hougan: anthropometry
TRANSCRIPT
Glen Hougan Winter 2010
Human factors - ergonomics
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classification
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psychological aspects
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Visual processes
visual perception of texture
perception of form and shape
colour blindness
visual illusions
visual detection
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auditory processes
perception
sensitivity
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cutaneous processes
Touch sensitivity
Pain sensitivity
Temperature sensitivity
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Taste and olfactory processes
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Time perception
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Cognitive processes
search
memory
imagery
problem solving
learning
language communication
reading
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motor processes
simple movements
tracking movements
speech
movement organization
complex movements
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human performance
performance strategies
manual control
attention
reaction time and speed
errors accuracy and reliability
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Physiological and anatomical aspects
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physiology of the nervous system
Visual sensory systems
Nervous system
Brain function
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basic functions
Body temperature regulation
Cardiac processes
Reproductive processes
Respiratory processes
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work capacity
dynamic
static
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biomechanics posture
muscular strength
dynamic body measurements
static body measurements
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group factors
gender
experience and practice
status
Trained versus untrained
pregnancy
Culture and ethnic group
age
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individual differences
intelligence
Physical fitness
attitude
personality and temperament
achievement
state of health
ability
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Psychophysical state variables
sleep
drugs
fatigue
nutrition
fear
arousal
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task related factors stress
task complexity
sensory depravation
monotony and boredom
personal isolation
vigilance
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Information presentation and communication
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Visual communication
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display and control design
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environment
illumination > noise > vibration > climate > atmosphere > altitude
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Work design and organization
hours of work > training > supervsion > job attitude
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
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CREATING YOUR OWN TEMPLATE TO UNDERSTAND HUMAN FACTORS
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1. Anthropometry 2. Biomechanics
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the average U.S. woman is 5' 3.7 (162 centimeters) tall and weighs 152 pounds (69 kilograms).
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
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5”4”
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Meas. Barbie US Army
height 5’10” 5’4”
Chest circum. 35” 35.7”
Waist circum 20” 31”
Hip circum 32.50” 38.10”
Hip breadth 11.6” 13.49”
Thigh circum 19.35” 22.85”
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the average U.S. male stands 5' 9.1 tall and weighs 180 pounds
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
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Meas. Ken US Army
height 6’0” 5’9”
Chest circum. 38.4” 39”
Waist circum 28.8” 35.1”
Hip circum 36” 38.7”
Hip breadth 12.2” 13.46”
Thigh circum 20.4” 23.48”
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The NHANES III was a comprehensive survey of the American population during years 1988-1994.
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Human variations Intra-individual
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Human variations Inter-individual
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Human variations Secular variability
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Chopsticks
24 male subjects in ages 18-21 that were right-handed
Testing handle diameter with three levels Tip angle with four levels
Each subject asked to do 4 tasks with 2 different combinations
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Chopsticks
Food pinching - pick up peanuts from dish and put in cup and number of peanuts were counted within a certain time limit
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Chopsticks
Food shearing - grip sponge cake and shear it in two.
Elapsed time was measured
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Chopsticks
Food thrusting - thrust 10 pieces of sumulated food into dish and then pick it up.
Elapsed time was measured
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Chopsticks
Food pulling - grip a simulated food (eraser) and pull it towards the mouth until it pulled off
Push pull scale was tied to the food.
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Chopsticks
Semantic differential scale
4 adjective pairs
1. Arm aching-arm unaching
2. Gripping easy - gripping difficulty
3. Exerting easy - exerting difficulty
4. Comfortable - uncomfortable
Mark these on a scale of 1 to 9
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Chopsticks
Conclusions
Chopstick handle diameter and tip angle have a significant influence on eating efficiency
Optimum chopstick
1. 6 mm handle diameter 2. 2 degree tip angle 3. 4 mm dip diameter 4. 180 - 240 mm long chopsticks (earlier study)
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Chopsticks
The optimum length of a chopstick is 210mm (Wu, 1995) and this…
References Wu, Swei-Pi, (1995) Effects of the handle diameter and tip angle of chopsticks on the food serving performance of male subjects. Applied Ergonomics 28 (4), pg. 237-244.
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The field of study involving classical mechanical principles and their relationships as used or applied to living organisms or biological tissues in motion.
i.e. body movement and bone strain.
•
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Biomechanics of Sport and Exercise
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Motor Control
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Muscle
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Gait and Locomotion
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Gait and Locomotion
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Biomedical Engineering
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Orthopaedics
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Orthotics and Prosthetics
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Orthotics and Prosthetics
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Gait and Locomotion
Biomedical Engineering
Motor Control
Orthotics and Prosthetics
Orthopaedics
Muscle
Biomechanics of Sport and Exercise
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Snow shovelling
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Heart attacks
Similar to weight lifting Lots of exertion not much movement Raises blood pressure and heart attack
Multi-joint movement Small muscles in the lower back Large leg muscles
Shoveling snow can cause disc compression (Hansson & Oberg, 1996)
Repetitive motion increases risk of injury
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Posture Upright erect stance with feed wide apart
Warm up - warm down Stretching
Clothes Don’t over dress
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Freivalds, A (1986). The ergonomics of shovel design - a review of literature. Ergonomics 29 (1): 3-18
1. Blade - plastic, aluminum, or steel?
• Steel - most durable but heaviest • Aluminum - lighter but softer (although can have steel edge) • Plastic - lightweight but abrade quickly
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Freivalds, A (1986). The ergonomics of shovel design - a review of literature. Ergonomics 29 (1): 3-18
1. Blade - plastic, aluminum, or steel?
• Steel - most durable but heaviest • Aluminum - lighter but softer (although can have steel edge) • Plastic - lightweight but abrade quickly
Plastic
• Lighter the shovel the easier it will be to lift.
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1. Blade size - what are the issues?
• taller and heavier people blades should be 18” x 16” • shorter and lighter person the blades should be 16 1/2” x 14 1/2”
18” blades take up 3/4 of sidewalk and are optimum for maximizing the load
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1. Shaft length - what are the issues?
• taller and heavier people the shaft should be 52” with a 1 1/4” handle • shorter and lighter person the shaft should be 42” and 1 1/2 handle
Relatively longer shaft will reduce operators trunk flexion
However, maximum force at the right erector spinae muscle is increased
What can one do?
Make shaft adjustible
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• The shaft should be angled at 60 degrees towards the bottom of the shaft and 35 degrees for the upper portion of the shaft.
• The bend should occur at the 2/3 mark of the shaft (measuring from the top)
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Handle - what are the issues?
• Handle should allow user to grip with mittens - cushioned D grip
• Handles should be made out of fibre glass
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HEAD WIDTH 5 in
HEA
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ENG
TH 8
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STAT
URE
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52.5
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CRO
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FIN
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in
KNEE
HEI
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.8 in
HEAD WIDTH 7.2 in
STAT
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SHO
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KNEE
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.5 in
MAX
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17.6
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in
Sarah OrfordDSGN 3210January 20, 2010
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63.5
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52"
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KATE MITCHELLDSGN 3010 - HUMAN FACTORSJANUARY 20, 2010