homestead plant biodiversity in the south- western coastal zone of...
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Homestead Plant Biodiversity in the South-Western Coastal Zone of Bangladesh: Way Forward to Identification, Utilization and
Conservation
Final Report CF # 13/07
By
M. Mahfuzur Rahman, Principal Investigator M Atikulla, Ph D Student
Department of Botany Jahangirnagar University
and Md Giashuddin Miah, Co-Investigator
Department of Agroforestry and Environment Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural
University
July 2009
This study was carried out with the support of the
National Food Policy Capacity Strengthening Programme
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This study was financed under the Research Grants Scheme (RGS) of the National Food Policy Capacity Strengthening Programme (NFPCSP). The purpose of the RGS was to assist in improving research and dialogue within civil society so as to inform and enrich the implementation of the National Food Policy. The NFPCSP is being implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Food Planning and Monitoring Unit (FPMU), Ministry of Food and Disaster Management with the financial support of EC and USAID. The designation and presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of FAO nor of the NFPCSP, Government of Bangladesh, EC or USAID and reflects the sole opinions and views of the authors who are fully responsible for the contents, findings and recommendations of this report.
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Acknowledgement First of all I would like to express my gratitude to Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Head Office for the approval of the project as well as for allocation fund. I thank the EC and USAID for their financial support to carry out the study. I also appreciate the efforts of the FPMU, MoFDM for their advice and suggestions on policy issues from time to time. I am highly grateful to Mr. Ad Spikers, FAO Representative in Bangladesh and to Dr. Ciro Fiorillo, Chief Technical Adviser, NFPCSP, FAO, for their sincere help during signing of the agreement. Sincere thanks are due to Dr Lalita Bhattachajee and Prof. S.A. Sabur, Technical Assistance Team Members, NFPCSP for their continuous monitoring and suggestions during the project period. I am highly grateful to Dr Nur A. Khondaker, Research Grant Administrator, NFPCSP for regular communication and assistance during the whole project period. I wish to express my gratitude to the Chairman and other teachers of the Department of Botany, Jahangirnagar University for their help especially in providing facilities for use at the Plant Ecology Laboratory. I am also thankful to the authorities of Soil Resource Development Institute (SRDI), Bangladesh National Herbarium (BNH), Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council (BARC), Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB), Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BSS) and Department of Agriculture Extension (DAE) for their assistance in procuring some secondary data, plant identification and related information. I am grateful to Upazilla Nirbahi Officers (UNOs) of Upazillas of Patuakhali and Barguna Districts for their continuous help during field works. I am also grateful to all the farmers and villagers of the study areas for their support and sincere cooperation during the field work.
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Executive summary
As homestead and homestead products play vital rules on the socio-economy of rural areas,
a detailed study was conducted on homestead plant biodiversity in the south-western zones of
Bangladesh through the National Food Policy Capacity Strengthening Programme (NFPCSP),
funded by Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). Three villages (namely, Chawlapara of
Aamtali, Barguna; Nayapara of Kalapara and Kalisuri of Bauphal, Patuakhali) were selected for this
study. The main focuses of the project included the documentation and characterization of the
existing homestead plant species, their utilization and impact assessment on the livelihood of local
inhabitants especially, on their food security and alternative or additional income generation
through homestead plant products. The study was conducted on the basis of primary data sources,
extensive field surveys using questionnaire, species recording and enumeration in different seasons,
oral interviews with cross sections of local people, photographs and focus group discussions.
Standard methods were followed for data analysis and interpretations. In addition with the survey
and recording of homestead plant biodiversity resources, the existing socio-economic status and
problems were also identified.
Some of the key findings obtained through the research project include that homestead is the
most important natural resource in Bangladesh comprising a huge number of diversified plant
species. Records and check-lists obtained during project period pointed out to the fact that
homestead plant biodiversity is still rich in south western coastal region of Bangladesh. Livelihood
of rural inhabitants in this region is closely related with homestead plant diversity where the people
are dependent on plant resources for their food, medicine, timber, house making materials, fodder
and other minor products. Some of the homestead species serves as life support species. It is
noteworthy that during last devastating SIDR cyclone (on last 15 November, 2007) and post
cyclone period the affected people survived only by consuming different homestead plants and plant
products.
Homestead plant diversity also playing potential role on the socio-economic development of
rural people in coastal region. It is evident through the present research project that in one side
homestead plant diversity can ensure food security mainly for landless people, on the other hand
homestead products provide alternative or (and) additional income generation which enable rural
people for a better livelihood.
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During the research period, some problems were also identified which play negative impact
on homestead and homestead plant diversity. Results show that homestead plant resources are under
increasing pressure due to human exploitation on one side and regular natural catastrophes as the
other side. A well-planned and organized homestead programme is very important for the utilization
and sustainable management of homestead plant resources which will ensure better life of the rural
people in the coastal region.
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Table of contents
Contents Page no.
Acknowledgement i Executive summary ii Table of contents iv List of tables v List of figures vi List of appendices vi List of photographs vi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Rationale 2 1.2 Objectives of the study 3 1.3 Risks of the study 3 2 Methodology of the study 3 2.1 Area of the study- approaches and analytical tools 4 2.2 Salinity status in study sites 4 2.3 Site selection 6 2.4 Survey data collection 6 2.5 Questionnaire 6 2.6 Data collection 6 2.7 Sample size and sampling 7 2.8 Duration of the study 7 2.9 Relative prevalence and species diversity index 7 2.10 Focus Group Discussions (FGD) 8 2.11 Economic plants species 8 2.12 Secondary information collection 8 2.13 Data analysis 8 3 Result and discussion 9 3.1 Age categories of the respondents 9 3.2 Education level of the respondents 9 3.3 Family size of the respondents 10 3.4 Land holding of the respondents 10 3. 4.1 Ownership pattern of land of the respondents 11 3.4.2 Land holding and leasing system of this area 12 3.4.3 Factors for increasing and decreasing of land 13 3.5 Status of homestead space utilization 14 3.6 Trees species richness 15 3.6.1 Vegetable species richness 15 3.7 Relative prevalence of tree species in different saline zone 16 3.8 Species diversity index of different categories of species 17 3.9 Sources of planting materials 18 3.10 Saline tolerant and non-tolerant species 19 3.11 Major economic and profitable timber-yielding species 19 3.11.1 Major economic and profitable fruit-yielding species 22 3.11.2. Threatened and rare species need to be conserved and immediate
action in these study areas. 23
3.12 Food security 24
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3.12.1 Stored food in the homestead of different farm category 24 3.12.2 Food intake of the household at the study areas 25 3.13. Relative role of on-farm and off-farm occupation in the varying
saline areas 26
3.14 Impact of homestead plant biodiversity in the income generation and livelihood supports
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3.15 Management practices of homestead production 27 3.16 Problems faced in homestead production and management 29 3.17 National and International progress on biodiversity 30 3.17.1 The Earth Summit 30 3.17.2 Policy Document 30 3.17.3 Strategy and Action Plan for conservation of biodiversity 31 3.17.4 National Initiatives for ex-situ and in-situ conservation 32 3.17.4.1 The Forest Department Initiatives: 32 3.17.4.2 Bangladesh National Herbarium 32 3.17.4.3 Baldah Garden 32 3.17.4.4 National Botanical Garden 32 3.17.4.5 Deparment of Agriculture Extension (DAE 32 3.17.4.6 Academic institutions 32 3.17.4.7 Research Institutions 33 3.17.4.8 UN Organization Initiatives 33 3.18 Conservation of homestead biodiversity 33 3.19 Women role in homestead biodiversity conservation 34 3.20 Policy implication and Recommendations 34 3.21 Areas for further research 35 5.22 Conclusions 36
List of tables Table no.
Page no.
1 Upazilla wise soil salinity level of Patuakhali and Barguna Districts
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2 Education level of the respondents 10 3 Average family size of the respondents 10 4 Household land holdings 11 5 Land ownership pattern 12 6 Factors for increasing and decreasing of land at the study areas 13 7 Status of homestead space utilization in varying saline zones of the
study. 14
8 Higher RP value species in different farm categories 16 9 Species diversity index and equitability of different farm
categories 18
10 Sources of planting materials 19 11 Saline tolerant and non-tolerant species 20 12 Threatened and rare species need to be conserved and immediate
action in this study areas 24
13 Food store in homestead of different farm categories 25
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14 Cooked food and intake habit 25 15 Role of farm and off-farm occupation in the varying saline areas 26 16 Impact of homestead plant in the income generation and livelihood
supports 27
17 Management practices of homestead production 28
List of figures
Figure no.
Page no.
1 Map showing study areas and the Bay of Bengal 4 2 Map showing Upazilas and the location of the study sites 6 3 Age categories of the respondents 9 4 Economic and profitable timber-yielding species in less saline to
strongly saline areas of the study 22
5 Economic and profitable fruit species in less saline to strongly saline areas.
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Reference 37
List of appendices
Appendices no.
Page no.
1 Village transact of the study 43 2 Questionnaire 44 3 Enumeration of homestead plant Biodiversity- Chaulapara 46 4 Enumeration of homestead plant Biodiversity- Kalisuri 54 5 Enumeration of homestead plant Biodiversity- Nayapara 63 6 Homestead plant biodiversity check-list 72
List of photographs:
Photo no. Page No.
1 Focus Group Discussion with local people 40 2 Discussion with local experts and elderly people 40 3 Joint photograph with the local people 40 4 P.I. in a presentation session 41 5 Khejur tree (Date plant), Pheonix sylvestris 41 6 Tentul tree (Tamarind), Tamarindus indica in homestead 41 7 Bichi kala (Banan), Musa sp in the homestead 42 8 Chal Kumra, White gourd, Benincasa hispida at the roof 42 9 Small country boat used for selling homestead product (Betel
nut) 42
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Introduction
Majority of the rural poor in Bangladesh depend on natural resources for their livelihoods. Land,
water, forests, and livestock are the sources of livelihoods. The rural economy depends on
productivity of the natural resources which is initimately linked with the biodiversity in the
ecosystem. Biodiversity means the variability among living organisms from all sources and the
ecological system of which they are a part which also includes diversity within the species, between
species and ecosystem. Bangladesh is a rich repository of plant genetic pools and has been the
abode of 5,000 species of higher plants. Bangladesh consists of 87363 thousand villages (BSS,
2007) with each village encompassing a few hundreds of homesteads. They constitute the centre
of socioeconomic activities and traditional cultural heritage of villag (Khan, 1977).
Among the plant resources, many species are treated as “Life support species”. This diversity of
species in the homesteads plays a very important role for the livelihoods of millions living in the
rural area of Bangladesh. The homestead in Bangladesh is one of the most important natural
resources containing a huge of number diversified plant species and it is perhaps the most important
production unit in Bangladesh. These homesteads accounted for 21.90 million in the rural areas and
occupied about 0.54 million hectares of land (BBS, 2001) and this land is decreasing at the rate of
5m2/ha/year (Anam, 1999). The size (average) of the rural homestead is very small (0.02 Ha) but
varies widely according to ecological region and socio economic status of the farmers. A good
number of vegetables are grown in the homesteads. A large number of higher plants have also been
recorded in homesteads in rural areas.
Latif et al., (2001) identified 148 species of indigenous in the village forests. Similarly Basak
(2002) identified 105 trees species and 27 herbaceous species (vegetables and spices) in the 4
ecological regions of Bangladesh. This species provide enormous opportunity for food security to
rural people. Homestead production plays an important role in Bangladesh economy and provides
50% cash flow to the rural poor (Ahmed etal., 1999). On the other hand, homestead production
systems contribute about 70% fruits, 40% vegetables, 70% timber and 90% fire wood and bamboo
requirement of Bangladesh (Miah and Ahmed 2003.). In addition the home gardens are recognized
as repositories of non-timber products. The land areas for field crops have declined, while the
average homestead area per farm has increased from 0.08 to 0.09 acres. This indicates increased
opportunities for home-based farm and non-farm production (Mandal, 2003) but at the same time
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homestead plant resources are under increasing pressure due to human exploitation. Side by side,
recurring natural disasters also caused destroy or damage homestead plants resource.
1.1. Rationale
Bangladesh is situated in the north-eastern part of Asia. The coastline of the country bound by the
Bay of Bengal is approximately 480 km in length. Patuakhali and Barguna are two districts of
Southwestern part of Bangladesh. These two districts lie contiguous to the Bay of Bengal which is
bio ecologically ever dynamic and rich in homestead biological resources. Majority of the people of
this region greatly depend on their homesteads. Most of the land of this region is low and suffers
from salinity problems. Climatic change i e. rising sea level, cyclone and drought in the Southern
region is one of the alarming issues which would be seriously affected homestead biodiversity. A
recent study by Miah and Bari, 2002, found that the number and productivity of homestead
plantations, particularly sweet water loving fruit species have been declining in recent years due to
increasing soil salinity in water which will ultimately affect food security of the inhabitants. The
Red Data Book (Khan et al., 2000) on plants listed about 106 plant species as endemic or threatened
in Bangladesh. There is no comprehensive study on the existing homestead plants resource and
knowledge base for management and conservation of homesteads plants especially in the
southwestern region of Bangladesh. Keeping the above facts in mind a study has been proposed to
collect systematic information of planer resource and management practices to sustain or enrich the
homestead ecosystem as a prime source of livelihood.
Biodiversity and food security
Homestead plants give support direct and indirect benefits to human being and to nature. They
supply fruits, fuel, furniture, shelter and all other necessary items and are inextricable with food
security. On the other hand, in the saline system homesteads are the only place on which majority of
the people depend. During natural disasters such as flood and cyclone, homestead is the only one
place where people can get shelter and protect their future. Especially the poor and pro-poor
affected during this period, are fully dependent on available plants and vegetables in homestead.
The current research initiative was taken to address the problems of plant biodiversity in the
southern coastal zone which differs considerably from non-saline areas. A systematic study would
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be facilitated in find out role of homestead plant diversity in the southern coastal region for
addressing food security and their conservation.
1.2. Objectives of the study
The study was conducted with the following objectives.
1. Document and characterize the existing plant species in the homesteads of varying saline coastal
zones of Bangladesh.
2. Find out the relative prevalence, and biodiversity of growing plant species in the homestead.
3. Assess the contribution of homestead in household food security.
4. Identify the management system and the problems faced by the households in the
growing/cultivating plants in homesteads.
5. Identify recommend strategies for a sustainable/economic homestead production system with
diversified plant species.
1.3. Risks the study
Devastating SIDR cyclone held on 15 November, 2007, seriously destructed in the southwestern
districts including Patuakhali and Barguna. About 80% of the homestead destroyed fully and natural
resources affected including plants, poultry, and livestock. The whole areas were over flowed with
saline water which directly affected ecosystem of homestead. During the post sidr it was very
tougher to conduct the study. The researchers faced different problems and overcomes it with very
sympathetically which was helpful enormously to conduct the study. However, the research team
was unable to complete some of the components of the study such as growth of trees. It was
inconvenient to carry on the study work during the post sidr.
2. Methodology of the study
In any scientific research, methodology plays an important role. Appropriate methodology enables
the researcher to collect valid and reliable information. The present study was accomplished by
collecting primary data using survey method. The information was collected and compiled
following the standard procedures and methods.
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2.1. Area of the study, approaches and analytical tools
The purposively selected study areas were Patuakhali and Barguna districts n the south western
districts across the Bay of Bengal (Figure 1). These districts consist of 7 and 5 administrative
upazillas including 882 and 563 villages, and 280980 and 180060 households, respectively (BSS,
2002). The area of these two Patuakhali and Barguna districts were 3221 and 1831 square
kilometres, respectively. Total population was 14,64,800 (male 7,42,200, female 7,26,00) and
8,45,060 (male 4,35,220, female 4,09,840). These two districts cover 3.42 % of the total area of the
mainland.
Figure 1. Map showing study areas and the Bay of Bengal.
2.2. Salinity status of the study areas
Fluctuation and association of plant community in a particular natural habitat depend on different
ecological parameters. Attempts were taken to know the status of salinity in the south-western
coastal zones of Bangladesh for section of study areas. Primarily the salinity status of the study area
was assessed from different primary sources of data including periodicals, reports and review of
literature, and from monitoring records of different organizations. Soil Resources Development
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Institute studied assessed salinity status of Patuakhali and Barguna districts. Under this districts 11
upazillas salinity status including salinity classes (S1, S2, S3 and S4) was assessed. Accordingly, it
was found (Table 1) that the strongly saline affected area was Kalapara (75%) and the less salinity
affected area was Bauphal (17%) of Patuakhali district. On the other hand, moderately saline
affected area was Amtoli (64%) of Barguna district. Strongly-salin area is affected by different
degrees of soil salinity. Soil salinity in the dry season ranges from 12.1 to 16.0 dS/m. or > 16.0
dS/m. Moderately-saline area is the allmost the whole area by different degree of soil salinity. Soil
salinity in the dry season ranges from 8.1 to 12.0 dS/m. Soil salinity in less saline ares in the dry
season ranges from 2.1 to 8.10 dS/m. Therefore, considerig intensity of soil salinity among the
seven upzillas of Patuakhali and Barguna districts three upazillas were selected as strongly saline
(Kalapara), moderately saline (Amtoli) and less saline (Bauphal).
Table 1. Upazilla wise soil salinity level of Patuakhali and Barguna districts.
Upazilla Total
area
(ha)
Total
saline
area (ha)
Perce
nt
Salinity class dS/m
S1
2.0-4.0
S2 4.0-
8.0
S3
8.0-12.0
S4
12 >16
PATUAKHALI
1. Bauphal 48,185 8,080 17 4,890 2,630 530 30
2. Dashmina 30,287 13,230 44 6,670 4,180 1,890 380
3. Galachipa 1,19,130 60,420 51 9,870 17,570 13,480 12,470
4. Kalapara 47,194 35,400 75 4,390 12,130 9,090 7,410
5. Mirjaganj 17,552 5,010 29 3,150 1,630 230 0
6. Sadar 45,527 17,210 38 11,140 5,480 590 0
Total 3,07,875
1,39,350
44
40,110
43,620
25,810
20,290
BARGUNA
8. Amtali 69,478 44,310 64 12,480 11,580 11,010 6,650
9. Bamna 10,105 4,870 48 3,540 1,330 0 0
10. Betagi 16,771 8,200 49 5,940 2,240 20 0
11. Patharghata 32,500 20,520 63 5,730 7,780 4.400 2,330
12. Sadar 38,833 26.330 68 8,530 7,840 6.000 3,060
Total 1,67,687 1,04,230 62 36,210 30,770 21,430 12,040
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2.3. Site selection
Among the three upazillas, one union from each of the upazilla on the basis of salinity was selected
and further one village from each of the union was selected as the study site. The selected unions
were Latachapali (Kalapara), Karaibaria (Amtoli), and Kalisuri (Bauphal) and the villages were
Nayapara, Choulapara and Kalisuri respectively (Figure 2). Village transact of the study is shown
in Appendix 1.
