hot-221 salinity measurements - soest filebased on the iapso measurements during the hot-221 run the...

November 17, 2010

HOT-221 Salinity Report of 12

HOT-221 Salinity Measurements

Cammy Fumar

SUMMARY

Salinity samples for HOT-221 were collected from May 17th

– May 21st, 2010 aboard the R/V Ka’Imikai-O-Kanaloa and

measured in the MSB 427 lab using a Guildline Autosal 8400B from May 24th

– May 28th

, 2010. Thermosalinograph

samples and primary salinity samples were measured May 24th

– May 27th

, 2010 by Cammy Fumar. Duplicate samples

were measured on May 28th

, 2010 by Bo Keopaseut followed by 20 additional samples for Todd Ericksen from the

Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP).

For the HOT-221 salinity run, Autosal SN63903 was used. During the standardization process, two IAPSO standards

were used and accepted; the SKS was changed from 197 to 189 for HOT-221. The maximum difference in salinity

between the IAPSO measurement used for standardization and the IAPSO measured at the end of the run was 0.3 mpsu.

Based on the IAPSO measurements during the HOT-221 run the salinometer was stable.

A total of 27 substandards were measured during the salinity measurement run to detect for possible drift in instrument

electronics. Of the 27 substandards, two outliers were removed due to operator error and the third because it was one

mpsu lower than the average for the substandard samples during this run. The first two outliers appeared during the first

session; the vent tube of the substandard carboy got stuck when opened and therefore remained semi-closed during the

preparation of the first and second substandards. This reduced the flow rate of the substandard water and most likely

resulted in higher than expected salinities for the first two samples. Substandard Batch #46 was created on December 7th

,

2009 by Paul Lethaby and used for the fourth time. The mean salinity for the 24 substandard water samples was 34.4736

psu with a standard deviation of 0.3 mpsu.

For the HOT-221 salinity run, a second batch of seawater (221-standard) was prepared to use alongside the substandard

water. The 221-standards were made from water collected on HOT-221, from Station 2 Cast 11 at 1020 dbars, and made

on May 24th

by Bo Keopaseut and Cammy Fumar. A total of 31 221-standards were measured during the salinity

measurement run to further detect for possible drift in instrument electronics. Four outliers appeared during the

measurements of the 221-standards, one in sessions #1, #2, #3 and #6. The apparent outliers in sessions 3 and 6 were

removed first. These outliers had at least three attempts and were removed due to their possible contamination. The

outliers from sessions 1 and 2 had salinity values 1 mpsu higher than the mean. They were then removed giving a mean

salinity and standard deviation of 34.4837 psu and 0.4 mpsu for the 27 221-standard water samples.

The mean difference between the duplicates and primary samples from the first deep-cast (S2C4) was 0.1 mpsu with a

standard deviation of 0.5 mpsu. There were two outliers; bottle 3 from the duplicates and bottle 12 from the primary

samples. These samples may have been contaminated during sampling or upon opening; bottle #3 -duplicate sample had

3 conductivity readings and bottle #12 -primary sample had 4 conductivity readings. These outliers were removed due to

their possible contamination giving a mean salinity difference of 0.1 mpsu and a standard deviation of 0.45 mpsu.

Additional samples were run for Todd Ericksen following the duplicate measurements. Four substandard samples, five

221-standard samples, and one IAPSO were used to ensure the stability of the Autosal during this session. No CTD data

was available to plot the salinity bottles against. A majority of the bottles were noted as having wet caps and salty rims,

this has shown to be a possible area for contamination. Only two bottles had more than three measurement attempts.

The mean room temperature and standard deviation of the HOT-221 run was 23.15°C ± 0.39°C. Temperature can be

seen to rise from its diurnal low point in the morning at the start of each session. Temperature generally rises throughout

the day to a maximum, followed by cooling during nighttime hours when the building is not occupied.

