HOMELAND DEFENSE IN PERSPECTIVE

A Presentation for the IEEELos Angeles Chapter

D. H. Quine

National Systems GroupTHE AEROSPACE CORPORATION

COURSES DEVELOPED TO SUPPORT THE AEROSPACE CORPORATE INITIATIVE ON HOMELAND DEFENSE

Elements of Homeland Security (1 Day)

Chemical and Conventional Weapons and Warfare (1 Day)

Biological Weapons and Warfare (1 Day)

Nuclear and Radiological Weapons and Warfare (1 Day)

HISTORICAL ATTACKS ON THE UNITED STATES

War of 1812

Mexican-American War (1846)

Pancho-Villa (1918/18)

Pearl Harbor (1941)

West Coast Shelling (1943-45)

Sabotage Attempts (WW I and WW II)

Terrorist Operations

FEAR OF ATTACKS ON THE UNITED STATES

The Era of Harbor and Coastal Defenses (1865 –1945)

U-Boat Attacks on U.S. Shipping (WW I and WW II)

The Cold War

THE EVOLVING FOCUS FOR HOMELAND DEFENSE

The Era of Nation Building

The Era of Sail and Steam

The First Era of Air Power

The Second Era of Air Power

The Ballistic Missile Era

The Era of Terrorism and WMDs

THE WAR OF 1812

The “Second Revolutionary War”

Precipitated In Part Out of Resentment of British Blockade of Trade

British Invade from Canada

THE MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR (1846)

Battle for Control of the Southwest

Final Stage Begins with Mexican Attack on South Texas

Ends with U.S. Forces in Mexico City

U.S Gains Texas, NM California

A Number of Technical “Firsts”

THE AGE OF HARBOR AND COASTAL DEFENSE

Started with English Empire and its Outposts

First Authorizing Legislation 1790s

U.S. Deploys Dozens of Forts and Coastal Defense Sites in Period Up Thru WW II

THE INCEPTION OF THE BORDER PATROL

Immigration Laws Initiated 1875

Mounted Guards Started 1904

U.S. Border Patrol Authorized by Congress 1924

PANCHO VILLA (1917)

Mexican Revolutionary

Attacks Columbus, NM in a Pre-Dawn Attack

Kill a Dozen U.S. Civilian and Military Personnel

Loose 90 From Invading Force

U.S. “Punitive Expedition” UndertakenLed by Gen “Blackjack” Pershing

THE PUNITIVE EXPEDITION: IMPORTANT FIRSTS

First Use of Motorized Trucks by the Army

First Use of Airplanes for Reconnaissance

Last Time Americans Went into Battle Without Steel Helmets

And a Last: The Last Time Massed Cavalry Operations were Undertaken by the U.S. Army

THE ZIMMERMAN TELEGRAM (1917)

Telegram From Germany to Mexico

Proposed Mexico Invade U.S. Southwest

Intercepted by British

Decoded in “Room 40”

U-BOAT ATTACKS ON SHIPPING (WW I)

Early German Plans (1899) to Attack New YorkSeize NY Harbor and Long IslandInvade North and South From Island

U-boats Operated off U.S. Coast During WW I

Steel Net Across Verranzano Narrows

U-boats Also Planted Mines in Ferry Lanes

PEARL HARBOR (1941)

THE SHELLING OF GOLETA (1942)

Japanese Sub Shells Oil Rigging 23 Feb ’42

Fires 27 Rounds from 5 1/2 –in Deck Gun

Creates a Modicum of Distress Among the Natives

John Belushi’s Parody “1942”

DEFENSE OF LOS ANGELES HARBOR

Ft MacArthur Construction Authorized 1914

Battery Osgood-Farley Supported Two 14-in Guns1560-lb Projectiles

Also Railway Guns below the Fort

BATTERY OSGOOD-FARLEY (Ft Mac)