Figure 2. Map showing Upazillas and the location of the study sites.
2.4. Survey data collection
A four step survey process was followed : i) homestead plant and vegetable enumeration, ii)
secondary information, iii) household survey and iv) discussion meeting.
2.5. Questionnaire
A set of pre-tested precise structured questionnaires (Appendix 2) were used for enumeration of
homestead plants and vegetables and data collection from the households.
2.6. Data collection
The enumeration and data collection was completed by the research team member such as Principal
Investigate (PI), Co-investigator (CI) and Research Fellow (RF) along with the other associates
from Department of Agriculture Extension (DAE). The respondents of the study were categorized
into 4 different groups depending on the land size were: i) large household (>2 ha), ii) medium
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household (1.01-2.0 ha), iii) small household (0.51-1.0 ha) and iv), landless household (0.21-0.51
ha).
2.7. Sample size and sampling
The total number of households in the villages was obtained from the district census report
published by BBS, 2001. Total households of Nayapara, Choulapara and kalisuri were 157, 209 and
305 respectively. Considering the big size of sample in the village Kalisuri, it was divided into two
sub-blocks. In total 36% of sample was drowned and the total sample size was 240 (80 from each of
the upazilla).
2.8. Duration of the study
The study conducted for the period of 12 months from October, 2007 to December, 2008 as per the
frame work.
2.9. Relative prevalence and species diversity index
i) Relative prevalence of species
To indicate the importance and species richness of different plant species in study areas. The
relative prevalence (RP) of species was calculated as follows:
RP = Population of the species / homestead X % homesteads with the species.
Relative prevalence of all types of trees was calculated by using the above formula.
ii) Shannon-Wiener Species Diversity Index:
To ensure the abundance and diversity of different plant species, Shannon-Wiener species Diversity
Index (H) as shown below was used:
H = - ∑ (Pi InPi)
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Where, Pie is the proportional abundance of ith species such that Pi = n/ N (n is the number of the
individuals in ith species and N is the total number of the individuals of all species in the
community).
2.10. Focus Group Discussions (FGD)
A total of sixteen focus group discussions were held in survey areas to know key information of
existing economic species, utilization, and contribution to their livelihoods. Local eminent persons
including public representatives, school teachers and old experienced farmers who provided
information on homestead plant biodiversity and management practices.
2.11. Economic plants species
Most useful economic plants on the basis of income and uses were listed and prioritized according
to their choice. Among them ten species were prioritized from different saline areas f the study.
2.12. Secondary information collection
Secondary information and data were collected from different organizations such as i) Department
of Agriculture Extension (DAE), ii) Soil Resource Development Institute (SRDI), iii) National
Herbarium, iv) Botany Department, Jahangirnagar University libraries and v) Non-government
Organizations etc.
2.13. Data Analysis
Microsoft excel program was used to process all collected information and in preparing tables,
charts and graphs. SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) software was used to estimate the
descriptive statistics of the data.
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3. Results and Discussion
The results of the study are presented here as per the objectives of the study in the sequence of
demographic and land profile, homestead plant identification, utilization and conservation.
3.1. Age categories of the respondents
The respondents were grouped into three age categories (Figure 3). The results showed that youth
age, middle age and old age categories of the respondents were 24.6%, 50.80% and 24.6%,
respectively. It was found 55% respondents were in the middle age group who is the representative
part of the farmers of the society.
Figure 3. Age categories of the respondents (%) of the study.
3.2. Education level of the respondents
The respondents were grouped into five education levels (Table 2). It was found that above half of
the respondents (52.1%) belonged to primary education followed by secondary education (34.2 %)
and higher secondary education (7.9%), and only 3% was illiterate. The high education level might
be conducive to improve household decision making and livelihood through homestead improve
management and production.
24.60
50.80
24.60 Youth (<40) Middle (40-55) Old (>55)
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Table 2. Education level of the respondents of the study.
Education category Number Percent Mean Std Deviation
Illiterate 6 2.5
5.83 3.99
Primary (1-5) 125 52.1
Secondary (6-10) 82 34.2
Higher secondary (11-12) 19 7.9
Above 8 3.3
Total 240 100.0
3.3. Family size of the respondents
The family size of the respondents is shown in table 3. The average family size was 5.35 which
almost similar to the national average were 4.9 in 2001. The average size of dwelling household of
Barisal division was 5.4 in 1991 and 5 in 2001 (BSS, 2002). This also indicates the decreasing trend
of farm size. This is positively linked up with the mass education program and other activities such
as birth control, raising awareness.
Table 3. Average family size of the respondents of the study.
Farm Category Family size Male Female
Landless 5.15 2.79 2.33
Small 5.27 2.81 2.49
Medium 5.43 3.00 2.43
Large 5.80 2.97 2.83
Total 5.35 2.88 2.49
3.4. Land holding of the respondents
Household average land holding is presented in table 4. Average total farm size of the respondents
was 125.42 ha of which homestead land was 21.33 (17.01%) and farm land 104.09 (82.99%).
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Among the farm categories, it was found that total land holdings of the respondents increased
manifold as the farm size increase. The finding showed that the average land holdings of the
landless group was 8.77 ha, while it increased to 15.93 ha, 27.40 ha, and 47.65 ha to small, medium
and large group respectively. A similar type of variation was found in case of homestead cultivated
land. However, average of homestead size of the coastal region was bigger than the other regions of
Bangladesh. The bigger homestead size of the respondents in coastal region is due to ecological and
social factors. The area remained in high salinity level in most of the years. Therefore, homesteads
build raise bed for housing and other activities. These bigger homestead size is an unique
opportunity for producing more outputs and making the households more economically solvent.
Table 4. Household land holdings of the respondents.
Farm category Farm land (ha) Total land Homestead land Cultivated land
Landless 10.91 (100) 8.77 (80.38) 2.14 (19.62) Small 60.37 (100) 15.93 (26.38) 44.44 (73.62) Medium 170.25 (100) 27.40 (16.09) 142.85 (83.91) Large 440.14 (100) 47.65 (10.83) 392. 49 (89.17) Total 125.42 (100) 21.33 (17.01) 104.09 (82.99)
Figure in the parentheses indicate the percentage of respondents.
3. 4.1. Ownership pattern of land of the respondents
Land is a finite and valuable resource upon which farmers depend for their food, fiber and fuel
which is the basic amenities of rural life. In total five major category of ownership pattern of land
were identified (Table-5). The majority of land (70.83%) owned inherently from the parents
followed by purchase (38.75 %), and rented (14.17%). A 5% of the respondent was the recipient of
government land (khas). It is a process of government land distribution by which some the families
were settled in this region.
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Table 5. Land ownership pattern and source
Ownership pattern Number Percent Priority
Parents 170 70.83 1
Purchase 93 38.75 2
Rented 34 14.17 3
Government (Khas) 12 5.00 4
Other 2 0.83 5
3.4.2. Land holding and leasing system of the study areas
The land holding and leasing system varied with regard to land availability, local demand and
cropping pattern of the areas. The farmers of southwestern zone were critically affected because of
clashes and conflicts that occurred between and among the social class of the society. Land tenuring
and different leasing systems are described below:
Owned Land: The land has been managed or cultivated by the farmers’ own initiative and did not
offer any share to others. The land is inherited by the family members.
Temporary contact (patta or khaikalasi) : This system is commonly used in this region. In this
system land is given on a mortgage (khaikalasi) for 7 years. Upon expiry of 2 years, the land owner
can claim to get free the land. In this case, the land owner shall be refunded money for the
remaining 5 years. After 7 years the land virtually goes back to the land owner without any bargain.
This contract system uses for social-economic purposes such as protecting temporary need, crisis,
tackling any emergency and risk etc.
Land Agreement: This is another long duration mortgage which is treated as a semi-sale system.
There is no time bound expiry until there is further refund of the whole contractual money. The
formal deed is signed on a stamped paper between the two parties (seller and purchaser) and in the
presence of their witnesses. Farmers use this system for gathering big amount of money in cash.
They use the same money for involving with business, manpower migration, job creation, risk
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coverage etc. However, this is a rigid system and is turning farmers into a landless situation. Use of
this system for land mortgage is increasing in southwestern zone of Bangladesh.
3.4.3. Factors for increasing and decreasing of land
In total, seven causes were identified for increasing and decreasing land (Table 6). Farmers’ gained
land or volume of land increased through agricultural production was (16.25%) followed by non-
farm business (15.83%) and gift or paternal donation (15.0%). On the other hand, to some farmers
land were decrease due to deficit and hunger (9.17%) followed by family partition and
fragmentation (6.25%), various risks (2.92%) and natural disasters (2.08%), such as cyclone and
river erosion. Apart from these the land remained as before (5.83%). The above information implied
that apart from agricultural (field crops, livestock, fisheries and poultry birds etc.) non farm
business also important for increasing land. On the other hand farmers had lost their land resource
because of many socieconomic factors and consequences.
Table 6. Factors for increasing and decreasing of land in the study areas.
Factors for land increasing Number of respondent Percent Priority
Agricultural production 39 16.25 1
Non-farm business/ laborious business 38 15.83 2
Donation/gift from Father/Grand father 36 15.00 3
Agricultural business (paddy, livestock,
poultry) 31 12.92 4
Small family/less costs for family 20 8.33 5
Fishing business, sale etc. 08 3.33 6
Government settlement (kash land) 05 2.08 7
Factors for land decreasing
Deficit, excess cost , hunger, land mortgage 22 9.17 1
Land sharing, family partition, fragment 15 6.25 2
Case/risks coverage/certain death 07 2.92 3
Production hampering/disasters/river erosion 05 2.08 4
No change as before 14 5.83
14
3.5. Status of homestead space utilization
Homestead space utilization included plant density, planting arrangement, and diversified utilization
of homestead spaces (Table 7). This table shows that the number of homesteads with space over
utilized was 63 (26.25%), those properly utilized were 40 (16.66%), medium utilized were 113
(47.08%) and under-utilized were 24 (10.0%). The 10.0% under-utilized homestead land was left
fallow or was used in a very haphazard way. Basher, (1999) observed the spatial arrangement of
the homesteads utilization as 15% being overcrowded, 55% was optimumally utilized and 21% was
thin (un-utilized). Collectively, 57.08% of homestead which are medium utilized (47.08%) and
under-utilized (10.0%) have the potential of using maximum land for increasing production. It was
observed that multi-layer tree garden or multi-storied cropping is practiced in and around the
homesteads of Bangladesh in an unsystematic manner. Salam et al. (2000) mentioned that there is
substantial potential for the improvement of homestead through properly managed agroforestry
which can contribute to alleviation of poverty of rural people by increasing overall household
income. A comprehensive plantation and vegetable cultivation is necessary to increase the
homestead productivity which would also promote homestead biodiversity as well as food security
(Saha, 2002).
Table 7. Status of homestead space utilization in varying saline zones of the study.
Salinity Level Homestead space utilization
Over utilized Properly
utilized
Medium utilized
Under
utilized
Less saline 14(22.2) 15 (37.5) 51 (45.1) 0.0
Moderately saline 21(33.3) 11 (27.5) 33 (29.2) 15(62.5)
Strongly saline 28(44.4) 14 (35.0) 29 (25.7) 9(37.5)
Total 63(100) 40 (100) 113(100) 24(100)
Figure in the bracket denote the percentage
15
3.6. Trees species richness
A total of 189 species was identified from 240 homesteads in 3 study sites. A richness of plant
species was found. Species varied from 189 in moderately saline, 152 in highly saline and 147 in
less saline areas. The highest number of species distributed in moderately-saline area as were fruit-
yielding 44, timber and fuel wood 36, medicine and spices 17, ornamental plants 18, naturally
growing plants 14 and woody-non-woody (herbs/shrubs/climbers) 60. Out of 189 plant species
68.25% were tree (timber, fruits, medicinal, ornamental and naturally growing) and 31.75% woody,
non-woody (herbs/shrubs/climbers).
The number of species in southwestern coastal region of three locations of the study areas was
found higher. Millat-e-Mustofa and Haruni (2002) was identified a total of 162 species from 100
hundred homesteads, Alam and Masum (2005) found 142 plant species in the homesteads of saline
areas of Southern Noakhali districts. The large number and wider range of different plants species
were found in the Southwestern coastal region of Bangladesh which shows richness of plants in
terms of genetic, organismal and ecological diversity. Therefore, the study revealed that the cause of
richness in plant species that these areas enjoys ecosystems of floodplain and tidal saline areas. On
the other hand some alien tree species, such as Acacia, Eucalyptus, were found introduce in
southern homesteads during the last few years which is not helpful especially for homestead plant
biodiversity. It is essential to take careful and to stop alien species plantation in the homestead.
These plants are listed (Appendices 3) according to their scientific and family names along with
local name followed by their economic uses. A complete check was prepared (Appendices 7).
5.6.1. Vegetable species richness
A total of 62 (48 cultivated and 14 naturally growing) vegetables species were identified in the
homesteads of saline zone of Bangladesh (Appendices-4). Chilli and Arum/Yam found as low cost
vegetables in homesteads is popular in this region. It is mentionable that wider genetic diversity was
noticed to be present within a specific zone apart from wider range of species diversity within a
single species. Some low cost but suitable and less common vegetables were Seeded Banana (Musa
16
sylvestris), Hot chilli (Capsicum sp.), Bilati dhaina (Eryngium fortidum), Kamranga seem, Showrd
bean (Canavalia gladiata), Buno Kankrol (Momordica cochinchinensis).
Some vegetable naturally grow is important for household food security. These species having
multipurpose uses and medicinal value such as seeds, fruits, leaves, stems, petioles, roots, tubers.
During the lean season and natural disasters these species supply food to the farmers is called “life
supporting species” grown in the southwestern homesteads and adjoining wet land (Appendices-
5).
3.7. Relative prevalence of tree species in different saline zone
The relative prevalence (RP) of all species including timber-yielding, fruit-yielding, medicinal plant
and spices, ornamental and naturally growing trees (excluding Banana, Bamboo and other trees
inconvenient to count) are shown in table 8. RP of plant species was calculated as per the formula
presented in the section 2.9. The most prevalent and top ranked timber-yielding species were
Chambol, Mahogany and Rain tree; fruits-yielding species were Mango, Coconut and Khejur,
medicinal and spices species were Deshi neem, Arjun and Akon; and ornamental species were
Mehedi, Krishnachura and Jabaphul and naturally growing species Shewra, Balgach and Dumur.
Some of the species existed in one or more homesteads reduced to few plants which were unable to
show its relative prevalence value in number in the table is a burning question to maintain its
existence in terms of genetic biodiversity. The southwestern homesteads were seemed to be
considered as rich in species but in terms of its prevalence it is understood that lot of local and
indigenous species have been gradually decreasing. Side by side, the top prevalent species were
Chambol, Mahogany and Raintree which have been chosen greatly by the local people for their fast
growing nature and timber value. However, these are not beneficial for other plant existence in
homesteads. Other species, apart from top prevalenced species of different categories ranked very
poor which is an indication of diminishing trend of homestead plant biodiversity. However, it is
essential to promote policy guidelines to maintain a combination of species and motivate farmers to
plant other less common and low cost fruits and other varieties in order to increasing diverse genetic
base in the homesteads.
17
Table 8. Higher relative prevalent species in different categories.
Species Relative Prevalence Total
Landless Small Medium Large Average
trees
% of
Homestead
with the
species
RP all
farm
Timber-yielding
Chambal 17.409 23.243 36.458 44.933 31.56 0.88 27.880
Mahogany 14.910 26.474 31.129 38.670 32.33 0.83 26.672
Rain tree 16.571 22.434 24.525 29.322 24.41 0.93 22.679
Fruit-yielding
Aam 9.121 9.771 11.642 16.100 11.92 0.91 10.878
Khejur 3.278 6.198 8.840 12.960 8.92 0.78 6.985
Medicinal
Arjun 0.007 0.010 0.046 0.004 0.16 0.10 0.015
Deshi Neem 0.635 0.777 1.242 1.489 1.91 0.49 0.938
Akon 0.000 0.002 0.008 0.073 0.10 0.06 0.006
Ornamental
Jabaful/rakta 0.043 0.031 0.062 0.033 0.23 0.18 0.041
Mehedi 0.011 0.014 0.028 0.004 0.12 0.12 0.015
Naturally growing
Harra 0.086 0.165 0.090 0.249 0.61 0.23 0.138
Dumur 0.026 0.037 0.021 0.002 0.23 0.11 0.025
3.8. Species diversity indices of different categories of species
The simplest measure of the character of a community that takes into account both the abundance
pattern Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H) has been presented according to various categories of
the respondents (Table 9). The speciediversity indices of all categories were higher in the southern
zone of Bangladesh. The diversity (H) was highest for large farm (2.36) and gradually decreased as
18
per farm categories and landless was (2.21). On the other hand there is a positive consequence in
between plant diversity and farm categories viz it can be conclude that plant diversity increased as
the farm size increased proportionately. Side by side, population of fruit-yielding species followed a
negative trend among the farm size in which fruit tree diversity increased as the farm size
decreased. The table also showed that the diversity and abundance of timber-yielding species of all
farm categories was higher than that of fruits-yielding, medicinal, ornamental and naturally growing
species.
Table. 9. Species diversity indices of different farm categories.
Class
Pi2 H*
Timber-
yielding
Fruit-
yielding
Medicinal Ornamental Naturally
growing
Landless 0.1112 0.0495 0.001 0.0001 0.0004 2.21
Small 0.1117 0.0517 0.0005 0.0001 0.0003 2.22
Medium 0.1066 0.0433 0.0014 0.0001 0.0003 2.27
Large 0.0983 0.0396 0.0004 0.0001 0.0003 2.36
*H = Shannon-Wiener index, Pi = population of total individuals in the i th
species.
3.9. Source of planting materials
Seed and seedlings are the sources for improvement of plants and planting in homesteads (Table
10). It is found that rural markets were the best source for the collection of planting materials for all
the farm categories. It was notable that the supply of planting materials by GOs and NGOs was not
satisfactory. But self growing materials especially, Narikel, Supari, Jujube, Tal and Bamboo
plantation played important role as source of planting materials. Regarding quality seedling, huge
claims raised against private entrepreneurs especially fruit seedlings which have been sold in rural
markets. They produced large number of seedlings for highly demanding Mahogany, Rain tree and
Chambole in spite of minor fruits and less common species. However, tree plantation has been
gaining momentum in rural areas of Bangladesh but side by side restoration of plant biodiversity in
homestead was ignored. Considering the production and quality of timber-yielding and fruits-
19
yielding species over time a policy guidelines for all the growers need to be develop. Some specific
attention will need to consider farmer’s choice and plant diversity perspective for ensuring quality
planting in the homestead.