November 17, 2010


1. AUTOSAL STANDARDIZATION

At the beginning of this measurement session the Autosal 8400B was standardized by Paul Lethaby to an IAPSO

Seawater Standard (Batch P150, 2xK15 = 1.99956, S = 34.991 psu, date = May 22nd

, 2008). The Autosal water bath

temperature was set to 24°C and the initial room temperature was 23.0 °C.

The first IAPSO measurement gave two consecutive conductivity ratio readings of 1.999614 and 1.999620. The average

of these two (1.999617) was higher than the expected conductivity ratio of 1.999560, the standardization SKS knob

setting was changed from 197 to 189. Another reading of the same IAPSO bottle was taken immediately after changing

the SKS giving a reading of 1.999562. A second IAPSO was then measured giving two consecutive readings of

1.999602 and 1.999582. The average of these two (1.999592) confirmed the salinometer was standardized; the SKS of

189 was accepted.

To monitor for possible drift in the instrument electronics during the measurement run, two additional IAPSO standards

were measured. One IAPSO standard was measured at the end of the primary samples in session 5 and another at the end

of the duplicate samples in session 6. The conductivity ratios and salinities for the IAPSO standard used for

standardization and the subsequent IAPSO after standardization are reported in Table 1. The maximum difference in

salinity between the IAPSO standards was 0.6 mpsu.

Table 1: HOT-221 IAPSO Standards: May 24th

– May 28th

, 2010

Vial # Date (UTC) Batch K15 2 x K15 IAPSO Salinity

(psu)

Observed

Reading

Calculated Salinity

(psu)

1 05/24/10 21:27 P150 0.99978 1.99956 34.991 1.999562 34.9914

2 05/24/10 21:42 P150 0.99978 1.99956 34.991 1.999592 34.9920

3 05/27/10 23:37 P150 0.99978 1.99956 34.991 1.999579 34.9917

4 05/28/10 23:23 P150 0.99978 1.99956 34.991 1.999580 34.9917

2a. ANALYSIS OF SECONDARY STANDARD

The use of secondary standard seawater (substandards) allows for more frequent monitoring of the possible drift or offset

in the salinometer electronics than could be afforded with the IAPSO standards. Secondary standard seawater

(Substandard) Batch #46, which was created on December 7th

, 2009 by Paul Lethaby, was used for the fourth time. The

water was collected on August 19th

, 2009 from S2C12 at 1020 dbar during HOT-214 and stored in a 60 L plastic carboy,

which was covered with black plastic to inhibit biological growth.

Measurements of the substandard seawater were made at the beginning and end of every session, and approximately

every 24-30 samples in between. Throughout the HOT-221 salinity run 27 substandard samples were measured (see

Table 2). Two outliers were removed from the first session due to obvious sampling error. The vent tube of the

substandard carboy got stuck when opened and therefore remained semi-closed during the drawing of the first and

second substandards. This reduced the flow rate of the substandard water and most likely resulted in higher than

expected salinities for the first two samples. The third outlier was removed because it was one mpsu lower than the mean

salinity for this run.

The maximum difference between substandard measurements of sessions 1–6 was 1.6 mpsu. Figure 1a shows the

measurements of the HOT-221 substandard water before the outliers were removed. Figure 1b shows the measurements

after the outliers were removed. The relatively high substandard readings seen in session #6 was from the duplicate

measurement session (see Section 4). Results from individual substandard measurements are presented in Table 2.

Session-by-session statistics for HOT-221 substandard measurements are listed in Table 3. Results from previous runs of

Batch #46 are also listed.

