hospitalizations due to severe hypoglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: us national...
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Hospitalizations Due to Severe Hypoglycemia
in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus:
US National Perspective
Singh G, Mithal A, Mannalithara A, Sehgal A,
Bron M, Dabbous O, Peng X
ICORE
Stanford University
Takeda Pharmaceuticals
Disclosures
Supported by a grant from Takeda Pharmaceuticals
Drs. Bron and Peng are employees of Takeda
Pharmaceuticals
Dr. Dabbous is a former employee of Takeda
Pharmaceuticals
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in US
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) affects >1 million Americans
In adults, T1DM constitutes approximately 5% of all diagnosed
cases of diabetes
Tight glycemic control using intensive insulin therapy significantly
reduces long-term microvascular and macrovascular
complications in T1DM (The Diabetes Control and Complications
Trial (DCCT))
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011. National diabetes fact sheet: national estimates and general information on diabetes and prediabetes in the United States, 2011. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/pdf/ndfs_2011.pdf. Accessed August 29,2012.
Objective
To examine the prevalence and costs and payer
status of severe hypoglycemia hospitalizations
in T1DM patients in the US
Largest publicly available all-payer inpatient care database
20% stratified sample of all U.S. hospitalizations (1988 – 2011)
~5 to 8 million records of inpatient stays per year from about 1,000
hospitals representing ~85 – 96 % of all non–federal hospitals
Complex survey design with multistage strata and clustering
Strict quality-control and extensive validation
Methods and Data Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS)
2009 NIS: Represents 96% of US Population
NIS 2009
Year Data Sources Number of Hospitals
Number of Discharges in the NIS, Unweighted
Number of Discharges in the NIS, Weighted for National Estimates
2009 AR AZ CA CO CT FL GA HI IL IN IA KS LA KY MD MA ME MI MN MO MT NC NE NH NJ NM NY NV OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VA VT WA WI WV WY (Added NM and MT)
1,050 7,810,762 39,434,956
NIS: Data Characteristics
Over 100 clinical and non-clinical variables for each hospital
stay, for example:
Primary and secondary diagnoses
Primary and secondary procedures.
Admission and discharge status
Patient demographics (e.g., gender, age, race, median income for
ZIP Code).
Expected payment source
Length of stay and total charges
Hospital characteristics (e.g., ownership, size, teaching status)
Study Cohort
All inpatient hospitalizations in 2009 with primary or secondary
diagnosis of:
T1DM (ICD9 codes 250.x1, 250.x3), and
Hypoglycemia (ICD9 codes 250.8x, 251.0x, 251.1x, 251.2x) in
patients aged ≥18 years.
Denominator: 2009 US resident population (over 18
years): 232,637,3621
1 Estimated from US Census Bureau Data, 2010 census
Statistics
SAS ( Statistical Analysis System) version 9.3 procedure
PROC SURVEYMEANS used for calculating sample
statistics and appropriate variances based on data from
complex sampling designs
All estimates reported with 95% Confidence Intervals (CI)
Results
Total All-Cause US Hospitalizations (18 years
or older, 2009)
33.1 million in 232.6 million person-years
14,226 per 100,000 person-years
T1DM
326,395 All-Cause Hospitalizations (1%)
140 per 100,000 US population
Hypoglycemia in T1DM
20,839 hospitalizations (9 per 100,000 US pop)
6.4% of all T1DM hospitalizations
Total All-Cause US Hospitalizations (18 years
or older, 2009)
33.1 million in 232.6 million person-years
14,226 per 100,000 person-years
T2DM
7.2 million All-Cause Hospitalizations (21.7%)
3,100 per 100,000 US population
Hypoglycemia in T2DM
248,422 hospitalizations (107 per 100,000)
3.4% of all T1DM hospitalizations
Hypoglycemia Hospitalizations as % of All-Cause
T1DM and T2DM Hospitalizations
T1DM T2DM0.0%
1.0%
2.0%
3.0%
4.0%
5.0%
6.0%
7.0%6.4%
3.4%
Hypoglycemia Hospitalizations as a % of All-Cause
T1DM hospitalizations by Gender
Women Men5.4%
5.6%
5.8%
6.0%
6.2%
6.4%
6.6%
6.8%
7.0%
6.0%
6.8%
Gender
Mean Age at Admission with Diagnosis of
Hypoglycemia with T1DM
T1DM with Hypoglycemia Total T1DM T1DM without Hypoglycemia40.0
41.0
42.0
43.0
44.0
45.0
46.0
47.0
48.0 46.8
44.7 44.6
Hospitalization Type in T1DM Hypoglycemia
Most Hospitalizations are Non-Elective
2,486 (12%)
18,318 (88%)
ElectiveNon- Elective
Length of StayT1DM patients with hypoglycemia stayed longer compared to those
with all-cause hospitalizations
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
4.65.0
7.2
All-cause Hospitaliza-tions
Type 1 Diabetes hos-pitalizations length of stay
Hypoglycemia Hos-pitalizations in Type 1 DiabetesLe
ngth
of s
tay
in d
ays
Charges for Hospitalizations with Hypoglycemia in T1DM
(US$ per admission)
Hypoglycemia in T1DM T1DM All-Cause Hospitalizations$0
$5,000
$10,000
$15,000
$20,000
$25,000
$30,000
$35,000
$40,000
$45,000
$50,000 $46,039
$33,564$30,655
Charges
National Bill : Total Charges for Hypoglycemia
Hospitalizations in T1DM
Total hospitalizations = 20,839 (95% CI = 19,233 - 22,445)
Charge per hospitalization = $46,039 (CI = $42,144-$49,934)
Total charges = $ 959,406,721
As a comparison, hypoglycemia hospitalizations in T2DM :
Total hospitalizations = 248,422 (CI = 234,321-262,523)
Charges per hospitalization = $48,569 (CI = $45,781-
$51,357)
Total charges = $ 12.07 billion
Average Charge of US All-Cause Hospitalization: $33,232
Who is paying for T1DM Hypoglycemia
Hospitalizations ?Medicare and Medicaid are responsible for 64% of Payment
42%
22%
25%
7%4%
medicare
medicaid
private
self pay
other
Inpatient Case Fatality Rate in T1DM Hypoglycemia
Hospitalizations
Case-fatality in T1DM Hypoglycemia
284 deaths
Case-fatality = 1.36% (CI = 0.98-1.74%)
Case Fatality rate for all-cause T1DM hospitalizations
1.4% (CI = 1.3-1.51%)
Case Fatality rate for all-cause hospitalizations
2.2%
Limitations and Strengths
No unique patient identifiers.
Dependence on ICD9 codes.
No information on lifestyle factors or medications.
Charges vs. Costs
Study limited to adults 18 years or older
Nationwide sample of over 96% of all US population –
robust data.
Stratified, randomized sample from US hospitals - not a
“convenience” sample.
Future Work
Can we predict hypoglycemia?
Conclusions
Hypoglycemia in T1DM was associated with 20,839 hospitalizations
and 284 deaths in 2009, and a total cost of about $1 billion, most of
which is paid by Medicare and Medicaid.
While aggressive glycemic control remains important for patients,
the significant clinical and financial implications of severe
hypoglycemia should also be noted.
Careful selection of anti-diabetic drugs and close monitoring should
be considered to reduce the risk of severe hypoglycemia.
Development of novel anti-diabetics to reduce hypoglycemia while
maintaining glycemic control would be highly desirable.