FINAL EXAM REVIEW

HONORS ENGLISH 10

LITERARY TERMSLet’s talk about literature!

CHARACTERIZATION

Characterization – the way in which a writer portrays characters

CHARACTER TRAITS

Character Trait – a trait (usually an adjective) used to describe a character’s personality

Examples:

http://www.readwritethink.org/files/resources/lesson_images/lesson175/traits.pdf

STATIC VERSUS DYNAMIC CHARACTERSStatic character – a character who goes through little to no changeDynamic – a character who goes through significant inner change

STATIC VERSUS DYNAMIC CHARACTERS

Static JordanOwl EyesDaisyTom

DynamicNickGatsby

SETTING – PURPOSE AND SIGNIFICANCERemember that Setting is where and when the plot takes placeOn top of just being a place and time, setting can add meaning to the storyFor example, the 1920’s is a time of fun and mischief…this relates to the theme of self-indulgence throughout the book…

ISN’T THAT IRONIC?Types of ironySituational Irony – a situation where the outcome doesn’t match up with the expectationVerbal Irony – saying one thing but meaning the other

PLOT STRUCTURE

http://www.readwritethink.org/files/resources/lesson_images/lesson904/MidPlotStructure.pdf

PROTAGONIST VERSUS ANTAGONIST•Protagonist – the main character who faces conflict •Antagonist – the opposition to the main character, who may be the one creating the conflict

•In other words, the protagonist is usually the “Good guy,” while the antagonist is usually the “Bad guy!”

EXAMPLES

Famous Protagonists

Harry Potter

Katniss Everdeen

Ariel

Peter Pan

Famous Antagonists

Voldemort

President Snow

Ursula

Captain Hook

PERSPECTIVE / POV

Point of view – manner in which a story is narrated or depictedi.e. First, Second, Third, Third Person Limited, Third Person Omniscient)

VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT

Vocabulary in context i.e. In line 4, what is “ethereal” intended to mean?

INFERENCES AND IMPLICATIONSTo Imply is to suggest that something is true without actually saying itTo Infer is to recognize the implication and make an inference

MORE LITERARY TERMS! OH JOY!•Imagery – visually descriptive or figurative language in writing Identifying tone – identifying the author’s attitude towards the subject i.e. tolerant, bitter, optimistic…https://www.irsc.edu/uploadedFiles/Students/AcademicSupportCenter/WritingLab/Tone-and-Purpose.pdf

MOOD

Mood – refers to the feeling that the author creates through his or her use of words or syntax.

THEME

Theme – central idea(s) explored by a literary work

For example: Love, Friendship, War, Revenge, Rebellion, Conformity, etc.

REDUNDANCY

Redundant – repetitive to the point that it is unnecessary

i.e. In addition, the author also suggests that the characters act dishonestly. i.e. If all of us cooperate together, we will succeed. ̂ This is what NOT to do!

WRITING/ESSAY/ANALYSIS SKILLS

THESIS STATEMENT – WHAT IS IT?

A Thesis Statement is a statement that summarizes the focus of your essay. Purpose – to focus your writing and let your reader understand your SO WHAT? What is your purpose in writing this essay? What’s your goal?

THESIS STATEMENT - RULES Length? – Usually one sentence Where? – Should be the closing sentence of your introduction Relevance? – Every topic sentence should relate back to your thesis, keep focus…

THESIS STATEMENT

BODY PARAGRAP

H 1

BODY PARAGRAP

H 2

BODY PARAGRAP

H 3

THESIS STATEMENT - QUALITIES A Thesis Statement should be…

FOCUSED & SPECIFIC

Sometimes, it is helpful to mention some of your support details.

Based on a position taken, rather than a fact

MLA FORMATTING (CITATIONS AND

QUOTATIONS)

EXAMPLES OF MLA CITATIONS AND QUOTATIONS Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (263). 

The Great Gatsby develops the message that we will “beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past” (Fitzgerald 180).

MODES OF WRITING

Narrative Writing – purpose is to describe an experience, event, or sequence of events in the form of a story. Persuasive Writing – purpose is to give an opinion and try to influence the reader's way of thinking with supporting evidence. Informative Writing – purpose is to provide information in a clear, concise manner.