Table 10. Sources of planting materials.
Sources Landless Small Medium Large
Self/Own production 7 (14.58) 22 (21.57) 12 (20.00) 6 (20.0)
Rural market 38 (79.17) 88 (86.27) 47 (78.33) 27 (90.0)
NGO Nursery 1 (2.08) 4 (3.92) 4 (6.67) 2 (6.67)
GOs Nursery 2 (4.17) 6 (5.88) 10 (16.67) 0.00
Relatives 7 (14.58) 11 (10.78) 13 (21.67) 4 (13.33)
Figure in the parenthese denote the percentage.
3.10. Saline tolerant and less-tolerant species
A total of total of 21 species have been identified as saline tolerant and 33 species as less saline and
medium saline tolerant (Table 11).
3.11. Major economic and profitable timber-yielding species
The economic and profitable timber-yielding species existed in the study area are presented in
figure 4. A total of 11 timber-yielding species were earmarked as economic and profitable timber
species in less saline to strongly saline areas. These were: i) Samanea saman, ii) Artocarpus
richardiana, iii) Swietenia mahagoni, iv) Albizia lebbeck, v) Bambusa sp., vi) Azadirachta indica,
vii) Pongamia pinnata, viii) Adina cordifolia, ix) Pithecellobium dulce, x) Terminalia catappa, xi)
Cassia fistula,.
20
Table 11 . Saline tolerant and less saline tolerant species.
Local name Scientific name Family Local name
Scientific name Family
Aam¹ Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Kadam² Anthocephalus cadamba
Rubiaceae
Akashmoni¹ Acacia auriculiformis
Leguminosae Kailla lata¹ Derris trifoliate Leguminosae
Amra² Spondias pinnata Anacardiaceae Kola² Musa sapientum Musaceae Amrul² Oxalis corniculata Oxalidaceae Kamranga¹ Averrhoa
carambola Averrhoaceae
Atafal² Annona reticulate Annonaceae Kathal² Artocarpus heterophyllus
Moraceae
Babla Acacia nilotica Mimosaceae Kaufal³ Garcinia cowa Guttiferae Bahai¹ Zizyphus
mauritiana Rhamnaceae Kewra¹ Sonneratia apetala Sonneratiaceae
Barai³ Zizyphus mauritiana
Rhamnaceae Keya pata¹ Pandanus foetidus Pandanaceae
Bash¹ Bambusa vulgaris Gramineae Khejur¹ Phoenix sylvestris Palmae Bel¹ Aegle marmelos Rutaceae Khoia
Babala ¹ Pithecellobium dulce
Leguminiceae
Bilati gab³ Diospyros phillipensis
Ebenaceae Lebu² Artocarpus heterophyllus
Moraceae
Chaila¹ Sonneratia caseoloris
Sonneratiaceae Lichi² Litchi chinenss Sapindaceae
Chambol¹ Artocarpus chaplasha
Leguminosae Mahogany¹ Swietena mahagoni Meliaceae
Chatian² Alstonia scholaris Apocynaceae Mama kala¹
Choto Jam¹ Syzygium sp. Myrtaceae Narikel¹ Cocos nucifera Palmae Dalim² Punica granatum Punicaceae Nim¹ Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Deshi Nim¹ Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Nona Jhau¹ Tamarix indica Tamaricaceae Golgach¹ Nypa fruticum Palmae Papaya² Carica papaya Caricaceae Harguji¹ Acanthus
illicifolius Acanthaceae Pechi gab¹ Diospyros
embrayopteris Ebenaceae
Jambura² Citrulus grandis Rutaceae Peyara² Psidium guajava Myrtaceae Safeda² Manilkara sapota Sapotaceae Rain tree ¹ Samanea saman Leguminosae Sundari¹ Heritiera foemes Meliaceae Sarbat
lemon² Citrus limettoides Rutaceae
Supari² Areca catechu Palmae Sarifa² Annona squamosa Annonaceae Tal¹ Borasus flabellifer Palmaceae Sisoo¹ Dalbergia sissoo Leguminosae Tetul Tamarindus indica Leguminosae
¹ saline tolerant, ² saline non-tolerant and ³ medium tolerant.
21
3.11. Major economic and profitable timber-yielding species
The economic and profitable timber-yielding species existed in the study area are presented in
figure 4. A total of 11 timber-yielding species were earmarked as economic and profitable timber
species in less saline to strongly saline areas. These were: i) Samanea saman, ii) Artocarpus
richardiana, iii) Swietenia mahagoni, iv) Albizia lebbeck, v) Bambusa sp., vi) Azadirachta indica,
vii) Pongamia pinnata, viii) Adina cordifolia, ix) Pithecellobium dulce, x) Terminalia catappa, xi)
Cassia fistula,.
Among the identified species, Raintree, Chambol and Mahogony were common and prioritized as
the top rank economic and profitable timber-yielding tress across the study areas. The same trend
was found in the relative prevalence of species discussed earlier. Considering the economic return,
these species is being treated as the poor man species for “poverty reduction”. These species
provide rapid economic return to the poor. The species which were common in moderately to
strongly saline areas were Indan buch, Jilapi, Telikadam, Kadam, Indian alamond and Indian
laburnum which were adopted and performed well for their quick growth and economic return.
Those were also used as pole, agricultural tools, handicrafts, boat making and fodder. Telikodom
was preferable in the homesteads of moderately to strongly saline areas. It is used as economic
species comply to preserve for more utilization. Jilapi, provides indigenous fruits for the rural
children which is a alternative source of nutrition in the southwestern zone of Bangladesh.
22
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Prio
rity
and
valu
e
Specis
RaintreeChambalMahogonyKarajBambooCountry neemIndian buchTelikadamJilapiIndian AlmondIndian laburnum
Figure 4. Economic and profitable timber-yielding species in less saline to strongly saline areas of the study.
3.11.1. Major economic and profitable fruit-yielding species
The identified economic and profitable fruit-yielding species are shown in figure 5. A total of 14
fruit-yielding species were identified and prioritized as per their economic value and profitability in
less saline area to strongly saline areas. These were: i) Mangifera indica, ii) Cocos nucifera, iii)
Zizyphus mauritiana, iv) Borasus flabellifer v) Artocarpus heterophyllus, vi) Psidium guajava, vii)
Tamarindus indica, viii) Areca catechu, ix) Musa sp., x) Citrus sp. xi) Sygygium cumini, xi)
Spondias pinnata, xiii) Diospyros phillipensis, xiv) Citrus grandis.
The top most priority species were Mango, Coconut, Banana, Betel Nut, Bilati gab, Hog palm in
less saline area; and Mango, Jujube, Coconut, Palmyra palm, Pummelo, Tamaring, Lemon and
Banana in moderately to strong saline areas. The above-mentioned fruit species play important role
as a source of major fruit for the households. Earlier, it has been discussed that poor and small
households managed fruit-yielding species for getting fruits, and cash income. Sonamiah Sheikh of
Nayapara under Kalapara of Patuakhali (strongly saline area) had earned tk. 25000.00 in the year
2006 by selling Jujube only. The present investigation found that Mango, Coconut, Palmyra palm,
23
Banana, Tamarind and Jujube should be considered economic and profitable species. A marginal
family can ensure their major annual income and livelihood from these fruit-yielding species. The
leaves and fruits of some of these species were reported to use for multipurposes such as molasses,
juice, handicrafts, shade, mat, business. These have created employment for the rural poor.
050
100150200250300350400
Prio
rity
and
valu
e
Specis
MangoCoconutJujubePalmyra palmJackfruitGuavaTamarindBetel nutBananaLemonBlack berryHogplumBilati gab Jambura
Figure 5. Economic and profitable fruit species in less saline to strongly saline areas.
3.11.2. Threatened and rare species need to be conserved and immediate action in these study
areas. Species need to be nursed and necessary measures to be taken give back its previous status in the
southwestern region of Bangladesh. The following species need to be conserved immediately in the
study areas as given in table 12.
24
Table 12. Threatened and rare species need to be conserved and immediate action in this study areas.
Local name English name Scientific name Abeti Cane Calamus rotung Atafal Custard apple Annona reticulate Bantula ---- Hibicus moschatus Buno Karol Teasle gourd Momordica cochinchinensis Cawaphal Cowa Garcinia cowa Chatian Devils tree Alstonia scholaris Hijal Indian oak barringtonia acutangula Kamranga sheem Winged bean Psophocarpus tetragonolobus Mewa kathal/Ata Annona muricata Mouseem Sword bean Canavalia gladiata Nagmani ---- Wissadula periploci folia Pechigab ---- Diospyros embryopteris Royna Rohina Aphamixis polystachya Urigab/Bangab ---- Diospyros Montana
3.12. Food security
3.12.1. Stored food in the homestead of different farm category
Food storage is a simple parameter of security in the rural households (Table 13). It was found that
about 50.83% of the respondents were not involved with food storage and 52.1% of the respondents
used to involved with subsistence food storage. Majority of the farmers of large and medium
households were involved with at least one item for subsistence food storage. This food used for the
rainy season and other time of a year. The major food stored items were: rice, paddy and pulse and
minor items were: chilli, sweet potato, cucumber and molasses. This is a good sign for increasing
food security of the people of these areas. But a good number of people living in insecurity of food
is a alarming note for the people of this region.
25
Table 13. Food storage in the homesteads by different farm categories.
Farm Categories Not stored Food stored
Landless 44 (18.33) 03 (1.66)
Small 48 (20.0) 54 (22.5)
Medium 23 (9.6) 37 (15.4)
Large 2 (0.83) 28 (11.66)
Total 115 (50.83) 125 (49.16)
Figure in the parentheses denote the percentage.
3.12.2. Food intake by the household
It was observed that cooking and food intake habits have also been changing (Table 14). The table
shows that 89.2% of the respondents have had taken three meal a day and 10.8% two meals a day
which is a good of changing food intake. The common pattern of food intake having water-soaked
rice in the morning and evening is replacing gradually. They generally cook in the morning (8.30
am) and keep it for noon and daily labor class cook their food late at night for supper.
Table 14. Cooked intake by the household.
Farm category Food intake Total Three meals/ day Two meals/ day
Landless 35 (72.9) 13 (27.1) 48 Small 91 (89.2) 11 (10.8) 102 Medium 58 (96.7) 2 (3.3) 60 Large 30 (100) 0.0 30 Total 214 (89.2) 26 (10.8) 240
Figure in the parentheses denote the percentage.
26
3.13. Relative role of on-farm and off-farm occupation in the varying saline areas
Relative role of on-farm and off-farm occupations in the livelihoods of the farm families are
presented in table 15. Role of on-farm occupation in the study areas were 68.62% and off-farm
occupation 31.80%. It was observed the role of farming agriculture still playing immense role in the
livelihood of rural farmers. On the other hand, off-farm occupation also playing commendable role
in which landless and marginal farmers having new avenue of employment and income generation.
It was also observed that the role of farming agriculture was highest in moderately saline area
(80.62%) followed by strongly saline area (66.12%) and less saline area (58.35%). The role of off-
farm occupation was highest in less-saline area was 41.65% followed by highly saline area
(33.88%) and moderately saline area (19.38 %). The farmers of less-saline and strongy saline areas
were involved variety of off-farm activities which has been supporting them enormously for leading
their livelihood especially in the off-season.
Table 15. Role of on-farm and off-farm occupation in the varying saline areas.
Salinity level On-farm occupation Off-farm occupation
Contribution % Std Deviation Contribution % Std Deviation
Less saline 58.35 30.53 41.65 30.53
Moderately saline 80.62 26.96 19.38 26.96
Strongly saline 66.12 33.48 33.88 34.09
Total 68.62 31.68 31.80 31.92
3.14. Impact of homestead plant biodiversity in the income generation and livelihood supports
Homestead plants as a major natural resource is playing immerse role in providing differents items
to the farmers shown in table 16. These are : i) foods are lants vegetables, local fruits,
juice/molasses), ii) cash money (family education, family maintenance, repayment of loan, pond
excavation), iii) safety Net (risk coverage, medicine, have no option of lend, capital for business,
crisis), iv) timber, (house preparations, boat preparation, shade making, shop, agriculture tools), v)
social issues, (marriage, dowry, gift, road, bridge and pole), vi) furniture, (household utensils,
27
reading materials, bed stead, house making), viii) environment quality ( wind protection, flood
protection, beautification , organic matter deposition, soil erosion), ix) fuel wood, (bark , leaf,
bamboo, stem, root).
Table 16. Impact of homestead plant in the income generation and livelihood supports.
3.15. Management practices of homestead production
Proper management practices in the homesteads can augment production and productivity as well as
maintaining vegetation properly. Six common management techniques were found to use in this
region shown in table 17. The finding shows that above 136 (56.66%) of the farmers of all farm
categories used organic manure such as cow dung and compost etc. for vegetable and fruit
production. Whereas, use of chemical fertilizers was less in comparison to organic manure which
was 47 (19.5%) of all farm families. It was found that farmers’ tendency towards using chemical
fertilizers for increasing homestead production was less predominant except large farmers. Usually,
Homestead plant biodiversity
Cash Money Family education Family maintenance Repayment of loan Case/pond excavation
Foods Different vegetables Local fruits Juice/Molasses
Environment quality Wind protection Flood protection Beautification Organic matter deposition Soil erosion
Social Festival Marriage Dowry Gift Road, bridge, & pole
Furniture Household utensils Reading materials Bed stead House making
Timber House preparations Boat preparation Shade making Shop/Ag. tools
Fuel Wood Bark Leaf Bamboo Stem, Root
Safety Net Risk coverage Have no option of lend Capital for business Crisis period
28
the large farmers buy chemical fertilizers for their field crops, but some of them are also interested
to use for homestead vegetable production. Another aspect of production management like earthing-
up was practiced by 119 (49.58%) farmers of all categories. This earthen-up was important for
production used for some common plants during dry season are coconut, lemon, guava, jujube and
mango and mahogany etc. Thinning and pruning is important for tree management commonly
practiced for increasing homestead production was 21 (8.75%) and 107 (44.58%). These pruning
and thinning practices have been commonly used in the Southern zone also to collect fuel wood
(Raintree, Chambol, Mahogany, Narikel, Khejur and Tal) and sustainable production of Mango,
Jujube, Jackfruit, during the dry season. The present study revealed that they followed indigenous
practice which they have learnt traditionally. In general, Coconut and Palm trees managed by
cleaning head and cutting leaves were common practice in this zone. Salt is used for protecting
insects, especially ants to increase production in Coconut. Table 17 showed that 20% of farmers
used fencing for economic vegetable or fruits production whch implied that less effort provided to
protect vegetation of homesteads. Apart from these practices, spraying/venting irrigation, especially
in the dry season was absent (with a few exceptions). Therefore, scientific management practices
along with using surface water are useful to motivate the farmers for commercial agro-
sylviculture in this region.
Table 17. Management practices of homestead production.
Management techniques and practices Landless Small Medium Large
Organic manure
27
(56.25)
61
(59.80)
34
(56.67)
14
(46.67)
Chemical fertilizer
6
(12.50)
18
(17.65)
12
(20.0)
11
(36.67)
Earthing-up
23
(47.92)
51
(50.00)
29
(48.33)
16
(53.33)
Thinning
5
(10.42)
5
(4.90)
6
(10.0)
5
(16.67)
Pruning
18
(37.50)
46
(45.10)
31
(51.67)
12
(40.0)
Fencing
5
(10.42)
13
(12.75)
12
(20.0)
4
(13.33)
Figure in the parentheses denote the percentage.
29
3.16. Problems faced in homestead production and management
A total of 6 major problems were identified in the management and production as well as
homesteads plant biodiversity.
i. Pest and diseases: Damage of fruits and vegetable by pest and diseases was identified as the top
most problem especially for coconut, nut, other fruits and vegetables. Ten pest and disease were
identified in this region, like- Red pumpkin beetle, Fruit fly, Vein clearing disease (virus disease) of
country beans, Cut warm insects of vegetables, Panama wilt of Banana, Stem weevil of Banana,
Shoot and fruit borer for Brinjal, Vein clearing disease of Ookra, and Fruits dropping of Cucurbits
vegetable; and Leaf eaten and mold of fruit and vegetables.
ii. Homestead space planning: Haphazard and irregular locations of homestead have been
reducing homestead production. In old homestead areas the canopy of old and large trees covered
huge homestead spaces in the ground resulting long time shade and wet habitats ultimately
hampering homestead production in these regions. It is noteworthy that villagers are not aware
about the time rotation of felling trees in homestead and due to this big trees are reducing overall
homestead productivity.
iii. Saline water: Saline water and prolonged drought in the coastal zone was one of the emerging
and acute problems hampering the all the components of homestead production system such as
plants, vegetables, poultry and livestock.
iv. High labor cost: Shortage of agricultural labor and high wage also a big problem in these areas.
According to the local farmers many of the daily labors migrated to city areas for better job and
earning due to which costs of labour was high there.
v. Land scarcity: Scarcity of land was a common problem for expansion of homestead. Moreover,
homestead areas have been reducing due to conversion of homestead areas into houses.
vi. High cost of inputs and seedlings: High price of seeds and seedling along with trend of
increased amount of fertilizer and pesticide uses have created very negative impact in growing
vegetables and other homestead plants.
30
3.17. National and International progress on biodiversity
The Stockholm Conference held in 1972 is considered as a milestone in the emergence of global
environmental movement. The Stockholm Conference promoted creation of environmental agencies
and develop policies and action plan.
3.17.1. The Earth Summit
In observance of the 20th anniversary of the Stockholm Conference, UN organized UNCED in Rio
de Janeiro, in June 1992, which is acknowledged as “Earth Summit”. The summit came to a
consensus on the Rio Declaration of 27 principles of which Agenda 21 is important for the
environment sector. The immediate output of the summit was to organize Convention of
Biodiversity. Through the convension world community bring under a same umbrella for
conservaton and regeneration of biodiversity in a reguar manner. Bangladesh signed the Convention
on Biological Diversity CBD at Rio in 2992. The Government initiatives to address policy
formulation and implication in a multisectoral approaches such as :
3.17.2. Policy Documents
The following national policy and guidelines will directly and indirectly helpful for biodiversity
regeneration and conservation in Bangladesh.
Environment Policy, 1992
National Agriculture Policy, 1999
National Water Policy, 1999
National Forest Policy, 1994
National Fisheries Policy, 1992
Livestock Development Policy, 1992
National Seed Policy, 1998
National Industrial Policy, 1991, 1999
National Health Policy, 2000
National Food Policy, 1988
31
National Tourism Policy, 1992
National Science and Technology Policy, 1986
National Rural Development Policy, 2001
National Education Policy, 2000
National Land Use Policy, 2002
Renewable Energy Policy (Draft), October, 2002
Coastal Zone Policy 2004
Wetland Policy (Draft), 1998
Wildlife Preservation Act
Environment Court Act, 2000.
