEALTH” SHELTER
• Primarily socially defined, based on family, friends, neighbors, etc.
• Commences before humanitarians arrive on the scene, i.e., self-selected
• Cost-effective, flexible means of sheltering
• Buys time for longer-term solutions to emerge, and
• Often transitions to permanent shelter.
HOSTING: “STEALTH” SHELTER
Two Basic Forms
• Socially defined, based on family,friends, neighbors, etc., and
• Economically defined, often amongstrangers, i.e., market-based rentsupport.
Converting Storage to
Shelter
Converting Sheds to Shelter
’02-Present, Afghanistan:A Case Study in OFDA “S&S”
Efforts
Pre-Intervention Shelter
Living Rough…
Tent Occupants, Kabul, Every Winter
A Response: Seismic-
Resistant T-Shelter
DRR by Design
DRRin
Action
Stone Foundation!!Training in Block Making and Construction
Significant Livelihood Generation
Settlements Components
• Afghanistan is one of world’s most seismically active regions
• Asia’s fastest growing cities during the 90s
• One of the world’s most rapidly urbanizing countries at present
• Kabul is currently perhaps the world’s fastest growing city; pop. is approx. 4.5 million, up from 1.5 million in late ’01; regional cities are also growing fast
• Urban pop. will at least triple in size by 2020; recent events will likely accelerate rate, and
• Current S&S needs adding to backlog of needs
Why Is This Important?
Current & Foreseeable OFDA S&S Efforts
• Reliance on Local Materials & Markets
• Emphasis on Sphere Project Guidelines
• Linking Shelter to Livelihoods
• Incorporating DRR
• “R & D”
Next Steps in S&S DRR
• Even greater emphasis on incorporating DRR into S&S projects, where appropriate
• Greater emphasis on building supply and demand for DRR through training and outreach
• Focusing on Settlements through risk-based land use planning and capacity building.
Common DRR Objectives…For both the “HA” & “DA” communities, key objectives could be:
1. Jointly identifying “Harm’s Way” in at-risk, disaster- and crisis-prone settlements
2. Creating mechanisms and incentives to reduce or prevent occupancy of “Harm’s Way”
3. Reducing risk for those unable to move out of “Harm’s Way”
4. Responding to those affected by disasters and crises in “Harm’s Way” in a creative, appropriate, and cost-effective manner that reduces risk over time, and
5. Incorporating this focus into larger urban sector strategies.
Lessons RE-LEARNED- We respond to displacement, but
displacement from what??
- Context, context, context! Adopting Market Approach is criticalto understanding context
- “S&S” is “foundational” to response,recovery, AND other sectors
- Need to include S&S in initial strategy-makingand response, and
- Increased training and outreach for multipleaudiences (e.g., DOD, AMCHAM, State, WB)
In Summary, We…
• Discussed OFDA Basics• Established that OFDA is NOT
Involved in Housing, but VERYInvolved in “S&S”, and
• Examined Links Among “S&S,” DRR, & other Sectors
Finally, If You Still Don’t Think Shelter Is Important…