Additional New Guns Installed 1943-45Osgood Gun Fired 116 TimesFarley Fired 121 Times

Part of Emplacement Gas-Proofed in Early 1940s

SHELLING OF FORT STEVENS

Ft Stevens, Oregon Begun 1850s

Shelled by Japanese Sub (21 Jun 42)

17 Rounds from Deck Gun

Ft Equipped with Disappearing Carriage Gun

U-BOAT ATTACKS ON SHIPPING (WW II)

Numerous Ships Sunk within Sight of East Coast 1942

U.S. Navy Largely Unprepared for Atlantic War

Later Followed British ExampleConvoysEscort ShipsAir Patrols

Numerous Japanese Subs Also off Pacific Coast

THE JAPANESE BALLOON ASSAULT (43-45)

Planned to Build 15,000Actually about 9300

Approx 900 Make it to North America

5-6 Incendiaries/1 HE

Also Planned to Release Plague (Unit 731)

PLAN TO ATTACK THE WEST COAST

Japanese Planned to Drop Plague-Infested Fleas on U.S.

Planes to be Brought over on Subs

Late in the War:1945

One of the Planes Now at Smithsonian for Rebuilding

HOMELAND DEFENSE DURING THE COLD WAR

Threats To Homeland Appeared Remote At End of WW IIU.S. Monopoly on Atomic BombVast U.S. Fleet of Long Range Bombers

Didn’t Last Long:Soviets Began Producing B-29 Copies Almost Immediately

Set Off Their Bomb in 1949

The Focus of Homeland Defense Shifts in the 1950s to Long-Range Bombers

RESPONSES TO THE SOVIET BOMBER THREAT

Surveillance and Warning

Air-Based Defenses

Surface-to-Air Missiles

Command and Control

Civil Defense

THE FIRST U.S. AIR SURVEILLANCE RADAR

First Observation of the Principle of Radar before WW I

British Home Chain Radars 1938

First U.S. Air Surveillance Radar 1940

SURVEILLANCE AND WARNING

1947 USAF Initiates Aircraft Control and Warning NetworkPlan Evolves for 411 Radar Sites in U.S. and Alaska

The Distant Early Warning Systems (DEW)

The Mid-Canada Line

The Pinetree Line

Picket Planes and Ships

The Ground Observer Corp

THE GROUND OBSERVER CORP

Established in 1950s to Fill Gaps in Radar Surveillance/Warning Coverage

Gaps in Radar Coverage Along Atlantic and Pacific CoastlinesMountainous Country with Many Potential Attack Routes Blocked to Radar Coverage

Sites Manned 24 Hours

Observations Called into Regional GOC Plotting Centers

Then Relayed To Regional AF Surveillance Centers

CONUS AIR DEFENSES

Air Defense Command Created 1946

WW II Air Defense Based on Fighters and Concept of Attrition of Bomber Force

Advent of Nuclear Weapons Forced Rethinking of Air Defense Mission Night/All Weather CapabilityLonger Defense Perimeter (Range)Assured Single Shot Kill

Led to New Generation of Dedicated Fighter-InterceptorsF- 89/101/102/106

F-106 FIRING GENIE NUCLEAR-TIPPED MISSILE

EARLY MISSILE DEFENSES AGAINST BOMBERS

LAUNCHER AREA AT SF-88

NIKE SITES IN THE LOS ANGELES DEFENSE AREA

MATURE MISSILE DEFENSES AGAINST BOMBERS

Nike Ajax

Nike Hercules

Nike Zeus

THE LAST NIKE SITE: SF-88

Being Restored by Local Historical Society and Retired Military

NIKE HERCULES AT SF-88

BOMARC MISSILE DEFENSES

HOMELAND DEFENSE COMMAND AND CONTROL

The First Air Assault: German Dirigibles Flying against London

Initially Difficult to Shoot Down

Led to Development of First Integrated Warning/Evaluation/Command& Control System