National Energy Policy, 1995
National Policy for Safe Water Supply and Sanitation, 1998
3.17.3. Strategy and action plan for conservation of biodiversity
1.National Conservation Strategy
2.National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan
3.National Environment Management Action Plan
4.Freshwater Fisheries Strategy
Coastal Zone Development Strategy (Draft)
Forestry Master Plan 1995
National Water Management Plan
Barind Environmental Action Plan 2003
National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA)
National Action Plan (NAP)
National Strategy for Accelerated Poverty Reduction (PRSP)(Draft)
Inland Capture Fisheries Strategy 2005
The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) of Bangladesh-2006 have been
prepared to fulfill the country’s committeement to the CBD. This is one of the successes of the
Government. However, a separate national committee and policy on biodiversity need to be
finalized would be a national obligation to the convention of biodiversity.
32
3.17.4. National Initiatives for ex-situ and in-situ conservation
3.17.4.1. The Forest Department Initiatives: The following programs initiated by the Forest
Departmnet have been helpful for biodiversity conservation.
Social Forestry and Forestry Sectoe Project
Hill forestation
Nishorga Support Project (NSP)
Arranayak Foundation
3.17.4.2.Bangladesh National Herbarium : About 1500 plant species specimens collected
adentified their taxonomic sudies and publication was done as “Flora of Bangladesh”, publication
of flora of the Sunderbans. Another milestone in the identification and conservation of biodiversity
that “Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh” sponsored and implemented by MOEF and
Bangladesh Asiatic Society.
3.17.4.3.Baldah Garden : Baldah Garden, Wari, Dhaka and National Botanical Garden, Mirpur are
the two best ex-situ conservation areas of Bangladesh. The collection of the Baldah garden is
classified into seven categories. The garden has about 15,000 plants representing 672 species. Many
of these are exotic and rare plants, perhaps the richest collection of ex-situ conservation of gene
pools (Ahmed, 2003).
3.17.4.4. National Botanical Garden: National Botanical Garden established in 1961 is the store
house of nearly 50,000 species of plants, herbs and shrubs including large collection of aquatic
plants. Rare plant species found in the garden are white ‘Rangan’ (Ixora superba), little Mussaenda
(Mussaenda luteola), white ‘Chandan’ (Santalum album) etc (Ahmed, 2003).
3.17.4.5. Deparment of Agriculture Extension (DAE): DAE has been implemented different
types of projects aiming to improve food security and conservation such as Integrated Horticultural
Development Project implemented with the assistance of FAO, Biodiversity Conservation unit also
working for agrobiodiversity improvement of the country.
3.17.4.6. Academic institutions: There are some Botanical Gardens in the campus of Dhaka
University, Dhaka, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Bangladesh Agricultural University,
Mymensingh. These gardens also working as en-situ conservation of several rare and uncommon
33
plants species adapted to different ecological zones. Bangladesh Agricultural University,
Horticulture Department has been established and preserving gene polls playing role as ex-situ
conservatory.
3.17.4.7. Research Institutions : Good number of research institutions are also working in the
conservation of Biodiversity in Bangladesh : Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI),
Bangladesh Agriculture Research Institute (BARI), Bangladesh Jute Research Institute (BJRI),
Bangladesh Tea Research Institute (BTRI), Bangladesh Forest Research Institute (BFRI), BFRI has
collected and planted some of the threatened species in ex-situ conservation plots.
3.17.4.8. UN Organization Initiatives
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) is working for ensuring food security and natural
resource management of the country. Mainstreaming gender and establishing womens right as well
traditional contribution of women in the conservation and selection of available genetic diversity in
homegarden. FAO recognizes and enableing “the vital role that women play in the conservation and
sustainable use of biological diversity” and affirm “the need for the full participation of women in
all levels of policy making and implementation for biological diversity conservation“. United
Nations Development Program (UNDP) under the country framework is achieving key roles in the
institulization, goverence, policy and program support for sustainable environment management.
National capacities enhanced through improve management of environt and energy and increasing
awerness of environment protection of the country.
3.18. Conservation of homestead biodiversity
Bangladesh has signed and ratified the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 1992 and 1994
respectively. Major threats to biodiversity arise from loss of habitat, deforestation, inappropriate
water and agricultural management and natural disaster. Homesteads obviously can promote in-situ
conservation and gene bank of local and indigenous fruit and vegetable species of Bangladesh.
Three main conservation activities: (1) awareness building; (2) protection of existing individuals of
rare species; and (3) propagation. Overlaying all of these activities is the inclusion of local
communities in the process, who were the ones to retain these species in homegardens in the first
34
place, and the stakeholders who will determine whether homegardens indeed act as long-term
repositories to biodiversity conservation.
3.19. Women role in homestead biodiversity conservation
Women role in the overall management including plantation, nursing, protection, felling, decision
making and use of homestead resources is very praiseworthy. Women are predominating in plant
biodiversity management in their roles as housewives, plant gatherers, home gardeners, herbalists,
seed custodians, and informal plant breeders. Because most plant use, management and
conservation occurs within the domestic realm, they are largely “invisible to outsiders” and are
easily undervalued. Achieving the goals of biological diversity conservation particularly those
related to sustainable production, use and benefit sharing of natural resources. A comprehensive
attention need to respect and consider women's knowledge, management and rights, and to the
domestic sphere. Prioritizing the conservation of plants that are important to women curators and
reversing dynamics that lead to their erosion; recognizing, valuing and promoting the inter-
generational transmission of women's traditional knowledge and practices; recognizing indigenous
rights systems and, within these, women's rights to plants and land resources that sustain these
plants; ensuring women's full participation in decisions and policies that affect their plant rights and
the status and welfare that they derive from plant resources; and promoting and disseminating
research that enhances our knowledge of the above.
3.20. Policy implication and recommendations
i. Well planned and organized homestead survey and recording should be done covering almost all
rural areas of Bangladesh. Contribution of farmers and their choice for plant diversity conservation
shall have to be incorporated.
ii. Assistance from government and non-government organizations side should be covered in proper
development of homestead space planning and proper utilization of land.
iii. Modern low cost, environmentally friendly culticvation methods and increased production
system should be introduced. Availability and supply quality seeds, seedlings and other propagating
materials should be ascertained.
35
iv. Proper adequate management should be taken to minimize salinity intrusion in coastal area to
combat salinity which is a high threat to homestead biodiversity in coastal region. For example
construction engeneering structures including sluice gates, inlets, also canel reexcavation.
v. Adaption of suitable management practices for homestead tree, vegetable and other life
supporting crops should be introduced.
vi. Availability of cash flow (loan, microcredit, financial assistance) must be ensured. Adequate and
proper agricultural inputs (fertilizer, pesticide, power tiller, sprayer etc, should be available to local
people.
vii. Safe drinking water from tube wells especially for the poor community of the society will
facilitate the development of better livelihood and mini-irrigation to homestead plants and
vegetables.
viii. Disaster preparedness, management and relief, buffer stock should be ensured specially for
poor people live in coastal areas who have been directly or indirectly dependent on homestead
biodiversity.
3.21. Areas for further research
Similar type of studies on different aspects of homestead plant biodiversity should be extended
allover Bangladesh where rural inhabitants are directly or indirectly dependent on homestead
products for their livelihood.
Researches on the rural home gardens mainly, suitable vegetable cultivation in saline areas
should be intensified.
Floristic and silvicultural characterization of major salinity tolerant and non-tolerant species of
these areas should be done.
Research in the field of genetic diversity of the threatened plant species of homestead especially
naturally growing gene pools such as Atikala, Mamakola etc. should be included.
36
Selection of suitable varieties especially, for fruits, paddy and other vegetables and crops for
salinity tolerant zones in coastal areas should be done.
Appropriate study of land zoning for land utilization in coastal zones should be implemented.
Development of high yielding tolerant varieties for tidal submerged tolerant season.
Development of appropriate homestead biodiversity manual and policy guide for sustainable
management of homestead resources.
3.22. Conclusions
Through this rsarch project works on the homestead plant biodiversity in the south-western coastal
regions of Bangladesh it is clearly understood that homestead plant biodiversity and homestead
products are the most important and needful resources for rural people of Bangladesh. The socio-
economy of rural people is directly or indirectly linked with homestead production. Emphasizing
the importance of homestead plant biodiversity in coastal areas it is thus concluded that-
Through extensive survey, recording and species check-list, it is noteworthy that homestead
plant biodiversity is still very rich in coastal regions of Bangladesh.
Rural people are directly and indirectly dependent on homestead plants for their food,
fodder, medicine, timber, hedge and many other minor purposes.
In the coastal regions, during natural catastrophes, some times homestead plant are used as
‘Life support species’. It is to be mentioned here that during last devastating Sidr cyclone
and post cyclone period there was no relief support for couple of days in Sidr affected areas
(including Borguna and Patuakhali). At that time the affected people survived only by
consuming different homestead plants. So, proper attention should be given for expansion
and sustainable management of homestead plants in the whole costal regions.
37
It is evident through the present research findings that homestead plant biodiversity have
been helping in ensuring food security (mainly for landless people).
Homestead products have been providing alternative or additional income generation to
rural people which are enabling them for better livelihood.
Socio-economic development especially the betterment of livelihood in coastal areas has
also been achieved by proper utilizing homestead plants.
A manual on the planting cultivation and marketing of the homestead plants and homestead
production should be prepared and distributed to rural poor.
During the research period, some problems were also identified which have been hampering
the proper growth and development of homestead plant biodiversity. Regular natural
catastrophes, salinity intrusion, erosion, plant diseases and loss of fertility are the major
hindering for homestead plant diversity in the coastal regions. It is to be mentioned here that
due to last serious Sidr cyclone on 15th November, 2007, a huge number of homestead plant
diversity destroyed along with the massive habitat loss.
It is very important to develop a national homestead biodiversity utilization and
management strategy which should be implemented through Agricultural Extension
Department for the sustainable development of homestead biodiversity in Bangladesh.
38
References
Alam, M. S., and K. M. Masum. 2005. Status of Homestead biodiversity in the offshore island of Bangladesh, Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences 1(3):PP. 246-253.
Ahmed, M.F.U., 1999. Homestead agroforestry in Bangladesh: A case study of Gazipur District. A Master of Science dissertation in Agroforestry and Environment. Dept. of Agroforestry and Environment, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University. Salna, Gazipur, Bangladesh. PP.59-50.
Anam, K., 1999. Homesteas agroforesty in the level Barind tract: A diagonistic study, M S thesis,
Department of Agroforestry and Environment, Bangabandhu Sheikh Muzibur Rahman Agricutural University (BSMRAU), Salna, Gazipur, Bangladesh.
Basak, N. R., 2002. Study of composition of trees in homesteads at different ecological zones in Bangladesh. MS thesis,Dept. of Agroforestry and Environment, BSMRAU, Salna, Gazipur, Bangladesh.
Basher, A., 1999. Homegarden agroforestry: impact on biodiversity conservation and household food security, a case study of Gazipur district. MS thesis, Centre for International Environment and Development Studies, Noragic, Agricultural University of Norway.
BBS, 2001, Population Census, National Report, Planning Division, Ministry of Planning, Gov. of
Bangladesh. BBS, 2001. Statistical Year Book of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of
Planning. Govt. of Bangladesh.
BBS, 2002. Statistical Year Book of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Planning. Govt. of Bangladesh.
BBS, 2007. Statistical Pocket Book of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of
Planning, Govt. of Bangladesh. FAO corporate document repository, 2009. Gender dimension in biodiversity management and food
security. http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/ac795E06.htm. Khan, M. S. (ed.), 1977. Flora of Bangladesh No.4. Commelinaceae. Bangladesh National
Herbarium, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council (BARC), Farm gate, Dhaka. P.2. Khan, M. S., M. Matiur Rahman and M. A. Arshed , 2000. Red Data Book of Vascular Plants of
Bangladesh. Bangladesh National Herbarium, Chiriakhana Road, Mirpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0128-0, PP.1-30.
Latif, M. A., M. K. Alam and Millat-e-Mustafa, 2001. Floristic diversity, growth statistics and
indigenous management technique of traditional home gardens in Bangladesh. Final report of a contract research project of BRAC, BFRI and IFESCU, Bangladesh.
Mandal, A. S., 2003. Trend in rural economy in Bangladesh: Issue and strategy for development. In:
Natural resource management: Towards better integration. A. R. Rahman, N. Haque, and
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D. Mallick (eds), Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies (BCAS) and Department of International Development (DFID), Bangladesh.
Miah, G. M. and M. M. Ahmed, 2003. Traditional Agroforestry in Bangladesh: Livelihood
activities of the rural households. A poster presented at the XII world forestry congress, held in September, Canada, 2003.
Miah, G. M. and Nasimul, Bari., 2002. Traditional Agroforestry in Bangladesh: Livelihood
activities of the rural households. A poster presented at the XII world forestry congress, held in September, Canada, 2003. Ministry of Agriculture, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, Dhaka. p 1 Patuakhali, Program Development Office, Integrated Coastal Zone Planning Program (PDO-ICZM), ISBN: 984-8540-19-9.p
Millat-e-Mustafa, M. and A.K. Osman Haruni, 2002. Vegetation Characteristics of Bangladesh Homegardens. Forestry project, Intercooperation, Rajshahi, Bangladesh and Institute of Forestry & Environmental Sciences, Swiss Forestry Journal. University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. volume: 153 (12),ISSN 0036-7818.PP.445-461.
UNDP, 2005. Uiited Nations Development Program Country Program for Bangladesh 2006-2010.
Salam, M. A. Noguchi, T. and Koike, M., 2000. Understanding why farmers plant trees in the homestead agroforestry in Bangladesh. Department of Statistics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Agroforestry Systems. 2000.509(1). PP. 77-93.
Saha, S. 2002. Homestead space planning: a field guide. Strengthening Household Access to Bari
Gardening (SHABGE), CARE-Bangladesh, Dnajpur, Bangladesh SRDI-(Soil Resource Development Institute), 2000.Soil Salinity in Bangladesh, WARPO (Water
Resource Planning Organization), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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Photographs
Photograph 1: Focus Group Discussion with local people.
Photograph 2: Discussion with local experts and elderly people.
Photograph 3: Joint photograph with the local people.
41
Photograph 4: P.I. in a presentation sessoion
Photograph 5: Khejur tree (Date plant), Pheonix sylvestris.
Photograph 6: Tentul tree (Tamarind), Tamarindus indica in homestead .
42
Photograph 7 : Bichi kala (Banan), Musa sp in the homestead.
Photograph 8: Chal Kumra, White gourd, Benincasa hispida at the roof
Photograph 9: Small country boat used for selling homestead product (Betel nut)
43
Appendices 1. Village transact of the study (Nayapara, Choulapara and Kalisuri)
Criteria Nayapara Choulapara Kalisuri Soil Sandy, clay Sandy-near river, clay Sandy, clay land : High Medium High Low
30% 40% 30%
30% 50% 30%
40% 35% 25%
Drinking water Tube wells 100 % Pond after SIDR, - 5 tube wells 3 before& 2 after SIDR
Tube wells 100 % Pond after SIDR, - 8 tube wells 3 before& 5 after SIDR
Tube wells 100 % 9 tube wells 8 before& 1 after SIDR
Salt water Very high in dry season High in dry season No saline water Homestead and house
High base (uchu bhiti) , tin-shade, kacha, one or two storied (ek-tala or do-tala)
High base (uchu bhiti) , tin-shade, kacha, one or two storied (ek-tala or do-tala)
High base (uchu bhiti) , tin-shade, kacha, one or two storied (ek-tala or do-tala)
Homestead High, Medium high & low
10%, 40 %, 50%
5%, 75 %, 20%
30%, 50 %, 20%
Coat-yard High and plain Big and plain Big and random Village dimension East-West North – South North-South Village periphery/ boundary
North – Alipur South-Kachapkhali East- Thanjupara West- Khajura canel
Like a island- Kachupatra, andharmanik & bagirkhal North – Chakamoiya South-Angarpara East- Jharakhali West- Chakamoiya
Village east bank is Aloki river which is connected with Tetulia river North- Bhatsala South-Kabitkati East- Aloki river West- Ponahura
Pond Mini pond in each homestead, each pond over flow in saline water due to SIDR
Small, medium pond in each homestead, each pond over flow in saline water due to SIDR
Small, medium, big in each homestead.
Communication Tricycle, Honda, bus and walking
Boat, engine boat, walking
Boat, engine boat, bus,honda, walking
Literacy Signed 80% 60% 85% Primary School 1 registered 1 Government 2 Government High school -- -- 1 Village market -- -- 1 Village tea stall shade
Tulatoli road side BWDB embankment --
Village hospital 1 newly establishing -- 1 rural dispensary Field water Rainy season Baki Samaya
Misti pani ( Ashar-Kartik) in rainy season and apart from the season Highly saline ( kachu gach –o- mara jai)
Misti pani ( Ashar-Kartik) in rainy season and apart from the season Highly saline
Misti pani ( Ashar-Kartik) in rainy and, no saline water
44
Vegetables Lalsak, Lau, Sim, Barbate, Karala
Lalsak, Lau, Sim, Barbate, Karala
Lalsak, Lau, Sim, Barbate, Karala
Fruits Amm, Barai, Tetul, Kala , Papaya, Tal, Khejur
Amm, Barai, Tetul, Kala , Papaya, Tal, Khejur
Amm, Tetul, Kala , Papaya, Gab, Tal, Khejur
Trees Raintree, Mahogany, Chambol, Babla
Raintree, Mahogany, Chambol, Babla
Raintree, Mahogany, Chambol
Appendices 2: Homestead plant biodiversity in the southwestern coastal zone of
Bangladesh: way forward to identification, utilization and conservation
Questionnaire- 2007
Sample Code Number:
Respondent Category (√ ):
1. Identification of the Household Head
Name : Father’s Name :
Village : Upazilla:
Age : Education :
Tribe(Bangsa) : Occupation :
Family(√ ) : Single/ Combined
2. Estimated total farm size of the household
i. Homestead land ………….…, ii. Cultivated land …………....,
2.1. Causes for land increasing and decreasing
1.
2.