November 17, 2010


Table 2: HOT-221 Substandard Values

Session Date Salinity (psu)

1 05/24/10 34.4744*

1 34.4742*

1 34.4734

1 34.4734

1 34.4736

1 34.4738

1 34.4736

2 05/25/10 34.4734

2 34.4734

2 34.4736

2 34.4736

2 34.4734

3 05/26/10 34.4732

3 34.4734

3 34.4736

3 34.4738

4 05/26/10 34.4726*

4 34.4734

4 34.4736

5 05/27/10 34.4732

5 34.4742

5 34.4734

5 34.4738

6 05/28/10 34.4738

6 34.4740

6 34.4742

6 34.4740

* Outliers

Table 3: Variation of Substandard Seawater (Batch #46)

Session Cruise Date Mean Salinity and

standard deviation (psu)

Number

Outliers

Total

1 HOT-221 05/24/10 34.4736 ± 0.0002 5 2 7

2 HOT-221 05/25/10 34.4735 ± 0.0001 5 0 5

3 HOT-221 05/26/10 34.4735 ± 0.0003 4 0 4

4 HOT-221 05/26/10 34.4732 ± 0.0005 2 1 3

5 HOT-221 05/27/10 34.4736 ± 0.0004 4 0 4

6 HOT-221 05/28/10 34.4740 ± 0.0002 4 0 4

TOTAL HOT-221 05/24/10-05/28/10 34.4736 ± 0.0003 24 3 27

HOT-220 04/12/10-04/16/10 34.4737 ± 0.0004 25 0 25

HOT-219 03/15/10-03/19/10 34.4732 ± 0.0002 29 5 34

HOT-217 12/15/09-12/21/09 34.4719 ± 0.0004 37 0 37

*HOT-218 was cancelled

November 17, 2010


Figure 1a. HOT-221 Secondary Standard Measurements with no outliers removed. The center dotted line represents

the mean salinity of the secondary standards and the upper and lower dotted lines indicate ±1 mpsu about the mean.

Figure 1b. HOT-221 Secondary Standard Measurements with the outliers removed. The center dotted line represents

the mean salinity of the secondary standards and the upper and lower dotted lines indicate ±1 mpsu about the mean.

November 17, 2010


2b. ANALYSIS OF 221-STANDARD

A second batch of seawater was prepared to use alongside the substandard water to further detect possible drift in

instrument electronics. The water was collected on May 19th

, 2010 from S2C11 at 1020 dbar during HOT-221 and stored

in a 60 L plastic carboy. The water was well mixed with a peristaltic pump for 30 minutes before being bottled by Bo

Keopaseut and Cammy Fumar on May 24th

, 2010. The water was termed 221-standard water.

Measurements of the 221-standard water were made in the beginning and end of every session and roughly every 24 to

30 samples in between. Throughout the HOT-221 salinity run 31 substandards were measured (see Table 4). Results of

the 221-standard measurements before outliers were removed are shown in Fig. 1c. The results after the outliers were

removed are shown in Fig. 1d. Two outliers were removed from the analysis due to possible contamination, one from

session 3 and the other from session 6. The first 221-standard sample in session 3 had four attempts and was noted to

not be used in the analysis due to possible contamination. The third 221-standard sample in session 6 was 7.8 mpsu

higher than the mean for the 221-standard water and had three attempts and was also removed. After they were removed,

another two outliers were removed, these samples were more than one mpsu higher than the average.

The maximum difference between 221-standard measurements of session 1–6 was 1.2 mpsu after the outliers were

removed. Results from individual substandard measurements are presented in Table 4. Session-by-session statistics for

HOT-221 substandard measurements are listed in Table 5.

November 17, 2010


Table 4: 221-Standard Values

Session Date Salinity (psu)

