hostal management

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TITLE OF THE PROJECT

HOSTELMANAGEME

NT SYSTEM

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INTRODUCTION

The project named Hostel Management System has been

developed using ASP.NET. This project has been developed in partialfulfillment of Requirements for the degree of MCA (2007-2010), PunjabTechnical University.

Hostel Management System is web based application which helpsto book Hostel in anywhere in the world. It helps to find a Hostel in aparticular country or state or city. It then shows the list of Hostel s, whichare located in that particular country or state or city. Customer can selectanyone of the given Hostel s and can book the Hostel according to

requirement.

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PROBLEM WITH EXISTING SYSTEM

In manual system, there are lots of problems especially with finding

the Hostel s in other countries or states or cities. It is very costly to find

Hostel s and then to contact them to book a room.

Customers can not see the surroundings without visiting it

personally. So the customers can see the details of Hostel like rates,

location, surroundings etc. online. This program has solved the problem

to find the best Hostel s in a particular location. Customer doesnt need to

waste the time in finding Hostel s. Customer just needs to specify the

location where he/she wants to go and program will display the complete

list of the all the Hostel s located in that location. Moreover booking of

Hostel in this program is not cumbersome task. It is very easy to find the

suitable Hostel s for your requirement.

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OBJECTIVES OF PROJECT

After thoroughly analyzing the existing system the following

objectives were set:

Providing user friendly interface

Hostel must be shown according to specified location and dates.

Hostel should be booked at least for a night

Check out date should be greater than check in date

Hostel Booking must be done online

User and Administrator must be different

Keeping project records online Database must be used as backend

Maintaining data consistency

Increasing the efficiency through automation

Adequate validation checks for data entry

Facility to update the data time to time

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SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION

PROJECT SCOPE

Completion of the development process will result in a web applicationthat will provide user-friendly environment, which is very easy to workwith, even for people with very little knowledge of computer. Managementof various tasks is incorporated in the package and will deliver therequired information in a very easy to use and easy to access manner.

This package will provide accuracy, efficiency, speed and easiness to theend user. Paper work will be subjugated and come to an appropriate level.Monotonous and tedious part of work will become fascinating. Since thesystem is verified with valid as well as invalid data and is run with aninsight into the necessary modifications that may require in the future, itcan be maintained successfully without much hassle.

Practicality: The system is quite stable and can be operated bythe people with average intelligence.

Efficiency: I tried to involve accuracy, timeliness andcomprehensiveness of the system output.

Cost: It is desirable to aim for the system with a minimum costsubject to the condition that it must satisfy the entire requirements.

Flexibility: I have tried that the system should be modifiabledepending on the changing needs of the user. Such modificationsshould entail extensive reconstructing or recreation of software. Itshould also be portable to different computer systems.

Security: This is a very important aspect and I have tried to coverthe areas of hardware reliability, fallback procedures, and physicalsecurity of data.

In addition to the user friendliness and easiness to access andinput data into the system, I have tried to design the system in such away that the information is not accessible only on LAN on which thesystem is running but the information will also be accessiblethroughout the world using the revolutionary INTERNET but it needs alittle more work to be done on the software.

From a programmer point of view the objective of the work doneby me in the stated software is to make the whole system ObjectOriented. Starting with the first step up to the final line of code I wrote,

I tried to make the system Object Oriented.

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The scope of the job assigned to me as my project work is to inputthe required document information through various input screens, tostore them in some database and output them when needed in theform of reports or they should be able to be exported to other softwarelike EXCEL, HTML etc. The system can be implemented on a WAPenabled mobile handset, thus providing the Clients and the Providers

the ease of accessing the projects and their status without anydifficulty and within no time.

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE TO BE USED

The system must have the following hardware requirements:

Pentium IV Processors

512 MB of RAM20 GB of Hard DiskOne SQL based serverOne domain name space to implement Web based services

The system must have the following software requirements:

MS Windows XP OS with .NET framework 3.5MS-Office

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Requirements

Functional Requirements:

System should have facility to enter information about Hostel andits details.

It must have something which allows member to sign in and makechanges in saved data about a particular Hostel .

Program should have ability to find the Hostel s from anywhere inthe world.

It must show the city and state corresponding to selected country.

As the user selects the location and dates, it must show the list ofHostel s according to selected criteria.

User can select any Hostel from the given list.

It must show complete details of selected Hostel with images anddetails.