45
3. Homestead cultivated and non-cultivated trees (herbs, shrubs, climbing and other plants)
Name of Trees trees distribution Tot
al
Uses
1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 >20
3.1.Timber Species
Name
3.2.Fruit Species
Name
3.3.Medicinal & spices
Name
3.4.Ornamental species
Name
3.5.Naturallygrowing
species
Name
3.6.Other(non-woody,
shrubs, herbs etc)
3.2. Cultivated (summer and winter and naturally growing vegetables)
Name of vegetables Comments/Use
Summer
Winter
Naturally growing
3.3. Source of planting materials (seedlings)
Source Name planting materials Remarks
GOs Nursery
Private nursery
NGOs nursery
Own production
46
Local market
Relatives
4. Role in Income Generation Farm ……….. and off farm …………………………
5. Food security
5.1. How many meals do you have per day normally (√ )
1-2 meal/day 3meal/day Comments
5.2. Do you store foods Yes/not (√ )
Food items Amount Comments
6.Constraints/ limitations to household productivity
Constraints /Limitations Way to over come
Signature
Date
47
Appendices 3:
ENUMERATION OF HOMESTEAD PLANT BIODIVERSITY AND THEIR UTILIZATION
Study area- Dist.- Barguna, Thana- Aamtali, Union- Koroibaria and Vill.-Chawlapara
1. Fruits Species
Planted fruit plants
Bengali/ Local name
Scientific name Family Uses/importance
1.Aam Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae
Fruits, timber, fuel, furniture
2.Jamrul Syzygium samarangense Myrtaceae Fruits, timber 3.Amra Spondias pinnata Anacardiacea
e Fruits, fuel
4.Amloki Phyllanthus embelica Euphorbiaceae
Fruits, timber, dye, medicine
6.Ataphal Annona reticulata Annonaceae Fruits, timber 7.Baroi/Kul Zizyphus mauritiana Rhamnaceae Fruit, agriculture tools, fuel 8.Bel Aegle marmelos Rutaceae Fruits, herbal medicine 9.Safeda Manilkara sapota Sapotaceae Fruits 11,Jalpai Elaeocarpus robustus Elaeocarpace
ae Fruits, oil
13.Deshi Jam Syzygium cumini Myrtaceae Fruits, timber 14.Deuwa Artocarpus lacucha Moraceae Fruits, fuel 15.Dalim Punica granatum Punicaceae Fruits, medicinal use 16.Loqut Eriobotrya japonica Rosaceae Fruits, fuel 17.Jambura Citrus grandis Rutaceae Fruits, herbal medicine 18.Kathal Artocarpus heterophyllus Moraceae Fruits, furniture, fuel, fodder 19.Khejur Phoenix sylvestris Palmae Juice, fruits, fuel, fence, Basket 20.Sajna Moringa olifera Moringaceae Fruits, vegetables, medicine 21.Kamla Citrus reticulata Rutaceae Fruits 22.Kamranga Averrhoa carambola Averrhoacea
e Fruits, herbal medicine
23.Kadbel Feronia limonia Rutaceae Fruits, herbal medicine 24.Lichu Litchi chinenss Sapindaceae Fruits, fuel 26.Lebu Citrus spp. Rutaceae Citrus fruits, medicine 27.Narikel Cocos nucifera Palmae Fruits, drinks, fuel, fence,
handicrafts 28.Peyara Psidium guajava Myrtaceae Fruits, jelly, fuel, tools 29.Supari Areca catechu Palmae Fruits, fuel, pole, window rod 30.Sarifa Annona squamosa Annonaceae Fruits 32.Tetul Tamarindus indica Leguminosae Fruits, medicine, timber, fuel 33.Tal Borassus flabellifer Palmae Fruits, fuel, juice, timber, hand
fan
48
1.2. Naturally growing fruit plants Bengali/ Local name
Scientific name Family Uses/importance
34.Bilati gab Diospyros phillipensis Ebenaceae Fruits, fuel, roof timber, peg 35.Buno amra Fruits for wild animal 36.Choila Child fruits, fuel, birds
animals fruits 37.Deshi gab Diospyros
embrayopteris Ebenaceae Fruits, fuel, timber, fishing net
dying 38.Cowa phal Garcinia cowa Guttiferae Fruits 33.Bahal Cordia dichotoma Boraginaceae Wild animal fruits 40.Bet Calamus rotung Araceae Handicrafts, basket, fencing 41.Ban-kathal Artocarpus chaplasha Moraceae Fruits for wild animal 42.Khurma khejur
Phoenix dactylifera Palmae Fruits for wild animal, pole
43. Kharkhara jam
Syzygium wallichii Myrtaceae Fruits, timber, fence/roof materials
44.Urmail Exoecaria indica Euphorbiaceae Bio-pesticide, repellant Timber Species Planted timber plants Bengali/ Local name
Scientific name Family Uses/importance
1.Mahogany Swietenia mahagoni Meliaceae Furniture, fuel, wood 2.Raintree Samanea saman Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole 3.Chambal Artocarpus chaplasha Moraceae Furniture, fuel, pole 4.Sada Karoi Albizia procesera Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole, wood 6.Akashmoni Acacia auriculiformis Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole 7.Eukalyptus Eucalyptus citriodora Myrtaceae Furniture, electric pole,
timber 8.Minjiri Casia siamea Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole 9.Basni Bash Bambusa valgaris Gramineae Pole, fuel 10.Talla Bash Bambusa
longispiculata Gramineae Basket, fence, fuel, fishing
11.Katbadam Terminalia catappa Combretaceae Fuel, Fruits, timber, industry 14.Kalo karoi/sirish
Albizia lebbeck Leguminosae Furniture, fuel
18. Ipil-ipil Leucaena leucochephala
Leguminosae Timber, fuel, pole, industry
19.Babla Acacia nilotica Leguminosae Cart, plough, boat, furniture, medicine, handicrafts, fuel
17.Kafula/Jhiga Lannea coromandelica
Anacardiaceae Fence, pole, fodder, medicine
21.Sonail/Sonalu Cassia fistula Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole 23.Pahari-tula Bombax sp. Bombacaeae Quilt
49
24.Kat-tula/simul Bombax ceiba Bombacaeae Industry, oil, pillow, herbal 27.Tula ( Karpash)
Gossypium harbacium Malvaceae Quilt, cotton made materials
28.Tula (Kat) Bombax sp. Bombacaeae Pillow, mat 29.Telikadam Adina cordifolia Rubiaceae Fuel, Furniture
Naturally growing timber plants Bengali/ Local name
Scientific name Family Uses/importance
29.Bal-gach Hydnocarpus Kurzii Flacourtiaceae Fuel, timber, wood 30.Khoia-babala/ Jilapi phal
Pithecellobium dulce Leguminosae
31.Madar Erythrina indica Leguminosae Timber, fuel, fence, fodder 33.Goma/Gaua Areca catechu Timber, fuel 35.Pakur Ficus infectoria Moraceae Shade, puja, fuel 36.Pitali Trewa polycarpa Euphorbiaceae Fuel 38.Palti-madar Erythrina ovalifolia Leguminosae Timber, agriculture products 40.Sundari Heritiera fomes Meliaceae Timber, fuel, furniture, pole 41.Bat Ficus benghalensis Moraceae Basket, furniture, handicraft 42.Bet Calamus rotung Palmae Shade, aesthetic, puja, fuel 43. Kewra/Karrak Sonneratia apetala Sonneratiaceae Timber, board, fuel 45. Harra Terminalia citrine Combretaceae Fuel, timber, handle, fish trap 46.Balai-gach/ Bhola
Hibiscus tiliaceus Malvaceae
2. Medicinal plant Bengali/ Local name
Scientific name Family Uses/importance
1. Arjun Terminilia arjuna Combretaceae Herbal medicine, timber, boat
2. Deshi Neem Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Herbal medicine,furniture,cosmetics
3. Pahari neem Melia azadirach Meliaceae Herbal medicine, timber 4. Daruchini Chinnamomum
zeylanicum Lauraceae Spice, Herbal medicine
4. Ornamental Plants 4.1. Trees Bengali/ Local name
Scientific name Family Uses/importance
1.Bagan-bilash Bougainvillea spectabilis Nyctaginaceae Garden, flower 2.Bakulful Mimusops elengi Sapotaceae Flower, timber 3. Jaba ful Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Malvaceae Daily prayer & Puja 4. Seuli ful Nictanthes arbortristis Oleacea Smell, Puja, colour flower 5. Gandha raj Gardenia coronaria Rubiaceae Flower,
50
7. Karabi Nerium indicum Apocynaceae Daily prayer & Puza 8. Krisnachura Delonix regia Caesalpineae Ornamental 10. Mendi Lawsenia inermis Color, herbal, luxury 11. Ikjora/Rangon
Ixora sp. Rubiaceae Flower
12. Rangan Ixora sp. Rubiaceae Flower, 13. Beli Jasminum sambac Oleaceae Flower,
4.2. Shrubs Bengali/ Local name
Scientific name Family Uses/importance
14. Nayantara Catharanthus roseus Apocynaceae Two color flower 15. Ganda Tagetes patula Compositae Daily prayer & Puja 16. Jhankaful Daily prayer & Puja 17. Patabahar Codiaeum variegatum Euphorbiaceae Beautifulness 18. Kalabati Canna indica Cannaceae Beautifulness 19. Morog ful Celosia argentea Amaranthaceae Flower 20. Rajanigandha
Polianthus tuberose Amaryllidaceae Flower
21. Dibanishi Flower 22. Timeful Portulacha sp. Portulacaceae Flower 23. Titbegun Solanum nigrum Solanaceae Vegetables, herbal
medicine 24. Nakful
5. Non-Woody Plants 5.1. Trees Bengali/ Local name Scientific name Family Uses/importance 1. Bichi/Daya kala Musa acuminata Musaceae Fruits, soup, fodder 2. Arhar dal Cajanus cajan Leguminosae Pulse 3. Kathali kala Musa sapientum Musaceae Fruits, soup, fodder 6. Anaras Ananas sativus Bromeliaceae Fruits, medicine, herbal 7. Amjam Aphania danura Sapindaceae 8. Anaji/Kacha kala Musa paradisiaca Curry, soup, smash 9. Bharon/Bhenna Ricinus communis Euphorbiacea
e Oil, lubricants
10. Ankh Saccharum officinarum
Juice, herbal medicine
11. Joytun/Akon Herbal medicine, tooth brush 12. Katabor Fruits 13. Ithali/Athali Glycosmis
pentaphylla Rutaceae Fuel, tooth brush
5.2. Shrubs: Bengali/ Local name Scientific name Family Uses/importance
51
16.Koiakacha Fuel 17.Nisinda Vitex negundo Verbinaceae Medicine, herbal use 18.Paddaguruj Tinospora cordifolia Menispermiac
eae Herbal use, sarbat
19.Bhaitgach/Bhatiali
Clerodendrum viscosum
Verbinaceae Herbal medicine
21.Hargoza Acanthus illicifolius Acanthaceae Herbal, fuel, fence 22.Keyapata Pandanus foetidus Pandanaceae Mat, hand fan, handicrafts 23.Murta/ Sitalpati Clinogyne
dichotoma Marantaceae Luxury mat
24.Siptipin/Chitki Phyllanthus reticulatus
Euphorbiaceae
Herbal use, fuel
25.Basak Adhatoda vasica Acanthaceae Herbal use 26.Dholkalmi Ipomoea fistulosa Convolvulace
ae Fuel, fence
27. Bonpat Corchorus aestuans Tiliaceae Fence, rope 5.3. Herbs Bengali/ Local name
Scientific name Family Uses/importance
21.Durba Cynadon dactylon Gramineae Medicine 22.Banmula Herbal medicine 23.Ouidda choppa Vegetable soup, fence, fuel 24.Biskatali Ploygonum
hydropiper Polygonaceae Herbal use, fuel
25.Thankuni Centella asiatica Umbelliferae Medicine, smash , vegetable 26.Apang Achyranthes aspera Amaranthaceae Herbal medicine 27.Bansarisha Rorippa indica Brassicaceae Herbal medicine, fuel 28.Botolgash Fence, fodder 29.Ban-dhane Scoparia dulcis Scrophulariaceae Herbal medicine 30.Dalgash Hydrilla verticillata Hydrocaritaceae Fodder, fuel 31.Dholkalmi Ipomoea fistulosa Convolvulaceae Fuel, fence 32.Heugegach Fence, herbal medicine 33.Chirata Swertia chirata Gentianaceae 34.Shati Curcuma zedoarea Zingiberaceae Herbal medicine , baby food 35.Dhekisak Dryopteris sp. Pteridaceae Vegetable 36.Tulsi Ocimum sanctum Lamiaceae Herbal medicine 37.Dhutra Datura stramonium Solanaceae Herbal medicine, chetna
nask 38.Buno chaia Aerva lanata Amaranthaceae Herbal medicine 39.Basak pata Adhatoda vasica Acanthaceae Herbal medicine 40.Chini Kachu Colocasia sp. Araceae Vegetable 41.Goch alu Dioscorea sp. Dioscoreaceae Vegetable, smash 42.Mithakachu Colocasia sp. Araceae Vegetable, smash 43.Bontulsi Ocimum basilicum Lamiaceae Herbal medicine 44.Bathua sak Chenopodium Chenopodiaceae Vegetable
52
album 46.Mousim Canavalia gladiata Papilionaceae Vegetable 47.Maska lata Herbal medicine 48.Biral kata Mucuna pruriens Papilionaceae herbal medicine
6. Vine plants Bengali/ Local name Scientific name Family Uses/importance 1. Biral kata Mucuna pruriens Leguminosae Herbal medicine 2. Goch alu Dioscorea sp. Dioscoreacea
e Vegetable, smash
3. Kailla lata Derris trifoliate Leguminosae medicine, fodder, rope 5. Banna lata Mikania cordata Compositae medicine, fodder 6. Murmuira lata 8. Telakucha Coccinia cordifolia Medicinal use 9. Dadhi pata Cassia allata Leguminosae medicinal use
7. Pond-wetlands plants Bengali/ Local name Scientific name Family Uses/importance 1. Tepa pana Pistia strateotes Araceae Fodder, fuel, bio-
fertilizer 2. Khudi pana Lemna perpusilla Lemnaceae Fuel 3. Bottle gash fodder, 4. Pani kachu Colocasia
nymphifolia Araceae vegetable
5. Dal gash Hydrilla verticillata Hydrocaritaceae fodder, fuel 6. Heus/chus Alternanthera
philoxeroides Amaranthaceae fuel
7. Kachuripana Eichhornia crassipes Pontederiaceae fuel/fodder 8. Kalmi Ipomoea aquatica Convolvulaceae Vegetable 9. Tilak/Guripana Wolffia arrhiza Lemnaceae fish meal 10. Hoglapata Typha elephantine Typhaceae Mat, hand fan. food, rope 11. Shapla Nymphoea nouchali Nymphoeaceae Vegetables, fruits 12. Kalmi lata Ipomoea sp. Convolvulaceae vegetable, fish meal fuel 13. Bonkachu Colocasia sp. Araceae vegetable 14. Chachkata Scirpus articulatus Cyperaceae fuel 15. Lajjya bati Mimosa pudica Leguminosae 16. Bis/Kanta kachu Lasia spinosa Araceae herbal medicine 17. Binnachopa Vetiveria zizanioides Gramineae fence, thatching, fhan 18. Ban kachu Colocasia sp. Araceae herbal medicine 19. Chau Imperata cyllindrica Gramineae Fuel, Making house-roof 20.Ban barali Vegetables, herbal
medicine 21. Sakhorkhora spices, smell 22. Pathar kuchi Kalanchoe pinnata Crassulaceae medicinal plant, sarbat 23. Nalghagra Phragmites karka Gramineae fence, fodder, medicine 24. Helipata Fence,
53
25. Gool pata Nypa fruticans Palmae Fence, roof 8. Vegetables 8. 1. Cultivated vegetables Bengali/ Local name
Scientific name Family Uses/importance
Round the year 1. Bombai marich Capsicum spp. Solanaceae Spices, Salad, jhal 2. Papaya Carica papaya Caricaceae Vegetables, smash 3. Begun Solanum
melongena Solanaceae Vegetables, curry
4. Chuna/Chal kumra
Benincasa hispida Cucurbitaceae Curry, vegetables
5. Dharosh Abelmoschus esculentus
Malvaceae Year round vegetables
6. Tomato Lycopersicon lycopersicum
Solanaceae Year round vegetables
Planted in summer period 7. Puisak Basella alba Basellaceae Leafy vegetables,
medicine 8. Sashsa Cucumis sativus Cucurbitaceae Vegetables, medicine,
morobba 9. Rekha Fruits 10. Data Amaranthus viridis Amaranthaceae Leafy and stem
vegetables 11. Bilati dhane Spices, curry masla,
smash 12. Misti alu Ipomoea batatus Convolvulaceae Tuber used as
vegetable, curry, 13. Kara marich Capsicum spp. Solanaceae Spices, achar, jhal 14. Khuitta marich Capsicum spp. Solanaceae Spices, achar, jhal Planted in winter period 15. Bhutta Zea mays Gramineae Vegetables, fry 16. Khet kumra Cucurbita pepo Cucurbitaceae Vegetables, curry,
smash 17. Khiroi Cucumis sativus Cucurbitaceae Fruits 18. Pat sak Corchorus
granatum Tiliaceae Leafy vegetables
19. Dhundul Luffa cylindrica Cucurbitaceae Vegetables 20. Dhane pata Coriandrum
sativum Umbelliferae Spice
21. Misti alu Ipomoea batatus Convolvulaceae Modified root vegetables
22. Golalu Solanum tuberosum Solanaceae Modified root vegetables
54
23. Jhinga Luffa acutangula Cucurbitaceae Fruit vegetables 24. Lau Lagenaria vulgaris Cucurbitaceae Fruit vegetables 25. Begun Solanum
melongena Solanaceae Fruit vegetables
26. Mula Raphanus sativus Crusiferae Modified stem vegetables
27. Lalsak Amaranthus tricolor
Amaranthaceae Leafy vegetable
28. Tamato Lycopersicon lycopercum
Solanaceae Fruit vegetables
29. Barbati Vigna sinensis Leguminosae Fruit vegetables 8. 2. Naturally grown vegetables Bengali/ Local name
Scientific name Family Uses/importance
