Honors Chemistry

Chapter 1 Notes – Introduction to Chemistry(Student’s Edition)

Chapter 1 problem set: 39, 42, 53, 60, 62, 70, 74, 78, 82

1.1 Chemistry

Matter: anything that has and occupies .

Chemistry: the study of the _________________________ , _____________________, and _______________________ of substances and the ________________they undergo. example - gasoline

Branches of Chemistry: Organic: chemistryInorganic: chemistryPhysical: the study of and matterBiochemistry: the chemistry of thingsAnalytical: chemistry that identifies, , and qualifies

Pure science: science that seeks for its own sake.

Applied science: science that works to take pure science and apply it to practical situations ( ).

Why Study Chemistry? Chemistry can be useful in explaining the natural world, preparing people for career opportunities, and producing informed citizens.

1.2 Chemistry Far and Wide

Materials:Chemists design material to fit specific needs. : objects that can be seen with the naked eye. : objects that can only be seen under a microscope.

Energy:Chemists play an essential role in finding ways to energy, ________________ energy, and ____________________energy.Examples: insulation, coal, petroleum, biodiesel, natural gas, and batteries.

Medicine and Biotechnology:Chemistry supplies the medicines, materials, and technology that doctors use to treat their patients.Biotechnology: application of science to the production of biological products or processes.

Agriculture:Chemists help to develop more productive crops and safer, more effective ways to protect crops.

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The Environment:Chemists help to identify pollutants and prevent pollution.Pollutant: a material found in air, water, or soil that is harmful to humans or other

organisms. (example: lead in paint)The Universe:

Chemists study the universe by gathering data and analyzing matter brought back to Earth.

Technology and Society – Nature’s Pharmacy:40% of modern medicines come from chemicals produced by plants or animals.Example: The toxin from the death stalker scorpion is used to treat an incurable

form of brain cancer.

1.3 Thinking Like a Scientist

Alchemy: : developed the tools and techniques for working with chemicals.

An Experimental Approach to Science:Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier: French scientist in late 1700s helped transform chemistry from a science of observation to the science of measurement that it is

today.It was originally thought that combustible materials contain . When burning, material gave off phlogiston. When air becomes filled with this gas, burning can no longer occur. In 1778, Lavoisier demonstrates that burning actually uses up oxygen, and that when no oxygen is left, burning stops. And so goes the old phlogiston theory.

The Scientific Method: a logical, systematic way of solving problems.

1. State the problem.2. Collect observations.3. Form a : an educated guess about why an

observation occurs. It may be discarded after later experiments.4. Perform experiments.5. Search for scientific laws by collecting data and looking for patterns.

: a generalization describing a wide variety of behavior in nature. This is not an explanation. It is a description. Example: The Periodic Law.

6. Form a : a generalization that explains a body of facts. This is a well tested hypothesis about a broad set of observations but remains unproven. This is an explanation.

7. Modify theories. Example: the phlogiston theory of burning.

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Not in Book (NIB): Controlling Experiments

Experiments are designed by scientists to measure variable. Only one variable is changed between experiments. Example: burned out lamp.

Experimental group: group with the changed variable.

Control group: normal group.

Placebos and double blind testing

Collaboration and Communication: When scientist work together, they increase the likelihood of a successful outcome.

Lab Safety

*** students must know all safety and first aid rules ***

Chemistry can be dangerous. It can involve poisons, heat, irritants, etc.

In the chemical industry, workers are ten times more likely to be injured at home than at work.

1.4 Problem Solving in Chemistry

Skills Used in Solving Problems: Effective problem solving always involves developing a plan and then implementing that plan.

Solving Numeric Problems: Analyze: To solve a word problem, first determine where you are starting from and where you are going.CalculateEvaluate: Check your answer.

NIB - Graphing

Independent variable (manipulated variable): variable that changes causing further change in the dependent variable. Place on the axis.

Dependent variable (responding variable): variable that is tested. Place on the ________________________axis (called axis).

Also the intervals. They must be spaced. Make data points with dots surrounded by . Always label both axis with and .

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