1 05/24/10 34.4840

1 34.4834

1 34.4834

1 34.4834

1 34.4852*

1 34.4844

1 34.4834

2 05/25/10 34.4836

2 34.4832

2 34.4838

2 34.4852*

2 34.4838

3 05/26/10 34.4871*

3 34.4832

3 34.4834

3 34.4836

3 34.4840

4 05/26/10 34.4836

4 34.4832

4 34.4840

5 05/27/10 34.4836

5 34.4836

5 34.4842

5 34.4844

5 34.4834

6 05/28/10 34.4840

6 34.4832

6 34.4917*

6 34.4836

6 34.4834

6 34.4838

* Outliers

Table 5: Variation of 221-Standard Seawater

Session Cruise Date Mean Salinity and

standard deviation (psu) Number Outliers Total

1 HOT-221 05/24/10 34.4839 ± 0.0007 7 0 7

2 HOT-221 05/25/10 34.4839 ± 0.0008 5 0 5

3 HOT-221 05/26/10 34.4836 ± 0.0003 4 1 5

4 HOT-221 05/26/10 34.4836 ± 0.0004 3 0 3

5 HOT-221 05/27/10 34.4838 ± 0.0004 5 0 5

6 HOT-221 05/28/10 34.4836 ± 0.0003 5 1 6

TOTAL HOT-221 05/24/10-05/28/10 34.4838 ± 0.0003 27 4 31

November 17, 2010


Figure 1c. 221-Standard Measurements with no outliers removed. The center dotted line represents the mean salinity of

the 221-standard and the upper and lower dotted lines indicate ±1 mpsu about the mean.

Figure 1d. 221-Standard Measurements with the outliers removed. The center dotted line represents the mean salinity

of the 221-standard and the upper and lower dotted lines indicate ±1 mpsu about the mean.

November 17, 2010


3. QUALITY CONTROL

The salinity bottle data results are reported in the Appendix located at the end of the report. The salinity bottle data

results are presented in Figures 2.01.01–2.02.17 and 02.06.01. Bottle data are plotted versus depth with the nominally

calibrated 2 dbar averaged CTD upcast data for each cast to check for possible outliers.

Two obvious outliers were present in S2C11. Three salinity samples were taken for this cast from 5 dbar, 510 dbar, and

1020 dbar. The two deeper samples, at 510 dbar and 1020 dbar, had higher salinity values by 0.4919 psu and 0.4911 psu

than the values recorded by the CTD. As the CTD only stopped at 5 depths during this cast, the possibility that the

samples were taken from the wrong Niskin bottle during sampling was ruled out. The other two depths that Niskins were

closed at were at 125 dbar and 200 dbar where salinity at these depths were both above 35 psu.

Further investigation for S2C11 revealed from the autosal data files that the standby numbers were higher when these

two samples had been measured. The standby numbers recorded were 7522 and 7521 for the samples in questions

compared with 5438, the standby number throughout the measurement run. A change in standby number can be caused

by a shift in electronics during the run or by a change in the Standardization Knob Setting. Another way that this number

can change is if the suppression knob is not fully turned and seated in its next position. This is not easy to do but is

possible. In the salinity measurement run the sample measured prior to the first outlier was from 5 dbar from the

previous cast (S2C10#3). Water from this depth during HOT-221 was above 35 psu and so the suppression knob would

have been turned up for this sample. When the sample from 1020 dbar from S2C11 was measured the suppression knob

would have been turned down. It is suspected that at this point the knob was not sufficiently turned resulting in a higher

standby number which was not noticed by the operator at the time of the measurement. The 510 dbar sample was

measured next followed by the 5 dbar sample. At this point the suppression knob would have been turned back up and

seated correctly and the standby number returned to the correct value.

By turning the suppression knob midway we were able to reproduce the false standby numbers during a test on

June 15th

, 2010. The brief change in standby number affected only these two samples. There was no evidence that

the salinometer had a sudden change in electronics that would have impacted the HOT-221 salinities.

S2C11 was an open cast and salinities were only taken for calibration purposes, these outliers will be flagged as bad and

will not be used in the calibrations. A more objective quality control is done after calibrating the CTD salinity against the

bottle samples.

4. DUPLICATE SESSION RESULTS

Twenty-four duplicate salinity samples were collected from the first deep cast at Station ALOHA and compared to the

primary salinity samples taken from the same cast in order to confirm the quality of the primary data and to test the

operator's results (Figures 3a – 3c).

The top graph in Figure 3a shows the results for primary and duplicate salinity samples plotted along with the CTD

salinity profile from S2C4 with no outliers removed. This graph helps to identify outliers that are different from the

CTD salinity profile but possess similar primary and duplicate sample values. The differences between duplicate and

primary salinity are shown in the lower plots of Figures 3a – 3c.