As room is booked, number of vacant rooms must be decreased forthose particular dates.

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Non-functional Requirements:

Portability:

The system will be designed to be portable across popular WindowsOS.

Extensibility:The system should be extensible to add new Hostel s and Rooms

Reusability:The systems code could be reused to add further new features ifneed to be added in future.

Reliability and Availability: System must be able to deliver in required and reliable manner

Software Upgradeability:System is to be developed in phases, so it shall be easilyupgradeable to include the new items in the database

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Panels

User panelUsers can find Hostel s and can get information according to thelocation and dates.

Admin PanelAdministrator can update any information such as new Topics and

new Questionnaires.

User Requirements

This software has been designed keeping in view therequirements and ease of the user who is finally going to use it. Afterall the effort put on analysis phase, I ended up with the following

requirements:1. Easy storage, updation, deletion and retrieval of data.

2. No redundancy of data.

3. Minimal traversal time.

4. User friendly interface.

5. Proper validations and checks for the data to be entered.

6. Generation of certain automatic values.

7. Compatibility with other Microsoft based software.

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Benefits of the System

The system provides the following benefits:

Web based Package: The system is a web based applicationwhich runs in a browser, so it is very easy to use.

Easy Retrieval of Data: Operations like add, update, delete,save and cancel etc. have been accomplished with the help of variousbuttons and list boxes. The user can easily view or retrieveinformation.

Validations: There are proper validations for the informationto be filled at the relevant places. So, the chances of wrong entry areminimal.

Security and Access: The system is fully secured by apassword facility so that nobody can use the system or viewinformation without the right and the permission. Only the correctpassword allows further navigation in the project.

User friendly: The system is completely user friendly so thatthe end user who may have very little knowledge of using computers

can easily use the system.

Users:

This site can be used by 2 types of users:

1. Member UsersThe users who access to their Hostel s and they can make changes in

their data only.

2. AdministratorThe administrator of the system is responsible for the updates to bemade as per the requirement.

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FEASIBILITY STUDY

Economic Feasibility It is a procedure that gives a picture of the various costs, benefits

and rules associated with a system. To what extent benefitsoutweigh costs is the function of cost/benefit analysis.

The various costs involved in this software are:

Hardware Cost: Various hardware requirements have alreadybeen mentioned and the hardware cost may be ascertained on thatbasis.

Personnel Cost: It requires only one person i.e. administrator towork on the system

Facility Cost: Since it is an online application, no facility costsare involved.

Operating Cost: No day-to-day costs are involved.However, the application needs to be registered which is a onetime expenditure and the domain name needs to be renewed ona yearly basis.

Benefits: A system is also expected to provide benefits. Thefirst task is to identify each benefit and then assign a monetaryvalue to it. Benefits may be tangible or intangible, direct orindirect. Some of them are:

User friendly interface

Properly organized system

Proper work flow

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Information will be well used

Technical Feasibility: A study of function, performance and constraintsthat may affect the ability to achieve an acceptable system.

Technical AnalysisDuring technical analysis, the technical merits of the system arestudied and at the same time additional information aboutperformance, reliability, maintainability and predictability iscollected. Technical analysis begins with an assessment of the

technical reliability of the proposed system. What technologies are required for accomplished system function

and performance?

What new materials, methods, algorithms or processes are required

and what is their development risk?

How will these obtained from technical analysis form the basis for

another go/no-go decision on the test system? If the technical risk is

severe, if models indicate that the desired function cannot be

achieved, if the pieces just wont fit together smoothly, its back to

the drawing board.

As the software is very much economically feasible, then it is reallyimportant

For it to be technically sound. The software will be build among:

Front-End: ASP.NET 2.0

Logic Development: C#. NET

Back-End: MS-Access

Operational Analysis

The project is operationally feasible.

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SYSTEM DESIGN

System design is the process of developing specifications for a

candidate system that meet the criteria established in the system

analysis. The plan of the project provides a review of the different

modules in which the project is divided. The modules are designed and

tested individually and then merged together to form an integrated

project. The different types of tables being used are:

Tables Used In the Project

DFD

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1 level

Request ForWeb Page Login

Sign up Check

Search

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Hostalmanagements

bookinginfo.