1. Kalmi Ipomoea aquatica Convolvulaceae leafy vegetables 2. Misti alu sak Ipomoea batatus Convolvulaceae leafy vegetables 3. Thankuni Centella asiatica Hydrocotylaceae Leafy vegetables, smash 4. Kachu Colocasia esculenta Araceae Stem as vegetables 5. Kachur lati/boi Colocasia esculenta Araceae Used as vegetables 6. Haicha Alternanthera
sessilis Amaranthaceae vegetable
7. Tit begun Solanum filicifolium
Solanaceae Vegetable used by the MOG
8. Man kachu Alocasia indica Araceae Stem used as vegetables, curry
9. Shapla Nymphaea nouchali Nymphaeaceae Vegetables, curry, fruits 10. Helencha Enhydra flactuans Compositae Leafy vegetables 11. Bathua Chenopodium
album Chenopodiaceae vegetables
12. Ghagra Xanthium indicum Compositae Vegetables, soup, curry 13.Gima sak Glinus
oppositifolius Muluginaceae Vegetables
14. Dheki sak Dryopteris sp. Pteridaceae Vegetables 15. Kalai sak Lathyrus sativus Leguminosae Leafy vegetables
55
Appendices 4:
ENUMERATION OF HOMESTEAD PLANT BIODIVERSITY AND THEIR UTILIZATION
Study area- District- Patuakhali, Thana- Bauphal, Union- Kalisuri and Village- Kalisuri
3. Fruits Species Planted fruit plants Bengali/ Local name
Scientific name Family Uses/importance
1.Aam Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Fruits, timber, fuel, furniture
2.Jamrul Syzygium samarangense
Myrtaceae Fruits, timber
3.Amra Spondias pinnata Anacardiaceae Fruits, fuel 4.Ataphal Annona reticulata Annonaceae Fruits, timber 5.Baroi/Kul Zizyphus
mauritiana Rhamnaceae Fruit, agriculture tools,
fuel 6.Bel Aegle marmelos Rutaceae Fruits, herbal medicine 7.Safeda Manilkara sapota Sapotaceae Fruits 8.Chalta Dillenia indica Dilleniaceae Fruits, Herbal medicine,
boat, fuel Jam-jelly 9. Golap jam Syzygium jambos Myrtaceae Fruits, Fuel 10.Jalpai Elaeocarpus
robustus Elaeocarpaceae Fruits, oil
11.Deshi Jam Syzygium cumini Myrtaceae Fruits, timber 12.Deuwa Artocarpus lacucha Moraceae Fruits, fuel 13.Dalim Punica granatum Punicaceae Fruits, medicinal use 14.Loqut Eriobotrya
japonica Rosaceae Fruits, fuel
15.Jambura Citrus grandis Rutaceae Fruits, herbal medicine 16.Kathal Artocarpus
heterophyllus Moraceae Fruits, furniture, fuel,
fodder 17.Khejur Phoenix sylvestris Palmae Juice, fruits, fuel, fence,
Basket 18.Sajna Moringa olifera Moringaceae Fruits, vegetables,
medicine 19.Kamla Citrus reticulata Rutaceae Fruits 20.Kamranga Averrhoa
carambola Averrhoaceae Fruits, herbal medicine
21.Kadbel Feronia limonia Rutaceae Fruits, herbal medicine 22.Ltkon Baccaurea
ramiflora Euphorbiaceae Fruits
23.Lichu Litchi chinenss Sapindaceae Fruits, fuel 24.Lebu Citrus aruntifolia Rutaceae Citrus fruits, medicine 25.Narikel Cocos nucifera Palmae Fruits, drinks, fuel, fence,
handicrafts
56
26.Peyara Psidium guajava Myrtaceae Fruits, jelly, fuel, tools 27.Supari Areca catechu Palmae Fruits, fuel, pole, window
rod 28.Sharifa Annona squamosa Annonaceae Fruits 29.Sharbati lebu Citrus limettoides Rutaceae Citrus fruits, medicine,
drinks 30.Tetul Tamarindus indica Leguminosae Fruits, medicine, timber,
fuel 31.Tal Borassus flabellifer Palmae Fruits, fuel, juice, timber,
hand fan 1.2. Naturally growing fruits plants Bengali/ Local name
Scientific name Family Uses/importance
32.Bilati gab Diospyros phillipensis
Ebenaceae Fruits, fuel, roof timber, peg
33.Deshi gab Diospyros embrayoopeteris
Ebenaceae Fruits, fuel, timber, fishing net dying
34.Cowa phal Garcinia cowa Guttiferae Fruits 35.Bahal Cordia dichotoma Boraginaceae Wild animal fruits 36.Bet Calamus rotung Araceae Handicrafts, basket,
fencing 37.Kharkhara jam Syzygium wallichii Myrtaceae Fruits, timber, fence/roof
materials 4. Timber plants 2.1. Planted timber plants Bengali/ Local name
Scientific name Family Uses/importance
1.Mahogany Swietena mahagoni Meliaceae Furniture, fuel, wood 2.Raintree Samanea saman Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole 3.Chambal Artocarpus
chaplasha Moraceae Furniture, fuel, pole
4.Sada Korai Albizia procesera Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole, wood
6.Eukalyptus Eucalyptus citriodora
Myrtaceae Furniture, electric pole, timber
7.Minjiri Casia siamea Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole 8.Basni Bash Bambusa valgaris Graminae Pole, fuel 9.Talla Bash Bambusa
longispiculata Graminae Basket, fence, fuel,
fishing 10.Katbadam Terminalia catappa Combretaceae Fuel, Fruits, timber,
industry 11.Kadam Anthocephalus
cadamba Rubiaceae Timber, fuel, industry,
medicine 12.Kali koroi Albizia procera Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, house,
57
tools 13.Sada korai Albizia lebbeck Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole 14.Akashmoni Acacia
auriculiformis Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, fuel
29.Telikadam Adina cordifolia Rubiaceae Fuel, Furniture 16.Babla Acacia nilotica Leguminosae Bullock cart, plough,
boat, fuel, furniture, medicine, handicrafts
17.Kafula/Jhiga Lannea coromandelica
Anacardiaceae Fence, pole, fodder, medicine
18.Sonail/Sonalu Cassia fistula Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole 19.Sissoo Dalbergia sissoo Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, wind
breaker 20.Pahari-tula Bombax sp. Bombacaeae Quilt 21.Kattula/simul Bombax ceiba Bombacaeae Thread, oil, pillow,
herbal 22.Chatian/Chatim Alstonia scholaris Apocynaceae Box, bark for disease 23.Rubber gach Ficus elastica Moraceae Beauty, fuel 27.Tula ( Karpash) Gossypium
harbacium Malvaceae Quilt, cotton made
materials 2.1. Naturally growing timber plants Bengali/ Local name
Scientific name Family Uses/importance
26.Bal-gach Hydnocarpu kurzii Flacourtiaceae Fuel, timber, wood 27.Madar Erythrina indica Leguminosae Timber, fuel, fence,
fodder 28.Goma/Gaua Areca catechu Palmae Timber, fuel 29.Nauasonail/Sona Oroxylum indicum Bignoniaceae Timber, fuel, Medicinal 30.Pakur Ficus infectoria Shade, puja, fuel 31.Chatian Alstonia scholaris Apocynaceae Fuel. timber 32.Palti-madar Erythrina ovalifolia Leguminosae Timber, agriculture
products 33.Sundari Heritiera foemes Meliaceae Timber, fuel, furniture,
pole 34.Bat Ficus benghalensis Basket, furniture, handy
craft 35.Bet Calamus rotung Araceae Shade, aesthetic, puja,
fuel 36. Harra Terminalia citrine Combretaceae Fuel, timber, handle, fish
trap 37.Hijal Beringtonia
acutangula Myrtaceae Fuel, timber, handle, fish
trap 38. Royna Aphanomixis
polystachya Meliaceae Fuel, timber, handle,
boat, Medicinal
58
5. Medicinal plants Bengali/ Local name
Scientific name Family Uses/importance
1.Arjun Terminilia arjuna Combretaceae Herbal medicine, timber, boat
2.Deshi Nim Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Herbal medicine 3.Pahari nim Melia azadirach Meliaceae Herbal medicine 4.Lot-pipal Litsea monopetala Lauraceae Herbal medicine 5.Olot-Kambal Abroma agusta Sterculiaceae Herbal medicine 6.Hartaki Terminala chebula Combrataceae Furniture, medicine, tools 7.Urmail Excoecaria indica Euphorbiaceae Botanical pesticide,
repellant 8.Tejpata Cinnamomum
tamala Louraceae Cocking, cent, spice
9. Elachi Eletaria cardamomum
Zingiberaceae Fuel
4. Ornamental plants 4.1. Trees Bengali/ Local name
Scientific name Family Uses/importance
1.Baganbilash Bougainvillea spectabilis
Nyctaginaceae Garden, flower
2.Bakulful Mimusops elengi Sapotaceae Flower, timber 3. Rakta Jabaful Hibiscus rosa-
sinensis Malvaceae Daily prayer & Puja
4. Seliful Nictanthes arbortristis
Oleacea Smell, Puja, colour flower
5. Gandharaj Gardenia coronaria Rubiaceae Flower, 5.Karabi Nerium indicum Apocynaceae Daily prayer & Puja 8. Krisnachura Delonix regia Caesalpineae Ornamental 10. Mendi Lawsenia inermis Lythraceae Color, herbal, luxury 11. Ikjora/Rangon Ixora sp. Rubiaceae Flower 13. Beli Jasminum sambac Oleaceae Flower,
4.2. Shrubs: Bengali/ Local name
Scientific name Family Uses/importance
11.Ganda Tagetes patula Compositae Daily prayer & Puza 12.Patabahar Codiaeum
variegatum Euphorbiaceae Beautifulness
13.Kalabati Canna indica Cannaceae Beautifulness
4.3. Herbs Bengali/ Local Scientific name Family Uses/importance
59
name 14.Morogful Celosia argentea Amaranthaceae Flower 15.Timeful Portulaca oleracea Portulacaceae Flower
5. Non-woody plants 5.1. Trees Bengali/ Local name
Scientific name Family Uses/importance
1.Bichi/Daya kala Musa acuminata Musaceae Fruits, soup, fodder 2.Kathali kala Musa sapientum? Musaceae Fruits, soup, fodder 3.Hetal/Hintal Phoenix paludosa Palmae Fuel, shade for animal 4.Anaras Ananas sativus Bromeliaceae Fruits, medicine, herbal 6.Amjam Aphania danura Sapindaceae 7.Anaji/Kacha kala
Musa paradisiaca Musaceae Curry, soup, smash
8.Bharon/Bhenna Ricinus communis Euphorbiaceae Oil, lubricants 9.Akh Saccharum
officinarum Gramineae Juice, herbal medicine
10.Joytun/Akon Herbal medicine , tooth brush
11.Katabor Fruits 12.Ithali/Athali fuel, tooth brush
5.2. Shrubs Bengali/ Local name
Scientific name Family Uses/importance
28.Choukudani Medicine, fuel 29.Elachi Cinnamomum sp. 30.Koia-kacha Fuel 31.Bhait/Bhatiali Clerodendrum
viscosum Herbal medicine
32.Keyapata Pandanus foetidus Pandanaceae Mat, hand fan, handicrafts 33.Murta/ Sitalpati
Clinogyne dichotoma
Luxury mat
34.Siptipin/Chitki Phyllanthus reticulatus
Herbal use, fuel
35.Dholkalmi Ipomoea fistulosa Convolvulaceae Fuel, fence 5.3. Herbs Bengali/ Local name
Scientific name Family Uses/importance
36.Durba Cynodon dactylon Gramineae Medicine 37.Banmula Herbal medicine 38.Biskatali Ploygonum
hydropiper Polygonaceae Herbal use, fuel
39.Thankuni Centella asiatica Hydrocotylaceae Medicine, smash, vegetable
60
40.Apang Achyranthes aspera Amaranthaceae Herbal medicine 41.Bansarisha Rorippa indica Brassicaceae Herbal medicine, fuel 42.Botolgash Fence, fodder 43.Ban-dhane Scoparia dulcis Scropholariaceae Herbal medicine 44.Heuge-gach Fence, herbal medicine 45.Shati Curcuma zedoaria Zingiberaceae Herbal medicine, baby food 46.Dheki shak Dryopteris sp. Vegetable 47.Tulsi Ocimum sanctum Lamiaceae Herbal medicine 48.Dhutra Datura stramonium Solanaceae Herbal medicine, chetana
nasak 49.Buno chai 50.Gol/Bon roson Herbal medicine, fodder 51.Amrulsak Oxalis corniculata Oxalidaceae Herbal medicine, smash 52.Basak pata Adhatoda vasica Herbal medicine 53.Chini Kachu Vegetable 54.Goch alu Vegetable, smash 55.Mitha-kachu Vegetable, smash 56.Bontulsi/Tulsi Ocimum basilicum Herbal medicine 57.Bathua sak Chenopodium
album Chenopodiaceae Vegetable
6. Vine plants Bengali/ Local name
Scientific name Family Uses/importance
1.Mousim Canavalia gladiata Leguminosae Vegetable 2.Maska lata Herbal medicine 3.Biralkata Mucuna pruriens Leguminosae Herbal medicine 4.Kanai Commelina sp. Commelinaceae Fuel 5.Bispan Herbal medicine 6.Kumarilata Smilax zeylanica Lilliaceae Herbal medicine, 7.Kailla lata Derris trifoliate Leguminosae Medicine, fodder, rope 8.Bhui Kumara Ipomoea
mauritiana Convolvulaceae Herbal medicine
9.Banna lata Mikania cordata Compositae 10.Telakucha Coccinia cordifolia Cucurbitaceae Medicinal use 11.Dadhi pata Cassia allata Leguminosae Medicinal use
7. Pond-wetland plants Bengali/ Local name
Scientific name Family Uses/importance
1. Tepa pana Pistia strateotes Araceae Fodder, fuel, bio-fertilizer 2. Khudi pana Lemna perpusilla Lemnaceae Fuel 3. Bottle gash fodder, 4. Pani kachu Colocasia
nymphifolia Araceae vegetable
6. Heus/chus Alternanthera philoxeroides
Amaranthaceae fuel
61
7. Kachuripana Eichhornia crassipes
Pontederiaceae fuel/fodder
8. Kalmi Ipomoea aquatica Convolvulaceae Vegetable 9. Hoglapata Typha elephantine Typhaceae Mat, hand fan. food, rope 10. Shapla Nymphoea nouchali Nymphoeaceae Vegetables, fruits 11. Kalmi lata Ipomoea sp. Convolvulaceae vegetable, fish meal fuel 12. Chachkata Scirpus articulatus Cyperaceae fuel 13. Binnachopa Vetiveria
zizanioides Gramineae fence, thatching, fhan
14. Sakhorkhora spices, smell 15. Dal gash Hydrilla verticillata Hydrocaritaceae fodder, fuel 16. Pathar kuchi Kalanchoe pinnata Crassulaceae medicinal plant, sarbat 17. Nalghagra Phragmites karka Gramineae fence, fodder, medicine
8. Vegetables 8. 1. Cultivated vegetables Bengali/ Local name
Scientific name Family Uses/importance
8.1.1. Round the year 1.Papaya Carica papaya Caricaceae Vegetables, smash 2.Begun Solanum
melongena Solanaceae Vegetables, curry
3.Chuna/Chal kumra
Benincasa hispida Cucurbitaceae Curry, vegetables
4.Bombai marich Cucurbita spp. Cucurbitaceae spices, achar, jhal 5.Dheros Abelmoschus
esculentus Malvaceae year round vegetables
6.Misti alu Solanum tuberosum 8.1.2. During summer period 7.Puisak Basella alba Basellaceae Leafy vegetables, medicine 8.Sasha Cucumis sativus Cucurbitaceae Vegetables, medicine,
morobba 9.Rekha Fruits 10.Data Amaranthus viridis Leafy and stem vegetables 11.Bilati dhane Spices, curry masla, smash 12.Misti alu Ipomoea batatus Convolvulaceae Tuber used as vegetable,
curry, fruit 13.Khara marich Capsicum
frutiscens Solanaceae Spices, achar, jhal
14.Khuitta marich Capsicum frutiscens
Solanaceae Spices, achar, jhal
8.1.3. During winter period 15.Bhutta Zea mays Gramineae Vegetables, fry 16.Khet kumra Cucurbita pepo Cucurbitaceae vegetables, curry, smash 17.Khiroi Cucurbita
moschata Cucurbitaceae Fruits
62
18.Pat sak Corchopus granatum
Tiliaceae Leafy vegetables
19.Dhundul Luffa cylindrica Cucurbitaceae Vegetables 20.Dhane pata Coriandrum
sativum Umbelliferae Spice
21.Golalu Solanum tuberosum Solanaceae Modified root vegetables 22.Jhinga Luffa acutangula Cucurbitaceae Fruit vegetables 23.Lau Lagenaria vulgaris Cucurbitaceae Fruit vegetables 24.Begun Solanum
melongena Solanaceae Fruit vegetables
25.Mula Raphanus sativus Crusiferae Modified stem vegetables 26.Lalsak Amaranthus spp. Crusiferae Leafy vegetable 27.Tamato Lycopersicon
lycopercum Solanaceae Fruit vegetables
28.Barbati Vigna sinensis Leguminosae Fruit vegetables
1. 2. Naturally growing vegetables Bengali/ Local name
Scientific name Family Uses/importance
1. Kalmi Ipomoea aquatica Convolvulaceae leafy vegetables 2. Misti alu sak Ipomoea batatus Convolvulaceae leafy vegetables 2. Thankuni Centella asiatica Umbelliferae Leafy vegetables, smash 3. Kachu Colocasia esculenta Araceae Stem as vegetables 4. Kachur lati/boi Colocasia esculenta Araceae Used as vegetables 6. Haicha Alternanthera
sessilis Amaranthaceae vegetable
7. Titbegun Solanum filicifolium
Solanaceae Vegetable used by the MOG
8. Man kachu Alocasia indica Araceae Stem used as vegetables, curry
10. Shapla Nymphaea nouchali Nymphaeaceae Vegetables, curry, fruits 11. Helencha Enhydra flactuans Compositae Leafy vegetables 12. Bathua Chenopodium
album Chenopodiaceae vegetables
13. Ghagra Xanthium indicum Compositae Vegetables, soup, curry 15.Gima sak Glinus
oppositifolius Muluginaceae Vegetables
16. Dheki sak Dryopteris sp. Pteridaceae Vegetables 17. Kalai sak Lathyrus sativus Leguminosae Leafy vegetables
63
Appendices-5: Enumeration of homestead plant biodiversity and their utilization
Study area- Dist.- Patuakhali, Thana- Kalapara, Union- Latachapali and Village Nayapara