Salinity differences between primary and duplicate samples ranged between -6.2 mpsu and 10.0 mpsu, with a mean and

standard deviation of 0.25 mpsu ± 2.5 mpsu (Figure 3a). Two outliers were removed due to possible sample

contamination. Duplicate #3 and primary sample #12 were removed as outliers after initial processing. Both samples

took more than two readings to obtain a measurement; thismay indicate that the sample was contaminated upon opening.

Bottle 3-duplicate sample had 3 attempts and was 9.8 mpsu higher than the mean salinity difference. Bottle 12-primary

sample had 4 attempts and was 5.8 lower than the mean salinity difference. After the outliers were removed the salinity

difference ranged between -0.9 mpsu and 0.8 mpsu with a mean and standard deviation of 0.1 mpsu ± 0.45 mpsu

November 17, 2010


(Figures 3b and 3c). The mean differences and standard deviations from this and previous cruises without outliers are

listed in Table 6.

The substandard samples measured during the duplicate session (session 6) were offset, higher than those run during the

primary sessions. This offset, however, was not seen in the duplicate samples or 221-standard samples. We believe this

offset may be due to a difference in operator technique. The IAPSO ran at the end of the primary samples and duplicate

samples suggests that the Autosal was functioning normally for the entire salinity run. No corrections will be applied to

the salinity measurements during session #6.

Table 6: Duplicate salinity bottle session statistics

Cruise

Mean Difference and Standard

Deviation

(duplicate - primary, mpsu)

Number of Outliers First Operator Second Operator

HOT-221 0.10 ± 0.45 2 C. Fumar B. Keopaseut

HOT-220 0.35 ± 0.8 2 B. Keopaseut C. Fumar

HOT-219 0.69 ± 1.2 1 C. Fumar B. Keopaseut

HOT-217 -0.23 ± 0.56 1 P. Lethaby C. Fumar

HOT-216 0.14 ± 0.44 2 P. Lethaby M. Murphy



HOT-213 0.95 ± 0.57 1 P. Lethaby I. Hawkins

HOT-212 -0.74 ± 0.48 1 P. Lethaby I. Hawkins

HOT-211 -0.19 ± 0.45 2 P. Lethaby I. Hawkins

HOT-210 -0.91 ± 0.48 1 J. Smith P. Lethaby

HOT-209 -0.17 ± 0.73 2 C. Shacat P. Lethaby


HOT-206 0.44 ± 0.53 0 C. Shacat P. Lethaby








HOT-198 0.22 ± 0.42 0 J. Smith C. Shacat

HOT-197 0.14 ± 0.43 0 J. Smith P. Lethaby




HOT-193 -0.79 ± 1.71 5 P. Lethaby J. Smith

Note: HOT-218 & HOT-207 were cancelled, no duplicates were collected.

0 5 10 15 20 2534

34.2

34.4

34.6

34.8

35

35.2

35.4

Bottle number

Sal

inity

Figure 3a : HOT−221 Station 2 Cast 4 Salinities. o:primary, + duplicates, − uncalibrated CTD

0 5 10 15 20 25−8

−6

−4

−2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12x 10

−3

Bottle number

Sal

inity

HOT−221 Duplicate − PrimaryMean = 0.00025 St. dev. = 0.00251

* = outlier

0 5 10 15 20 25−3

−2.5

−2

−1.5

−1

−0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2x 10

−3

Bottle number

Sal

inity

Figure 3b : HOT−221 Station 2 Cast 4 Differences from the uncalibrated CTD. o=CTD−primary mean=0.00038182 std dev= 0.00078415