Students info

Reports

Room info

Confirmed Ticket

students

Forroom

Geta list ofpasswo

rd

Enterthe

username&Pass

word

Verify

username &

password

EnterStudents

Information

student Table

Studentstable


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Ticket

Payment Book roomInformation File Information File

1 level

Admin Password

Request For LoginWeb Page

Check

For valid user

room Information

15

Get a list

oftickets

Mak

ePay

ment

Enter

BookingInformation

Room

information

Admin

Enterthe

username&Pass

word

Geta list ofpasswo

rd

Verify

username &

password

Delete,UpdateAdd,

roomInformatio

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File

DATABASE DESIGN

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OUTPUT

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WORKING ENVIRONMENT

Understanding .Net Frame Work

DEFINITION: The .Net framework can be defined as a languageneutral platform designed to provide a number of rich and powerfulapplication development tools and technologies. It has an extensive classlibrary that provides wide-ranging support for data access.

.Net framework has an independent code execution and managementenvironment called the Common Language Runtime (CLR) which ensuresthat code is safe to run, and provides an abstract layer on top of theoperating system, which allows the elements of the .Net framework to runon many operating systems and devices.

THE .NET VISION:

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The basic idea behind the development of the .Net framework is that aglobal broadband network will someday globally connect all devices andthe software will become a service provided over this network.

The .Net framework provides the foundation and the plumbing onwhich the Microsoft .Net vision is built. The vision is about having a globalnetwork and open standards like XML to make it easier for parties to

exchange data and work together. Now devices will use commonlanguages like XML over standardized or shared protocols such as HTTPand these devices will be running a multitude of software on variousoperating systems. This is not limited to Microsoft but also to otheroperating systems such as sun, IBM.

The .Net framework provides the tools and the technologies needed towrite applications that can seamlessly and easily communicate over theInternet using open standards like XML and SOAP. It also aims at solvingthe various problems that are faced by developers while working onapplications made using the windows DNA. It provides a solution toproblems such as registering of components and shutting downapplications in order to upgrade them.

BENEFITS OF USING .NET:

The windows platform is inherently complex and may pose severalproblems for programmers. However the .Net platform is used as itprovides solutions to many such problems and offers an Internet centricplatform.

The following are the benefits of using .Net platform:

Multiple platform Support

.Net platform has been designed keeping multiple platform support asa key feature. For version 2.0 this means that the code written usingthe .Net platform can run on all versions of Windows. i.e. Windows98,95,NT,2000 and so on.

Microsoft has included rich support for all the platforms. Also this codeshall also work on any 64-bit processor that may be used by Microsoftlater.

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It is also expected that .Net shall run on other platforms like UNIX also,however it is not for sure that all functionality will be available for thesame.

. Net as a clean start

On the windows platform, the technologies available often depend onthe programming language that they are written in, so they are verydifferent. Depending on the chosen programming language, thesetechnologies can be restrictive.

The problem with this approach is that it makes the Windows platformharder to understand.

Using .Net there is just one simple object oriented way of accessing thefunctionality of the .Net Framework.

(The best and most commonly used technologies being merged in .Net)

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. Net

MFC

Windows API

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Performance

. Net has been designed to provide great performance and scalability.For .Net to succeed, the companies must be able to immigrate theirapplications and not suffer due to the way the CLR works. To ensure this

CLR converts the code into native machine code. So theconversion cantake step-by-step method and will make use of the given machinesresources and processor features.

As newer versions of the CLR are released and technologies likewindows forms are released, each release will have a better performanceand smaller memory footprints. Also .Net has succeeded in replacingcompletely the older technologies like COM with better and efficientdesign equivalents. At the heart of the .Net platform is the CLR.

NET FRAMEWORK DRILL DOWN:

The .Net framework consists of four major areas:

1. Application development technologies2. Class libraries3. Base class libraries4. The Common Language Runtime

(Description of the layered .Net Framework architecture)

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ApplicationDevelopmentTechnologies

Class Libraries

Base Class Libraries

Common LanguageRuntime

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The various layers can be explained in detail as:

Application Development Technologies:

.Net offers technologies for building web applications, providing many

new features and a much cleaner programming model. The two mainfeatures are:

1) Web Services:- These are programmable business logic componentsthat serve as black boxes to provide access to functionality via theInternet using the standard protocols such as HTTP.Web services arebased on the application of XML called the SOAP (Simple Object AccessProtocol)

2) Windows forms:- For developing standard GUI applications, the .NetFramework provides the window forms.Window forms are an extensiveclass library that exposesthe functionality of the Windows common Controls using the ObjectOriented capabilities of .net Framework.