AIR DEFENSE C2 IN WW II

Radar Added to System

Data Display and Assessment Still Manual

Command and Control/Force Allocation Still Manual

HD COMMAND AND CONTROL: SAGE

AN FSQ-7 COMPUTER

CURRENT AIR DEFENSE OF THE HOMELAND

First Air ForceWestern Air Defense SectorNortheast Air Defense SectorSoutheast Air Defense Sector

Nine ANG Wings

Naval Air on Carriers

Canadian Air Defense Forces

The North Warning System

NORAD CHEYENNE MOUNTAIN

AIR SURVEILLANCE OF NORTH AMERICA: 2002

Joint Canadian/U.S. Program

Replace 31 DEW Radars with 15 New Manned Radars and 39 Unmanned Sites

Data Collected Back at NORAD

CONUS: Joint FAA/DoD Program for Air Route Surveillance

CIVIL DEFENSE AGAINST THE BOMB

Civil Defense Program Begins Early 1950s

Precursor Organization to FEMA

Conducted Studies of the Impact of Nuclear War on Economy

Published Educational Pamphlets

After 1962, Designated Approved Fallout Shelters in Public Buildings

EARLY BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE

The Threat to the Homeland Shifts Again: To Ballistic Missiles

The Era of Single Warheads

Period of Army/AF Contention Over Ownership of Mission

Mission Assigned to Army in 1958

BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE OPTIONS

Population Defense Gaither Committee

Economic Infrastructure Defense

Deterrence Enhancement Bomber and Silo Defense

MATURE MISSILE DEFENSES

MIRVing Changes the Defense Problem

First Generation Defenses No Longer Feasible

SENTINEL, THEN SAFEGUARD

Two Missile Elements in Safeguard

Exoatmospheric: Spartan

Endoatmospheric: Sprint

SAFEGUARD SITE AT GRAND FORKS

THE STRATEGIC DEFENSE INITIATIVE

THEATER MISSILE DEFENSE

SORTIES AGAINST SCUD LAUNCHERS

THE RUMSFIELD COMMISSION REPORT

Major Reassessment of Ballistic Missile Threat to U.S.

Concluded the Threat is Much Closer Than Previously Assessed

Recommended Proceeding without Delay on ABM

NATIONAL MISSILE DEFENSE 2002

The Continuing ABM SagaNike HerculesNike ZeusSentinelSafeguardSDITheater Missile DefenseNational Missile Defense

Full Spectrum of Defense Assets

Full Missile Trajectory Subject to Targeting

A GROWING CACOPHONY OF TERRORIST ATTACKS

Marine Barracks (Lebanon)

Khobar Towers (Saudi Arabia)

NY World Trade Center (1993)

Embassy Bombings

USS Cole

Black Tuesday

BLACK TUESDAY: THE HD FOCUS SHIFTS AGAIN

Highly Asymmetric Attack

Coordinated, Professional Attack

Employed Low-Tech Weapons

Came in “Under the Radar Screen”

BIOTERRORISM ARRIVES

Growing Concern Last Several Years

Diaspora from Soviet Program

Iraqi Program

Home Grown

THE DECLINE OF DETERRENCE

Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD)Dominated U.S./Soviet Balance

Enemies Now May Not Be Deterable

For Decades MAD Warped “Offense” into “Defense”

Now Things are Coming Back into Balance

THE NEW HOMELAND DEFENSE ERA

The Lugar Principles:

Prevent the Problem at its Source

Interdict Attacks on the U.S. Before They Can Occur

Be Prepared to Respond and Recover if Defenses are Inadequate

THE EVOLVING FOCUS FOR HOMELAND DEFENSE

The Era of Nation Building

The Era of Sail and Steam

The First Era of Air Power

The Second Era of Air Power

The Ballistic Missile Era

The Era of Terrorism and WMDs

HOMELAND DEFENSE IN PERSPECTIVE