+=CTD−duplicates mean= 0.00028182 std dev=0.00081978

0 5 10 15 20 25−10

−8

−6

−4

−2

0

2

4

6

8x 10

−4

Bottle number

Sal

inity


0 5 10 15 20 2534

34.2

34.4

34.6

34.8

35

35.2

35.4

Bottle number

Sal

inity

Figure 3c : HOT−221 Station 2 Cast 4 Salinities. Outliers removed, o: primary, + duplicates, − uncalibrated CTD

0 5 10 15 20 25−10

−8

−6

−4

−2

0

2

4

6

8x 10

−4

Bottle number

Sal

inity


November 17, 2010

HOT-221 Salinity Report Page 10 of 12

5. ERICKSEN SALINITY MEASUREMENTS

Twenty extra samples were run during Session 6 for Todd Ericksen (HIGP). Table 7 shows the results of these

measurements. No CTD data was available to plot the bottle salinities against. Four substandard samples, five 221-

standard samples, and one IAPSO were used to ensure the stability of the Autosal during this session. Table 8 shows the

results of these extra measurements. Most of the bottles had wet caps and therefore had dried salt along the rim. This

may be a source of possible contamination.

Table 7: Ericksen Sample Values

Station/Cast Bottle

(#)

Depth

(dbar)

Salinity

(psu)

Notes

1A/001 01 918 34.4746 Cap-wet; salty

1A/001 04 595 34.1948 Very salty cap

1A/001 07 359 34.1208 Cap-wet; salty

1A/001 10 118 35.4068 Cap-wet; salty

1A/001 13 25 35.0375 Cap-wet; salty

1A/002 02 905 34.4940* Cap-wet; salty

1A/002 04 685 34.3544 Cap-wet; salty

1A/002 07 370 34.0928 Cap-wet; salty

1A/002 13 85 35.3976 Cap-wet; salty

1A/002 16 25 34.9978 Cap-wet; salty

CWP/001B 01 1117 34.5169 Cap-wet; salty

CWP/001B 04 700 34.3438* Cap-wet; salty


CWP/001B 10 270 34.4297 Cap-wet


3B/001 01 1485 34.5768 Cap-wet; salty

3B/001 04 704 34.3440 Cap-wet; salty

3B/001 07 425 34.1177 Cap-wet; salty

3B/001 11 129 35.3206 Cap-wet

3B/001 17 25 34.9957 Cap-wet; salty

* Three attempts

November 17, 2010


Table 8: Substandard and 221-Standard Values for Session 6, with outliers removed

Session 6 Substandard Salinity

(psu)

221-Standard Salinity

(psu)

#1 34.4738 34.4840

#2 34.4740 34.4832

#3 34.4742 34.4836

#4 34.4740 34.4834

#5 - 34.4838

Mean 34.4740 34.4836

6. ROOM TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS

Room temperature measurements were made during HOT-221 salinity measurement run using a Seabird microcat (SBE-

37) placed on a bench in the middle of the room. The instrument was set to sample every 10 seconds. Figure 4 shows the

time series of temperature for the run. Vertical green lines indicate the start of a salinity session with the following

vertical red line indicating the end. Temperature over the course of the run can be seen to remain within the desirable

limits of +1°C and -2°C from the autosal bath temperature of 24°C.

The mean temperature and standard deviation of the HOT-221 run was 23.15°C ± 0.39°C. The temperature can also be

seen to rise from its diurnal low point in the morning at the start of each session. Temperature generally rises throughout

the day to a maximum, followed by cooling during night-time hours when the building is not occupied. The mean

temperature for the HOT-221 salinity run and for each session is shown in Table 9 along with the standard deviation,

minimum, and maximum temperatures.

November 17, 2010


Figure 4. Room Temperature in Lab 427 measured with an SBE-37 during the HOT-221 salinity run. The green vertical

lines indicate the starts of each session and the following red vertical line indicates the end of that session. The mean

room temperature for the whole run is shown with the horizontal magenta line and the mean room temperature for each

session is shown with a blue plus. Desirable limits are shown with black horizontal dotted lines, +1°C and -2°C of the

autosal bath temperature of 24°C. Measurements of substandard are also shown over the course of the HOT-221

salinity run (brown circles).