Class libraries:The .Net Framework provides an extensive set of class libraries.

This includes classes for:

1. Data access:High performance data access classes for connecting to SQL server,

ORACLE or any other database for which OLEDB or ODBC provider isavailable.

2. XML Support:

It includes next generation XML support .

Base Class Libraries:The base class library in the .Net framework is huge. It covers areas

such as collections; thread support, code generation, IO, reflection andmany more.

Common Language Runtime:The CLR proves to be one of the most radical tools use in the .Net

Framework. It is a language neutral platform that converts codegenerated by all the languages in the .Net platform to a language called

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the (IL) Intermediate Language. This is further converted into the nativemachine language.

The CLR enables the .Net framework to run on a number of differentdevices. It forms an intermediate layer between the operating system andthe .Net Framework.

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ASP.NET

ASP.NET is a set of web application development technologiesmarketed by Microsoft. Programmers can use it to build dynamic websites, web applications and XML web services. It is part of Microsofts .NETplatform and is the successor to Microsofts Active Server Pages (ASP)

technology.Even though ASP.NET takes its name from Microsofts old webdevelopment technology ASP, the two differ significantly. Microsoft hascompleted rebuilt ASP.NET, based on the Common Language Runtime(CLR) shared by all Microsoft.Net applications. Programmers can writeASP.NET code using any of different Programming languages supportedby the .NET Framework, usually C#, VB.NET, or JScript.NET, but alsoincluding open-source languages such as Perl and Python. ASP.NET hasperformance benefits over other script-based technologies because theserver-side code is compiled to one or a few DLL files on web server.

ASP.NET attempts to simplify developers transition from Windowsapplication development to web development by offering the ability tobuild pages composed of controls similar to a Window user interface. Aweb control, such as a button or label, functions in very much the sameway as its window counterpart: code can assign it properties and respondto its events. Controls know how to render themselves: whereas windowscontrols draw themselves to the screen, web controls produce segmentsof HTML and JavaScript which form part of resulting page sent to the end-users browser.

ASP.NET encourages the programmer to develop applications using anevent-driven GUI paradigm, rather than in conventional web-scriptingenvironments like ASP and PHP. The framework attempts to combineexisting technologies such as JavaScript with internal components likeView state to bring persistent (inter-request) state to inherentlystateless web environment.

ASP.NET uses .NET Framework as an interface. The .NET Frameworkoffers a managed runtime environment (like java), providing a virtualmachine with JIT and a class library.

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Introduction to IIS

Internet Information Services Architecture

IIS is an integral part of the Windows DNA architecture. An important

role of IIS is to link clients accessing the system through the HypertextTransfer Protocol (HTTP) to the other Windows DNA services, such as

DHTML, ASP, and so on. In addition, IIS includes a basic set of

functionality that systems developers can extend to define customized

application architecture.

This section contains:

IIS Core Functionality: Describes the basic functionality

that you can use to build Web applications.

IIS and Component Services: Outlines the functionality

used to isolate, manage and coordinate processing for

transactional ASP applications.

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Microsoft Access

Microsoft Access is a pseudo relational database management system

from Microsoft that combines the relational Microsoft Jet Database Engine

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with a graphical user interface and software development tools. It is amember of the Microsoft Office suite of applications

Access stores data in its own format based on the Access Jet DatabaseEngine. It can also import or link directly to data stored in other Accessdatabases, Excel, SharePoint lists, text, XML, Outlook, HTML, dBase,

Paradox, Lotus 1-2-3, or any ODBC-compliant data container, includingMicrosoft SQL Server, Oracle, MySQL and PostgreSQL. Softwaredevelopers and data architects can use it to develop application software,and "power users" can use it to build simple applications. Like otherOffice applications, Access is supported by Visual Basic for Applications,an object-oriented programming language that can reference a variety ofobjects including DAO (Data Access Objects), ActiveX Data Objects, andmany other ActiveX components. Visual objects used in forms and reportsexpose their methods and properties in the VBA programmingenvironment, and VBA code modules may declare and call Windowsoperating system functions.

UsesMicrosoft Access is used to create simple database solutions. Accesstables support a variety of standard field types, indices, and referentialintegrity. Access also includes a query interface, forms to display andenter data, and reports for printing. The underlying Jet database, whichcontains these objects, is multiuser-aware and handles record-locking andreferential integrity including cascading updates and deletes.