Fruits Species
Planted fruits plants
Bengali/ Local name
Scientific name Family Uses/importance
1.Aam Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Fruits, timber, fuel, furniture 2.Jamrul Syzygium
samarangense Myrtaceae Fruits, timber
3.Amra Spondias pinnata Anacardiaceae Fruits, fuel 4.Amloki Phyllanthus
embelica Euphorbiaceae Fruits, timber, dye, medicine
5.Angur Vitis vinifera Vitaceae Fruits 7.Baroi/Kul Zizyphus
mauritiana Rhamnaceae Fruit, agriculture tools, fuel
9.Safeda Manilkara sapota Sapotaceae fruits 11.Jalpai Elaeocarpus
robustus Elaeocarpaceae Fruits, oil
13.Deshi Jam Syzygium cumini Myrtaceae Fruits, timber 14.Deaw Artocarpus lacucha Moraceae Fruits, fuel 15.Dalim Punica granatum Punicaceae Fruits, medicinal use 16. Loqut Eryobotrya
japonica Rosaceae Fruits, fuel
17.Jambura Citrus grandis Rutaceae Fruits, herbal medicine 18.Kathal Artocarpus
heterophyllus Moraceae Fruits, furniture, fuel, fodder
19.Khejur Phoenix sylvestris Palmae Juice, fruits, fuel, fence, Basket
20.Sajna Moringa olifera Moringaceae Fruits, vegetables, medicine 22.Kamranga Averrhoa
carambola Averrhoaceae Fruits, herbal medicine
24.Lichu Litchi chinensis Sapindaceae fruits, fuel 26.Lebu Citrus spp. Rutaceae Citrus fruits, medicine 27.Narikel Cocos nucifera Palmae Fruits, drinks, fuel,
handicrafts 28.Peyara Psidium guajava Myrtaceae Fruits, jelly, fuel, tools 29.Supari Areca catechu Palmae Fruits, fuel, fence, pole,
window rod 32.Tetul Tamarindus indica Leguminosae Fruits, medicine, timber, fuel 33.Tal Borassus flabellifer Palmae fruits, fuel, juice, timber,
hand fan
64
1.2. Naturally growing fruit plants
Bengali/ Local name
Scientific name Family Uses/importance
34.Bilati gab Diospyros phillipensis
Ebenaceae Fruits, fuel, roof timber, peg
35.Buno amra Fruits for wild animal 36.Choila Child fruits, fuel 37.Pechi gab Diospyros
embrayopteris Ebenaceae Fruits, fuel, timber, fishing
net dying 38.Cowa phal Garcinia cowa Guttiferae Fruits 40.Bet Calamus rotung Araceae Handicrafts, basket, fencing 41.Ban-kathal Artocarpus
chaplasha Moraceae Fruits for wild animal
42.Ban khejur Phoenix aqualis Palmae Fruits for wild animal, pole 43. Kharkharajam Syzygium wallichii Myrtaceae Fruits, timber, fence/roof
materials 44.Urmail Exoecaria indica Euphorbiaceae Bio-pesticide, repellant 45.Khurma-kejur Phoenix dactylifera Palmae Fuel, timber, fence handle,
boat
6. Timber plants
2.1. Planted timber plants
Bengali/ Local name
Scientific name Family Uses/importance
1.Mahogany Swietenia mahagoni Miliaceae Furniture, fuel, wood 2.Raintree Samanea saman Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole 3.Chambal Artocarpus
chaplasha Moraceae Furniture, fuel, pole
4.Sada Korai Albizia procera Furniture, fuel, pole, wood 6.Akashmoni Acacia moniliformis Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole 7.Eukalyptus Eucalyptus
citriodora Myrtaceae Furniture, electric pole,
timber 8.Minjiri Casia siamea Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole 9.Basni Bash Bambusa valgaris Graminae Pole, fuel 10.Talla Bash Bambusa
longispiculata Graminae Basket, fence, fuel, fishing
11.Katbadam Terminalia catappa Combrataceae Fuel, Fruits, timber, industry 13.Segun Furniture, fuel 14.Kalo korai/sirish
Albizia procera Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, house
15.Sada karoi/sirish
Albizia lebbeck Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole
16.Akashmoni Acacia auriculiformis
Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, fuel
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17.Jhau Casuarina littoria Casuarinaceae Fuel, wind breaker 18.Telikadam Adina cordifolia Rubiaceae Timber, fuel, pole, industry 19.Babla Acacia nilotica Leguminosae Bullock cart, plough, boat,
fuel, furniture, medicine, handicrafts
21.Sonail Cassia fistula Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole 22.Sissoo Dalbergia sissoo Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, wind breaker 23.Pahari-tula Bombax Bombacaeae Quilt 24.Kat-tula/simul Bombax sea Bombacaeae Industry, oil, pillow, herbal 27.Tula ( Karpash)
Hibiscus spp. Quilt, cotton made materials
28.Tula (Kat) Hibiscus spp. Pillow, mat
2.2. Naturally growing timber plants
Bengali/ Local name
Scientific name Family Uses/importance
29.Bal-gach Hydnocarpu kurzii Flacourtiaceae Fuel, timber, wood 30.Khoia-babla/Jilapi
Pithecellobium dulce
Leguminiceae
31.Madar Erythrina indica Fruits
Leguminosae Timber, fuel, fence, fodder
32.Bain Avicennia officinalis
Verbanaceae Timber, fuel, honey
33.Goma/Gaua Areca catechu Palmae Timber, fuel 35.Pakur Ficus infectoria Shade, puja, fuel 36.Pitari Trewa polycarpa Euphorbiaceae Fuel 38.Palti-madar Erythrina ovalifolia Leguminosae Timber, agriculture products 39.Uri-am Mangifera sylvatica Anacardiaceae 40.Sundari Heritiera foemes Meliaceae Timber, fuel, furniture, pole 41.Bat Ficus benghalensis Basket , furniture, handicraft 42.Bet Calamus rotung Araceae Shade, aesthetic, puja, fuel 43. kewra/Karra Sonneratia apetala Sonneratiaceae Timber, board, fuel 45. Harra Terminalia citrine Combretaceae Fuel, timber, handle, fish
trap 46.Balai-gach/Bhola
Hibiscus tiliaceus Malvaceae Fuel
7. Medicinal plants
Bengali/ Local name
Scientific name Family Uses/importance
1.Arjun Terminilia arjuna Combretaceae Herbal medicine, timber, boat
2.Deshi Nim Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Herbal medicine 3.Pahari nim Melia azadirach Meliaceae Herbal medicine
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4.Lot-pipal/Kharajora
Litsea monopetala Lauraceae Herbal medicine
6.Hartaki Terminala chebula Combretaceae Furniture, medicine, tools 1.Daruchini Chinnamomum
zeylanicum Lauraceae Medicine, Spice
2.Tejpata Cinnamomum tamala
Lauraceae Medicine, cocking, scent, spice
8. Ornamental plants 4.1. Trees
Bengali/ Local name
Scientific name Family Uses/importance
2.Bakulful Mimusops elengi Sapotaceae Flower, timber 3. Jabaful Hibiscus rosa-
sinensis Malvaceae Daily prayer & Puja
4. Seliful Nictanthes arbortristis
Oleacea Smell, Puja, colour flower
5. Gandharaj Gardenia coronaria Rubiaceae Flower, 5.Karabi Nerium indicum Apocynaceae Daily prayer & Puja 8. Krisnachura Delonix regia Caisalpineae Ornamental 10. Mendi Lawsenia inermis Lythriceae Color, herbal, luxury 11. Ikjora/Rangon Ixora sp. Rubiaceae Flower 13. Beli Jasminum sambac Oleaceae Flower,
4.2. Shrubs
Bengali/ Local name
Scientific name Family Uses/importance
11.Nayantara Catharanthus roseus
Apocynaceae Two coloured flower
12.Gada Tagetes patula Compositae Daily prayer & Puza 13.Jhankaful Daily prayer & Puza 14.Patabahar Codiaeum
variegatum Euphorbiaceae Beautifulness
4.3. Herbs
Bengali/ Local name
Scientific name Family Uses/importance
15.Timeful Portulaca grandiflora
Flower
16.Titbegun Solanum nigrum Solanaceae vegetables, herbal medicine 17.Piajful Zephyranthes sp. Flower
5. Non-woody plants
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5.1. Trees
Bengali/ Local name
Scientific name Family Uses/importance
1.Bichi/Daya kala Musa acuminata Musaceae Fruits, soup, fodder 2.Kathali kala Musa sapientum? Musaceae Fruits, soup, fodder 3.Hetal/Hintal Phoenix paludosa Palmae Fuel, shade for animal 4.Anaras Ananas sativus Bromeliaceae Fruits, medicine, herbal 6.Amjam Aphania danura Sapindaceae 7.Anaji/Kacha kala
Musa paradisiaca Musaceae Curry, soup, smash
8.Bharon/Bhenna Ricinus communis Euphorbiaceae Oil, lubricants 9.Akh Saccharum
officinarum Gramineae Juice, herbal medicine
10.Joytun/Akon Herbal medicine , tooth brush
12.Ithali/Athali Fuel, tooth brush
5.2. Shrubs
Bengali/ Local name
Scientific name Family Uses/importance
13.Bhaitgach/Bhatiali
Clerodendrum viscosum
Verbinaceae Herbal medicine
14.Banjui Clerodendrum inerme
Verbinaceae Fuel, fence, herbal medicine
15.Hargoza Acanthus illicifolius Acanthaceae Herbal, fuel, fence 16.Keyapata Pandanus foetidus Pandanaceae Mat, hand fan, handicrafts 17.Murta/ Sitalpati
Clinogyne dichotoma
Luxury mat
18.Siptipin/Chitki Phyllanthus reticulatus
Herbal use, fuel
19.Dholkalmi Ipomoea fistulosa Convolvulaceae Fuel, fence 20. Bonpat Corchorus
fascicularis Tiliaceae Fence , rope
5.3. Herbs
Bengali/ Local name
Scientific name Family Uses/importance
21.Durba Cynadon dactylon Gramineae medicine 22.Banmula herbal medicine 23.Ouidda choppa vegetable soup, fence, fuel 24.Biskatali Ploygonum
hydropiper Polygonaceae Herbal use, fuel
25.Thankuni Centella asiatica Umbelliferae medicine, smash , vegetable 26.Apang Achyranthes aspera Amaranthaceae herbal medicine
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27.Bansarisha Rorippa indica Brassicaceae herbal medicine, fuel 28.Botolgash Fence, fodder 29.Ban-dhane Scoparia dulcis Scrophulariaceae Herbal medicine 30.Dalgash Hydrilla verticillata Hydrocaritaceae Fodder, fuel 31.Dholkalmi Ipomoea fistulosa Convolvulaceae fuel, fence 32.Heugegach fence, herbal medicine 33.Chirata Swertia chirata Gentianaceae 34.Shati Curcuma zeodarea Zingiberaceae Herbal medicine , baby food 35.Dhekisak Dryopteris sp. Pteridaceae Vegetable 36.Tulsi Ocimum sanctum Lamiaceae Herbal medicine 37.Dhutra Datura stramonium Solanaceae Herbal medicine, chetna nask 38.Buno chaia Aerva lanata Amaranthaceae Herbal medicine 39.Basak pata Adhatoda vasica Acanthaceae Herbal medicine 40.Chini Kachu Colocasia sp. Araceae Vegetable 41.Goch alu Dioscorea sp. Dioscoreaceae Vegetable, smash 42.Mithakachu Colocasia sp. Araceae Vegetable, smash 43.Bontulsi Ocimum basilicum Lamiaceae Herbal medicine 44.Bathua sak Chenopodium
album Chenopodiaceae Vegetable
45.Bailla lata 46.Mousim Canavalia gladiata Papilionaceae Vegetable 47.Maska lata Herbal medicine 48.Biral kata Mucuna pruriens Papilionaceae Herbal medicine
6. Vine plants
Bengali/ Local name
Scientific name Family Uses/importance
Kailla lata Derris trifoliate Leguminosae Medicine, fodder, rope Bhui Kumra Ipomoea
mauritiana Convolvulaceae Herbal medicine
Banna lata Mikania scandens Compositae Herbal medicine, fodder Abeti Flagellaria indica Flagellariaceae Basket, handicraft Telakucha Coccinia cordifolia Cucurbitaceae Medicinal use Dadhi pata Cassia allata Leguminosae Medicinal use
7. Pond-wetland plants
Bengali/ Local name
Scientific name Family Uses/importance
1. Tepa pana Pistia strateotes Araceae Fodder, fuel, bio-fertilizer 2. Khudi pana Lemna perpusilla Lemnaceae Fuel 4. Pani kachu Colocasia
nymphifolia Araceae Vegetable
5. Dalgash Fodder, fuel 6. Heus/chus Alternanthera Amaranthaceae Fuel
69
philoxeroides 7. Kachuripana Eichhornia
crassipes Pontederiaceae Fuel/fodder
8. Kalmi Ipomoea aquatica Convolvulaceae Vegetable 9. Tilak/Guripana Wolffia arrhiza Lemnaceae Fish meal 10. Hoglapata Typha elephantine Typhaceae Mat, hand fan. food, rope 11. Shapla Nymphoea nouchali Nymphoeaceae Vegetables, fruits 12. Kalmi lata Ipomoea sp. Convolvulaceae Vegetable, fish meal fuel 13. Bonkachu Colocasia sp. Araceae Vegetable 14. Chachkata Scirpus articulatus Cyperaceae Fuel 15. Bis/Kanta kachu
Lasia spinosa Araceae Herbal medicine
16. Binnachopa Vetiveria zizanioides
Gramineae Fence, thatching, fhan
18. Mankachu Colocasia sp. Araceae Herbal medicine 19. Sakhorkhora Spices, smell 20. Dal gash Hydrilla verticillata Hydrocaritaceae Fodder, fuel 21. Shoti Curcuma zeodaria Zingiberaceae Baby food, medicine 22. Felun Vigna sp. Leguminosae Pulse, fuel 23. Barly Hordeum vulgare Gramineae Baby food, medicine 24. Pathar kuchi Kalanchoe pinnata Crassulaceae Medicinal plant, sarbat 25. Nalghagra Phragmites karka Gramineae Fence, fodder, medicine 26. Helipata Fence, 27. Golpata Nypa fruticans Palmae Fence, roof
8. Vegetables
8. 1. Planted vegetables
Bengali/ Local name
Scientific name Family Uses/importance
8.1.1 Round the year 1. Bombai marich Capsicum spp. Solanaceae Spices, achar, jhal 2. Papaya Carica papaya Caricaceae Vegetables, smash 3. Begun Solanum
melongena Solanaceae Vegetables, curry
4. Chuna/Chal kumra
Benincasa hispida Cucurbitaceae Curry, vegetables
5. Dheros Abelmoschus esculentus
Malvaceae Year round vegetables
6. Tomato Lycopersicon lycopersicum
Solanaceae Year round vegetables
7.Sajna Moringa oleifera Moringaceae Fruits, vegetables, medicine 8.1.2. During summer period 7. Pui shak Basela alba Basellaceae Leafy vegetables, medicine 8. Sashsa Cucumis sativus Cucurbitaceae Vegetables, medicine,
morobba
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9. Data Amaranthus viridis Amaranthaceae Leafy and stem vegetables 10. Bilati
dhane Spices, curry masla, smash
11. Misti alu Ipomoea batatus Convolvulaceae Tuber used as vegetable, curry,
12. Khara marich
Capsicum frutiscens
Solanaceae Spices, achar, jhal
13. Khuitta marich
Capsicum frutiscens
Solanaceae Spices, achar, jhal
8.1.3. During winter period 14. Bhutta Zea mays Gramineae Vegetables, fry 15. Khet
kumra Cucurbita pepo Cucurbitaceae Vegetables, curry, smash
16. Khiroi Cucumis sativus Cucurbitaceae Fruit vegetables 17. Pat shak Corchorus
capsularis Tiliaceae Leafy vegetables
18. Dhundul Luffa cylindrica Cucurbitaceae Vegetables 19. Dhane
pata Coriandrum sativum
Umbelliferae Spice
20. Misti alu Ipomoea batatus Convolvulaceae Modified root vegetables 21. Golalu Solanum tuberosum Solanaceae Modified root vegetables 22. Jhinga Luffa acutangula Cucurbitaceae Fruit vegetables 23. Lau Lagenaria vulgaris Cucurbitaceae Fruit vegetables 24. Begun Solanum
melongena Solanaceae Fruit vegetables
25. Mula Raphanus sativus Crusiferae Modified stem vegetables 26. Lalsak Amaranthus tricolor Amaranthaceae Leafy vegetables 27. Tamato Lycopersicon
lycopercum Solanaceae Fruit vegetables
28. Barbati Vigna sinensis Leguminosae Fruit vegetables
8. 2. Naturally growing vegetables
Bengali/ Local name
Scientific name Family Uses/importance
8.2.1. Round the year 1. Kalmi Ipomoea aquatica Convolvulaceae Leafy vegetables 2. Misti alu sak Ipomoea batatus Convolvulaceae Modified root vegetables 3. Thankuni Centella asiatica Hydrocotylaceae Leafy vegetables, smash 3. Kachu Colocasia esculenta Araceae Stem as vegetables 4. Kachur lati/boi Colocasia esculenta Araceae Vegetables 6. Haicha Alternanthera
sessilis Amaranthaceae Vegetable
7. Tit begun Solanum filicifolium
Solanaceae Vegetable
8. Man kachu Alocasia indica Araceae Stem used as vegetables,
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curry 8.2.2. During summer period 10. Shapla Nymphaea nouchali Nymphaeaceae Vegetables, curry, fruits 11. Helencha Enhydra flactuans Compositae Leaf vegetable 8.2.3. During winter period 12. Bhutta Zea mays Gramineae Vegetables 13. Ghagra Xanthium indicum Compositae Vegetables, soup, curry 15.Gima shak Hydrocotyle
potundifolia Umbeliferae Vegetables
16. Dheki shak Vegetables 17. Kalai shak Lathyrus sativus Leaf vegetables
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Appendics 6. Homestead Plant Biodiversity check-list.