Table 9: Room temperature session statistics during the HOT-221 salinity run

Session Mean Temperature

(°C)

Standard Deviation

(°C)

Minimum Temperature

(°C)

Maximum Temperature

(°C)

1 23.24 0.39 22.72 23.54

2 23.68 0.28 22.92 23.95

3 23.51 0.15 23.04 23.70

4 23.66 0.18 23.18 23.91

5 23.73 0.11 23.39 23.92

34 34.2 34.4 34.6 34.8 35 35.2 35.4−1200

−1000

−800

−600

−400

−200

0

Salinity (psu)

Pre

ssur

e (d

bar)

HOT−221, stat−01, cast−01 (− ctd, o auto)

FIGURE 2.01.01

34 34.5 35 35.5−1200

−1000

−800

−600

−400

−200

0

Salinity (psu)

Pre

ssur

e (d

bar)


FIGURE 2.02.02

34 34.5 35 35.5−5000

−4500

−4000

−3500

−3000

−2500

−2000

−1500

−1000

−500

0

Salinity (psu)

Pre

ssur

e (d

bar)


FIGURE 2.02.04

34 34.5 35 35.5−1200

−1000

−800

−600

−400

−200

0

Salinity (psu)

Pre

ssur

e (d

bar)


FIGURE 2.02.05

34 34.5 35 35.5−1200

−1000

−800

−600

−400

−200

0

Salinity (psu)

Pre

ssur

e (d

bar)


FIGURE 2.02.06

34 34.5 35 35.5−1200

−1000

−800

−600

−400

−200

0

Salinity (psu)

Pre

ssur

e (d

bar)


FIGURE 2.02.07

34 34.5 35 35.5−1200

−1000

−800

−600

−400

−200

0

Salinity (psu)

Pre

ssur

e (d

bar)


FIGURE 2.02.08

34 34.2 34.4 34.6 34.8 35 35.2 35.4−1200

−1000

−800

−600

−400

−200

0

Salinity (psu)

Pre

ssur

e (d

bar)


FIGURE 2.02.09

34 34.2 34.4 34.6 34.8 35 35.2 35.4−1200

−1000

−800

−600

−400

−200

0

Salinity (psu)

Pre

ssur

e (d

bar)


FIGURE 2.02.10

34 34.2 34.4 34.6 34.8 35 35.2 35.4−1200

−1000

−800

−600

−400

−200

0

Salinity (psu)

Pre

ssur

e (d

bar)


FIGURE 2.02.11

34 34.2 34.4 34.6 34.8 35 35.2 35.4−1200

−1000

−800

−600

−400

−200

0

Salinity (psu)

Pre

ssur

e (d

bar)


FIGURE 2.02.12

34 34.5 35 35.5−1200

−1000

−800

−600

−400

−200

0

Salinity (psu)

Pre

ssur

e (d

bar)


FIGURE 2.02.13

34 34.5 35 35.5−1200

−1000

−800

−600

−400

−200

0

Salinity (psu)

Pre

ssur

e (d

bar)


FIGURE 2.02.14

34 34.5 35 35.5−1200

−1000

−800

−600

−400

−200

0

Salinity (psu)

Pre

ssur

e (d

bar)


FIGURE 2.02.15

34 34.5 35 35.5−1200

−1000

−800

−600

−400

−200

0

Salinity (psu)

Pre

ssur

e (d

bar)


FIGURE 2.02.16

34 34.5 35 35.5−5000

−4500

−4000

−3500

−3000

−2500

−2000

−1500

−1000

−500

0

Salinity (psu)

Pre

ssur

e (d

bar)


FIGURE 2.02.17

34 34.5 35 35.5−2500

−2000

−1500

−1000

−500

0

Salinity (psu)

Pre

ssur

e (d

bar)


FIGURE 2.06.01

hot-221 salinity measurements - soest filebased on the iapso measurements during the hot-221 run the...

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