Simple tasks can be automated through macros with point-and-clickoptions. Microsoft Access is very popular among non-programmers whocan create visually pleasing and relatively advanced solutions on theirown. It is also easy to place a database on a network and have multipleusers share and update data without overwriting each others work. Datais locked at the record level which is significantly different from Excelwhich locks the entire spreadsheet.

Microsoft offers a wide range of template databases within the programand for download from their website. These options are available uponstarting Access and allow users to quickly use and enhance a databasewith pre-defined tables, queries, forms, reports, and macros. Populartemplates include tracking contacts, assets, issues, events, projects, andtasks. Templates do not include VBA code.

Microsoft Access also offers the ability for programmers to createsolutions using the programming language Visual Basic for Applications

(VBA), which is similar to Visual Basic 6.0 (VB6) and used throughout theMicrosoft Office programs such as Excel, Word, Outlook and PowerPoint.

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Most VB6 code including the use of Windows API calls, can be used inVBA. Power users and developers can extend basic end-user solutions toa professional solution with advanced automation, data validation, errortrapping, and multi-user support.

FeaturesUsers can create tables, queries, forms and reports, and connect themtogether with macros. Advanced users can use VBA to write rich solutionswith advanced data manipulation and user control.

The original concept of Access was for end users to be able to accessdata from any source. Other uses include: the import and export of datato many formats including Excel, Outlook, ASCII, dBase, Paradox, FoxPro,SQL Server, Oracle, ODBC, etc. It also has the ability to link to data in itsexisting location and use it for viewing, querying, editing, and reporting.

This allows the existing data to change and the Access platform to alwaysuse the latest data. It can perform heterogeneous joins between data setsstored across different platforms. Access is often used by peopledownloading data from enterprise level databases for manipulation,analysis, and reporting locally.

There is also the Jet Database format (MDB or ACCDB in Access 2007)which can contain the application and data in one file. This makes it veryconvenient to distribute the entire application to another user, who canrun it in disconnected environments.

One of the benefits of Access from a programmer's perspective is itsrelative compatibility with SQL (structured query language) queries canbe viewed graphically or edited as SQL statements, and SQL statementscan be used directly in Macros and VBA Modules to manipulate Accesstables. Users can mix and use both VBA and "Macros" for programmingforms and logic and offers object-oriented possibilities. VBA can also be

included in queries.

Microsoft Access offers parameterized queries. These queries and Accesstables can be referenced from other programs like VB6 and .NET throughDAO or ADO. From Microsoft Access, VBA can reference parameterizedstored procedures via ADO.

The desktop editions of Microsoft SQL Server can be used with Access asan alternative to the Jet Database Engine. This support started with MSDE

(Microsoft SQL Server Desktop Engine), a scaled down version of

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Microsoft SQL Server 2000, and continues with the SQL Server Expressversions of SQL Server 2005 and 2008.

Microsoft Access is a file server-based database. Unlike clientserverrelational database management systems (RDBMS), Microsoft Accessdoes not implement database triggers, stored procedures, or transaction

logging. Access 2010 (not released) does have table level triggers andstored procedures built into the ACE data engine.

SYSTEM TESTING

Testing the system

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It is the major quality control measure employed during softwaredevelopment. Testing is the process of executing a program with intendof finding an error. No Place of code is completely ready unless it hasbeen fully tested. This stage is very important as it is certified whetherthe code developed meet the requirement specification or not. More overvalidations are also checked in the testing stage.

Need For Testing

Testing is vital to the success of the system. Testing has thelogical assumption that all the part of the system is correct and the goalis successfully achieved. Inadequate testing leads to the error that maynot appear until month later. A small system error can explode into amuch larger problem. Second reason for testing is its utility as a user-oriented vehicle before implementation. Finally testing leads tosoftware reliability. This increases the user confidence in the system.

Testing can be done with two types of data, live data and test data.

Live data: Live data is the data actually to be used in theproposed system.

Test data: Test data is previously designed sample input toachieve predictable results.

Testing Methods

White Box Testing

White box testing of software is predicted on close examination ofprocedural details. Providing test cases that exercise specific sets of

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conditions and/or loop tests logical paths through the software. Whitebox testing, sometime called glass box testing is a test case designmethod that uses the control structure of the procedural design toderive test cases.

Black Box Testing

Black Box testing is carried out to check the functionality of thevarious modules. Although they are designed to uncover error, blackbox testing use to demonstrate that software functions are optional,that input is corrected accepted and output is corrected producedand that the integrity of the external information is maintained. Ablack box test examines some fundamental aspects of the systemwith little regard for the internal logical structure of the software.