Name K-S1
C-S2
N-S3
Scientific Name Family Uses
FRUITS Aam √ √ √ Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Fruits, timber,
furniture Amrul/Ruail √ √ √ Phyllanthus acidus Euphorbiaceae Fruits, timber Amra √ √ √ Spondias
mangifera Anacardiaceae Fruits, fuel
Amluki √ √ Embelica officinalis
Euforbiaceae Fruits, timber, dye, medicine
Angur - - √ Vitis vinifera Vitaceae Fruits Atafol √ √ Anona squamosa Annonaceae Fruits, timber Baroi/Kul √ √ √ Zizyphus
mauritiana Rhamnaceae Fruit, agriculture
tools, fuel Bel √ √ Aegle marmelos Rutaceae Fruits, herbal
medicine Chapeda √ √ √ Achras sapota Sapotaceae fruits Chalta √ - - Dillenia indica Dilleniaceae Fruits, herbal
medicine, beautification, fuel
Jalpai √ √ √ Elaeocarpas robustus
Elaeocarpaceae Fruits, oil
Golapjam √ - - Syzygium zambos Myrtaceae Fruits, fuel-wood Deshi Jam √ Syzygium cumini Myrtaceae Fruits, timber Dewa √ √ √ Artocarpus lacucha Moraceae Fruits, fuel Dalim √ √ √ Punica granatum Punicaceae Fruits, medicinal use Amrul/lokat √ √ √ Eriobotrya
japonica Rosaceae Fruits, fuel
Jambura √ √ √ Citrus grandis Rutaceae Fruits, herbal medicine
Kathal √ √ √ Artocarpus hetrophyllus
Moraceae Fruits, furniture, fuel, fodder
Khejur √ √ √ Phoenix sylvestris Pamaceae Juice, fruits, fuel, fence, Basket
Sajna - √ - Moringa olifera Moringaceae Fruits, vegetables, medicine
Kamla √ √ Citrus reticulata Rutaceae Fruits Kamranga √ √ √ Averrhoa
carambola Averrhoaceae Fruits, herbal
medicine Kadbel √ √ Feronia limonia Rutaceae Fruits, herbal
medicine Lichu √ √ Litchi chinenss Sapindaceae Fruits, fuel Latkon √ - - Citrus fruits Lebu √ √ √ Citrus spp. Rutaceae Citrus fruits,
medicine
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Narikel √ √ √ Cocos nucifera Palmae Fruits, drinks, fuel, fence, handicrafts
Peyara √ √ √ Psidium guava Myrteceae Fruits, jelly, fuel, tools
Supari √ √ √ Areca catechu Palmae Fruits, fuel, fence, pole, window rod
Sarifa √ √ - Annona squamosa Annonaceae Fruits Sarbati lebu √ - - Citrus limetoides Rutaceae Fruits, drinks Tetul √ √ √ Tamarindus
indicus Leguminosae Fruits, medicine,
timber, fuel Tal √ √ √ Borassus flebellifer Palmae Fruits, fuel, juice,
timber, hand fan Fruits N/G Bilati gab √ √ √ Diospyros
phillipensis Ebenaceae Fruits, fuel, roof
timber Buno amra - √ √ fruits for wild animal Choila - √ √ Child fruits, fuel,
fruits eaten by birds, animals
Pechi gab √ √ √ Diospyros embrayoopeteris
Evenacieae Fruits, fuel, timber, fishing net dying
Kaufal √ √ √ Garcinia cowa Guttuferae fruits Bahai/Bahal √ √ - Cordia dichotoma Boraginaceae Wild animal fruits Bet √ √ √ Calamus rotung Arecaceae Handicrafts, basket,
fencing Khurma khejur
√ - Phoenix dactylifera Palmae fruits for wild animal, pole
Lohakara jam/kharkharya jam
√ √ √ Syzygium wallichii Myrtaceae Fruits, timber, fence/roof materials
Urmail √ √ - Exoecaria indica Euphorbiaceae Bio- pesticide, repellant
Khurma-keja √ √ √ Fuel, timber, fence handle, boat
TIMBER Mahogany √ √ √ Swietena mahagoni Miliaceae Furniture, fuel, wood Raintree √ √ √ Samanea saman Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole,
wind breaker Chambal √ √ √ Artocarpus
chaplasha Moraceae Furniture, fuel, pole
Sada Korai √ √ √ Albizia procera Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole, wood
Kali/ patrhure kori
√ √ √ Albizia lebbeck Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole, wind anima
Akashmoni - √ √ Acacia auricoliformis
Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole, wind anima
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Eukalyptus √ √ √ Eucalyptus citriodora
Myrtaceae Furniture, electric pole, timber
Minjiri √ √ √ Cassia siamea Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole Basni Bash √ √ √ Bambusa vulgaris Graminae Pole, fuel Talla Bash √ √ √ Bambusa
longispiculata Bamboca-ceae Basket, fence, fuel,
fishing Katbadam √ √ √ Terminalia catappa Combrataceae Fuel, Fruits, timber,
industry Kadam √ - - Anthocephalus
chinensis Rubiaceae Timber, fuel, industry,
fuel, medicine Segun - - √ Tectona grandis Verbinaceae Furniture, fuel, find
breaker Kali korai/sirish
√ √ √ Albizia odoratissimus
Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, house, tools wind breaker
Jhau - - √ Casuarina littoria Casuarinaceae Fuel, wind breaker Telikadam √ √ √ Leucaena
leucocephala Leguminosae timber, fuel, pole,
industry Babla √ √ √ Acacia nilotica Leguminosae Bullock cart, plough,
boat, fuel, furniture, medicine, handicrafts
Kafula √ √ - Odina wodier Anacardiaceae Life fence, pole, fodder, medicine
Sonail √ √ √ Cassia fistula Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole Sissoo √ - √ Dalbergia sissoo Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, wind
breaker Pahari-tula √ √ √ Bombax sp. Bobacaeae quilt Kat-tula/simul √ √ √ Bombax ceiba Bobacaeae Industry, oil, pillow,
herbal Chatian/Chatim
√ - - Alstonia scholaris Apocynaceae Box, bark for disease
Rubber gach √ - - Hevea brasiliensis Euphorbiaceae Beautification, fuel Tula ( Karpash)
- √ √ Gossypium harbaceum
Malvaceae Quilt, cotton made materials
TIMBER –N/W
Bal-gach √ √ √ Hydnocarpus kurzii Flacourtiaceae Fuel, timber, wood Khoia-babala/Jilapi
- √ √ Pithecellobium dulce
Leguminoceae
adar √ √ √ Erythrina indica Fruits
Leguminosae Timber, fuel, fence, fodder
Bain - - √ Avicennia officinalis
Verbaceae Timber, fuel, honey
Goma/Gaua - √ √ Exoecaria agallocha
Euphorbiaceae Timber, fuel
Nauasonail √ - - Oroxylum indicum Bignoniaceae Timber, fuel Pakur √ Ficus infectoria Moraceae Shade, Puzza, fuel
75
Pitali - √ √ Trewia polycarpa Euphorbiaceae Palti-mandar - √ √ Erythrina
ovalifolia Leguminoceae Timber, agriculture
products Uri-am √ - - Mangifera longipes Anacardiaceae Sundari √ √ Heriliera foemes Meliaceae Timber, fuel,
furniture, pole Bat √ √ √ Ficus benghalensis Moraceae Basket , furniture,
handi -craft Bet √ √ √ Calamus sp. Arecaceae Shade, aesthetic,
Puzza, fuel kewra/Karra - √ √ Sonneratia apetala Sonneratiaceae Timber, board, fuel Harra √ √ √ Terminalia citrine Combretaceae Fuel, timber, handle,
fish trap Balai-gach - √ √ Hibiscus tiliacius Malvaceae Fuel Hijal √ - √ Beringtonia
acutangula Myrtaceae Fuel, timber, handle,
fish trap Royna √ - - Aphanamoxis
polystachya Meliaceae Fuel, timber, handle,
boat MEDICINAL Arjun √ √ √ Terminilia arjuna Combretaceae Herbal medicine,
timber, boat Deshi Nim √ √ √ Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Herbal medicine Pahari nim/Gora nim
√ √ √ Melia sempervirens Meliaceae Herbal medicine
Lot-pipal √ Piper longum Piperaceae Herbal medicine Olot-Kambal √ Abroma augusta Sterculiaceae Herbal medicine Hartaki √ - √ Terminala chebula Combretaceae Furniture, medicine,
tools SPICES Daruchini - √ √ Chinnamomum
verum Lauraceae Spice
Tejpata √ - √ Cinnamomum tamala
Louraceae Cocking, scent, spice
Elachi √ Elettaria cardamomum
Zingiberaceae Spice, medicine
ORNAMEN-TAL
TREES Bagan-bilash √ Boungallia sp. Nyctaginaceae Garden, flower Bakulful √ Mimusops elengi Sapotaceae Flower, timber Jabaful √ Hibiscus rosa-
sinensis Malvaceae Daily prayer &
Puza Seuliful √ Nictanthes
arbortristis Oleacea Smell, Puza, color
Gandharaj √ √ √ Gardenia jasminoides
Rubiaceae Flower,
76
Krisnachura √ Delonix regia Caesalpineae ornamental Karabi - - √ Nerium oliender Apocynaceae Daily prayer &
Puza Mendi √ Lawsonia inermis Lythraceae Color, herbal ,
luxury Ikjora/ Rangan
√ Ixora sp. Rubiaceae Flower
Beli √ √ √ Jasminum sambac Oleaceae Flower, SHRUBS Nayan tara √ Catheranthus
roseas Apocynaceae Medicinal,
Ornamental Gada √ Tagetes erecta Compositae Daily prayer &
Puza Jhumkaful √ Hibiscus
scizopetalus Malvaceae Daily prayer &
Puza Patabahar √ √ √ Codiaeum
variegatum Euphorbiaceae Beautification
Kalabati √ √ - Canna indica Cannaceae Beautification HERB Morogful √ √ - Celosia sp. Amaranthaceae Flower Rajanigandha - √ - Polyanthus
tuberose Amaryllidaceae Flower
Dibanishi - √ Flower Timeful √ √ √ Portulaca
grandiflora Portulacaceae Flower
Titbegun - - √ Solanum nigrum Solanaceae Vegetables, herbal medicine
Nakful √ Piajful - - √ Zephyranthes sp. Amaryllidaceae Flower NON-WOODY
Trees Bichi/Daya kala
√ Musa acuminata Musaceae Fruits, soup, fodder
Arhar dal √ √ - Cajanus cajan Legminosae Pulse Kathali kala √ Musa sapientum Musaceae Fruits, soup, fodder Dhaincha √ - - Sesbania canabina Leguminosae Fodder, organic
manure Hetal √ Phoenix pallucida Palmae Fuel, shade for
animal Anaras √ √ √ Anona squamosa Amaryllidaceae Fruits, medicine,
herbal Amjam/Hamjam
√ √ √ Polyalthya suberosa
Annonaceae Fuel, timber
Anaji/ Kancha kala
√ √ √ Musa paradisiaca Musaceae Curry, soup, smash
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Bharon/ Bhenna
√ √ √ Ricinus communis Euphorbia-ceae Oil, lubricants
Akh Saccharum officinarum
Gramineae Juice, herbal medicine
Zaitan/Akon √ √ √ Gyrocarpus ameracana
Gyrocarpaceae Herbal medicine , tooth brush
Katabor √ √ √ Fruits Ithali/Athali √ √ √ Fuel, tooth brush SHRUBS Choukudani √ - - Medicine, fuel Koiakacha √ √ - Fuel Nisinda √ Vitex negundo Verbenaceae Medicine, herbal
use Paddaguruj √ Tinospora
tomentosa Menispermiaceae Herbal use, sarbat
Bhaitgach/ Bhatiali gach
√ √ √ Clerodendrum viscosum
Verbenaceae Herbal medicine
Banjul - - √ Fuel, fence, herbal medicine
Hargoza √ Acanthus illicifoius Acanthaceae Herbal, fuel, fence Keyapata √ Pandanus foetidus Pandanaceae Mat, hand fan,
handicrafts Murta/ Sitalpati
√ Clinogyne dichotoma
Marantaceae Luxury mat
Siptipin/Chitki
√ Phyllanthus reticulatus
Euphorbiaceae Herbal use, fuel
Basak √ Adhatoda vasica Acanthaceae Herbal use Dholkalmi √ √ √ Ipomoea fistulosa Convolvulaceae Fuel, fence Bonpat/Jangli pat
√ Corchorus aestuans
Tiliaceae Fence , rope
HERBS Durba √ Cynadon dactylon Gramineae Medicine Banmula √ Herbal medicine Ouidda choppa
- √ √ Vegetable soup, fence, fuel
Biskatali Ploygonum hydropiper
Herbal use, fuel
Thankuni √ Centella asiatica Umbelliferae Medicine, smash , vegetable
Apang √ Achyranthes aspera
Amaranthaceae Herbal medicine
Bansarisha √ Rorippa indica Brassicaceae Herbal medicine, fuel
Botolgash √ Fence, fodder Ban-dhane Scoparia dulcis Scrophulariaceae Herbal medicine Dalgash √ Hydrilla Hydrocharitaceae Fodder, fuel
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verticillata Heugegach √ Justicia gnnderosa Acanthaceae Fence, herbal
medicine Halud √ Curcuma
domestica Zingiberaceae Spices, medicine,
used in fesital Chirata √ Swertia chirata Acanthaceae Shati √ Curcuma zeodaria Zingiberaceae Herbal medicine ,
baby food Dhekirsak √ Dryopteris sp. Dryopteridaceae Vegetable Tulsi Ocimum sanctum Labiatae herbal medicine Dhutra √ - - Datura
stramonium Solanaceae Herbal medicine,
Poisonous Buno chai √ Gorashun/Bon roson
√ Crinum latifolium Amaryllidaceae Herbal medicine, fodder
Amrulsak √ Oxalis corniculata Oxalidaceae Herbal medicine, smash
Chini Kachu √ Colocasia sp. Araceae Vegetable Goch alu √ √ Dioscorea sp. Dioscoreaceae Vegetable, smash Mithakachu √ Colocasia sp. Araceae Vegetable, smash Bontulsi/ Babutulsi
Ocimum basilicum Labiatae Herbal medicine
Bathua sak √ Chenopodium album
Chenopodiaceae Vegetable
Bailla lata √ Mouchim √ √ Canavalia gladiata Leguminosae Vegetable Maska lata √ Herbal medicine Biral kata √ Callicarpa arborea Verbenaceae Herbal medicine Kanailala √ Fuel Climber Bispan √ Herbal medicine Kumarilata √ √ Smilax zeylanica Liliaceae Herbal medicine, Kailla lata √ Derris trifoliata Leguminosae Medicinal, fodder,
rope Bhui Kumar √ Ipomoea
mauritiana Convolvulaceae Herbal medicine
Banna lata Mikania scandens Compositae Cattle food, fuel Murmuira lata √ Abeti √ Flagellaria indica Flagillariaceae Basket, handicraft Telakucha √ Coccinia cordifolia Cucurbitaceae Medicinal use Dadhi pata/Dadmardan
√ Cassia alata Leguminosae Medicinal use
Pond-Wet land
Topapana √ Pistia stratiotes Araceae Cattle food, fuel,
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organic fertilizer Khudipana √ Lemna perpusilla Lemnaceae Fish food Bottle gash √ Fodder, Panikachu √ Colocasia sp. Araceae Vegetable Heus/chus √ Alternanthera
philoxiroides Amaranthaceae Fuel
Kachuripana √ Eicchornia crassipes
Ponterderiaceae Fuel/fodder
Tagarpana √ Fuel/fodder Kalmi √ Ipomoea aquatica Convolvulaceae Tilakpana √ Wolffia arrhiza Lemnaceae Fish meal Hoglapata √ Typha angustata Typhaceae Mat, hand fan. food,
rope Sapla √ Nymphaea
nouchali Nympheaceae Vegetables, fruits
Bonkachu √ Colocasia nymphaefolia
Araceae Vegetable
Chachkata √ Trapa bispinosa Trapaceae Fuel Biskachu √ √ Medicinal Binnachopa Vetiveria
zizanioides Gramineae Fence, thatching
Banbarali √ √ Vegetables, herbal medicine
Felun √ Pulse, fuel Lajja bati √ Mimosa pudica Leguminosae Barly √ Hordeum vulgare Gramineae Pathar kuchi √ Kalanchoe pinnata Crassulaceae Medicinal plant,
sarbat Nalkhagra Phragmites karka Gramineae Fence, fodder,
medicine Helipata √ √ Fence, Golpata √ √ √ Nypa fruticans Palmae
CULTIVATED VEGETABLES
Name K Ch Na Scientific Name Family YEAR ROUND
Bombai marich
√ √ √ Capsicum sp. Solanaceae Spices, Salad, Hot
Papaya √ √ √ Carica papaya Caricaceae Vegetables, smash Begun √ √ √ Solanum Solanaceae Vegetables, curry
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melongena Chuna/ Chal kumra
√ √ √ Bennincasa hispida
Cucurbitaceae Curry, vegetables
Dharosh Hibiscus esculentus
Malvaceae Year round vegetables
Tomato Lycopersicon lycopersicum
Soloanaceae Year round vegetables
SUMMER Puisak(sada) Basella alba Basellaceae Leafy vegetables,
medicine Sashsa Cucumis sativus cucurbitaceae Vegetables,
medicine, morobba Rekha Fruits Data Amaranthus
viridis Amaranthaceae Leafy and stem
vegetables Bilati dhane √ Eryngium
foetidum Umbelliferae Spices, curry
masala, smash Misti alu Ipomoea batatus Convolvulaceae Tuber used as
vegetable, curry, fruit
Khara marich Capsicum frutescens
Solanaceae Spices, Salad, Hot
Khuitta marich
Capsicum frutescens
Solanaceae Spices, Salad, Hot
WINTER Bhutta Zea mays Gramineae Vegetables, fry,
flour Khet kumra Cucurbita pepo Cucurbitaceae Vegetables, curry,
smash Khiroi Cucurbita
moschata Cucurbitaceae Fruits
Pat sak Corchorus oletorius
Tiliaceae Leafy vegetables
Dhundul Luffa cylindrical Cucurbitaceae Vegetables Winter Dhane pata Coriandrum
sativum Umbelliferae Spice
Gol alu Solanum tuberosum
Solanaceae Vegetables
Jhinga Luffa acutangula Cucurbitaceae Vegetables Lau Lagenaria
vulgaris Cucurbitaceae Vegetables
Mula Raphanus sativus Brassicaceae Vegetables Lalsak Amaranthus
tricolor Amaranthaceae Vegetables
Barbati Vigna sinensis Leguminosae Vegetables
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VEGETABLES NON-CULTIVATED
Name K Ch Na Family Use YEAR ROUND
Kalmi - √ √ Ipomoea alba Convolvulaceae Leafy vegetables Thankuni √ √ √ Centella asiatica Umbelliferae Leafy vegetables,
smash Kachu √ √ √ Colocasia esculenta Araceae Stem as vegetables Kachur lati/boi
√ Colocasia sp. Araceae Used as vegetables
Haicha √ √ Alternanthera sissilis
Amaranthaceae Vegetable
Mankachu √ √ √ Alocasia indica Araceae Stem used as vegetables
Surmadani sak
Leafy vegetables
SUMMER Sapla √ √ Nyphaea nouchalli Nymphaeaceae Vegetables, curry,
fruits Helencha √ √ Enhydra fluctuans Compositae Leafy vegetables WINTER Bathua √ √ Chenopodium
album Chenopodiaceae Vegetables
Ghagra √ √ √ Xanthium indicum Boraginaceae Vegetables, soup, curry
Nonta/ nunuia sak
√ √ Portulaca oleracea Portulacaeae Vegetables
Gima sak √ √ √ Glinus oppositifolius
Molluginaceae Vegetables
Dheki sak √ - - Dryopteris sp. Dryopteridaceae Vegetables Kalai sak √ √ Lathyrus odoratus Leguminosae Leafy vegetables Chata sak √ √ Leafy vegetables
h- Deshi Banana (Atiaa Kola) S.N.- Musa
h- Tentul tree S.N.-Tamarindus indica
plant biodiversity Money Family
educati
Different vegetables
Local
ent quality Wind
protection
Festival Marriage Dowry Gift
Household utensils
House preparations
Boat
Bark Leaf Bamboo Stem,
Risk coverage