COMMA USAGE

Comma – a punctuation mark indicating a pause between parts of a sentence; used to separate items in a list

Between two independent clausesThe bear was big, and I was scared.

Introductory clauseIn the last seven years, I have seen many bears.

ListWe saw a bear, a coyote, and a groundhog.

THE COLON

Colon - A mark of punctuation ( : ) used after a statement (usually an independent clause) that introduces a quotation, an explanation, an example, or a series.

COLON EXAMPLES

The airplane plip-plopped down the runway to a halt before the big sign: WELCOME TO CYPRUS.

At the Grocery Store, we picked up the following items: apples, bananas, yogurt, and trail mix.

THE SEMICOLON

Semicolon – a punctuation mark that separates major sentence elements Most commonly, a semicolon is used to separated two independent clauses.i.e. We pronounce it wah-ter; they call it wuh-ter.

PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT PA-Agreement – The pronoun and antecedent must agree i.e. Somebody left their bag in the room. Somebody is singular, while their is plural.. Somebody left his or her bag in the room.

PRONOUNS A pronoun (I, me, he, she, herself, you, it, that, they, each, few, many, who, whoever, whose, someone, everybody, etc.) is a word that takes the place of a noun. In the sentence Joe saw Jill, and he waved at her, the pronouns he and her take the place of Joe and Jill, respectively. There are three types of pronouns: subject (for example, he); object (him); or possessive(his).

SENTENCE FORMS AND VOICE TENSES

Parallel structure – balanced expression of thoughts using same syntactical (grammatical) form

EXAMPLE OF PARALLELISM

The lion’s best qualities were its agility, stealth, and being ferocious The lion’s best qualities were its agility, stealth, and ferocity.

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

SV-Agreement – Make sure that your subject and your verb agree (aka the same singular/plural type) i.e. The unity of the nations is important.

POETRY TERMSYou’re a poet, and you didn’t even know it!

RHYME SCHEME

A Rhyme Scheme is a pattern that describes where the rhyming words fall within a given stanza or verse.

http://www.writingrhymeandmeter.com/?page_id=2260

TYPES OF RHYME SCHEMES AND POETRY FORMSSonnet - a poem of fourteen lines using any of a number of formal rhyme schemes, in English typically having ten syllables per line.Ballad - a poem or song narrating a story in short stanzas. Traditional ballads are typically of unknown authorship, having been passed on orally from one generation to the next as part of the folk culture.

TYPES OF RHYME SCHEMES AND POETRY FORMSFree Verse - poetry that does not rhyme or have a regular meter.Blank Verse - verse without rhyme, especially that which uses iambic pentameter.

SIMILES AND METAPHORS

Metaphor – comparison of two unlike things without using like or asi.e. Mother’s embrace was my castle. Simile – comparison of two using like or asi.e. The trees swayed in the wind like dancers on a stage.

EXTENDED METAPHOR

An extended metaphor is when an author uses a metaphor, a comparison between two unlike subjects, throughout a long passage or even an entire poem. An author would use extended metaphor to create a more clear comparison between the two items.

PERSONIFICATION

Personification – the attribution of human characteristics or qualities to a non-human object/inanimate object. For example…The moon stared me down as I made my way back into my house.

HYPERBOLE

Hyperbole – an exaggerated statement or claim not meant to be taken literally.

It’s raining cats and dogs out there! This suitcase weighs a million pounds!

SOUND – LITERARY TERMS

Alliteration – repetition of initials sounds of wordsPeter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. Consonance – repetition of internal/ending sounds of wordsI dropped the locket in the thick mud. Assonance – repetition of internal vowel soundI made my way to the lake.

MORE SOUND!

Onomatopoeia – a word that imitates the action or sound it means For example… Crash! Swoosh! Bang! Buzz! Splash!

ALLUSION

Allusion – indirect reference to something The Hunger Games arena alludes to the Greek Myth of Theseus.

To “allude” to something

UNDERSTATEMENT

Understatement - the presentation of something as being smaller, worse, or less important than it actually is. Example: “It rained a bit more than usual” while describing an area being flooded after heavy rainfall. Think of it as the opposite of a hyperbole!

REPETITION

Repetition – repeating words of phrases for the purpose of emphasis or meaning

ANY QUESTIONS?