Black box testing focuses on the functional requirements of thesoftware.

Levels of Testing

A Strategy for software testing integrates software test case designsmethods in well-planned series of steps that results in the successfulconstruction software. An important software testing planned in advanceand conducted systematically. Verification is performed on the output

of each phase, but some faults are likely to remain undetected by thesemethods. These faults will be eventually reflected in the code. Testing isusually relied on to detect these faults, in addition to the faultsintroduced during the coding phase it self. Due to this, different levels oftesting are used in the testing process; each level of testing aims totest different aspects of the system.

The basic levels of testing are

Unit testing

Integration testing

System testing

System acceptances

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CLIENTNEEDS

ACCEPTANCE TESTING

REQUIREMENTS

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Level of Testing

The basic levels are unit testing, integration testing, andsystem & acceptance testing. These different levels of testing attemptto detect different types of faults. The relation of the faults introduced indifferent phases, and the different levels of testing are shown in abovefigures.

Unit Testing:This is the first level of testing. In this, differentmodules are tested against the specifications produced during design forthe modules. Unit testing is essential for verification of the code producedduring the coding phase, and hence the goal is to test the internal logic

of the modules. Due to its close association with coding, the codingphase is frequently called "coding & unit testing". As the focus ofthis testing level is on testing the code, structural testing is best suitedfor this level. In fact, as structural testing is not very suitable for largeprograms, it is used mostly at the unit testing level.

Structural testing: It is an approach to testing where the testsare derived from knowledge of the software's structure andimplementation this approach is can analyze the code and use knowledgeabout the structure of a component to derive test data. The analysis of

the code can be used to find how many test cases are needed toguarantee that all of the statements in the program or component areexecuted at lust once during the testing process.

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DESIGN INTEGRATIO

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Integration Testing: Integration Testing is the next level oftesting. In this, many unit-tested modules are combined into subsystems,which are then tested. The goal here is to see if the modules can beintegrated properly. Hence, the emphasis is on testing interfaces betweenmodules. This testing activity can be considered testing the design.Once a system has been completely integrated it is possible to test the

system for emergent properties such as performance and reliability.

Performance tests have to be designed to ensure that the systemcan process its intended load. This usually involves planning a series oftests where the load is steadily increased until the systemperformance becomes unacceptable. This type of testing is called Stresstesting.

System and Acceptance Testing: The next levels are system

testing & acceptance testing. Here the entire software system is tested.The reference document for this purpose is the requirementsdocument and the goal is to see if the software meets itsrequirements. This is essentially a validation exercise, and in manysituations it is the only validation activity. Acceptance testing issometimes performed with realistic data of the client to determine thatthe software is working satisfactorily. Testing here focuses on theexternal behavior of the system; the internal logic of the program is notemphasized. Consequently, mostly functional testing is performed atthese levels.

Testing of Forms: Forms are the interface between the user anddatabase system. Testing of forms was extensive task. All data entry andquery formats are designed using forms. Forms were tested to ensure thatthey are performing the tasks well they are designed for and correctionand modifications were made found to be necessary. System testing is

designed to uncover weaknesses that were not found in the earlier tests.This includes forced system failure and its users in the operational

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environment will implement validation of the total system as it. The totalsystem is tested for recovery and fallback after various major failures toensure that data are lost during the emergency. All this is done with theold system still in operation. After a successful testing of the individualprograms and forms, the whole system was through a series of' test toensure the proper working of the system as a whole. The system as a whole

unit put to the all-possible inputs. The consistency and validity is thenchecked by the outputs.

Test objectives Testing is a process of execution a program with the intent of

finding error. A good test case is one that has a high portability of finding

an undiscovered error.

A successful test is one that uncovers an as-yet-discovered error.

Testing principles

All tests should be traceable to customer requirements.

Test should be planned long before testing begins. Testing should begin "in small" and progress towards testing "in

the large. To be most effective, an independent third party should conduct

testing.

Test Plan

The first step in the System Testing is to prepare a plan that willtest all aspects of the system in a way that promotes its credibilityamong potential users. There is a psychology in testing: -

Programmers usually do a better job in unit testing because theyare expected to document and report on the method and extentof their testing.

Programmers are involved when they become aware of the userproblems and expectations.

hostal management

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