holt call to freedom chapter 2: the age of exploration (1350-1550) source:

Holt Call to FreedomHolt Call to FreedomChapter 2:Chapter 2:

The Age of Exploration (1350-1550)The Age of Exploration (1350-1550)

Source: http://www.ibiblio.org/expo/1492.exhibit/Intro.html

2.12.1 Europeans Set SailEuropeans Set Sail

Objectives:Objectives: Explain how the Commercial Explain how the Commercial

Revolution and the Renaissance Revolution and the Renaissance changed Europe.changed Europe.

Analyze the reason why western Analyze the reason why western Europeans sought a new sea route Europeans sought a new sea route for trade with Africa and Asia.for trade with Africa and Asia.

Evaluate the effects of early Evaluate the effects of early Portuguese exploration on Portuguese exploration on Africans.Africans.

© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes2

I. The European Economy GrowsI. The European Economy Grows


A. The Bubonic PlagueA. The Bubonic Plague


1. Arrived from Asia in the mid-1300s

2. Caused an epidemic called the Black Death that killed as many as 30 million people.

Source: http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic428.htm

B. A Changing EconomyB. A Changing Economy


1. The Commercial RevolutionCommercial Revolution, a period of great change in the European economy, began in the 1200s.

2. Europeans became more aggressive about making a profit.

B. A Changing Economy (con’t)B. A Changing Economy (con’t)


3. Merchants sought capitalcapital – money or property used to earn more money.

4. Merchants formed joint-stock joint-stock companiescompanies, or businesses in which a group of people invest together and then share in the companies’ profits and losses.

II. The RenaissanceII. The Renaissance


A. Rebirth of the ArtsA. Rebirth of the Arts


1. The RenaissanceRenaissance - a rebirth of the arts and learning of ancient Greece and Rome

2. Began in Italy in the 1300s and spread across Europe

B. The ArtsB. The Arts


1. Supported by wealthy merchants called Patrons

2. Included artists such as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo Buonarroti

Leonardo da Vinci1452-1519

Source: http://www.leonardo.net/p17.jpg

C. TechnologyC. Technology


1. Printing press helped spread ideas throughout Europe. Invented by Gutenberg in 1455.

2.2. AstrolabeAstrolabe allowed navigators to learn a ship’s location by charting the position of the stars.

Source: http://www.twingroves.district96.k12.il.us/Renaissance/guildhall/printer/printingshop.html

The picture of the printing press is shown by arrangement with the Gutenberg Museum at Mainz in Germany (http://www.uni-mainz.de/UniInfo/Stadt/Museen/gutenberg.html) This picture is of their faithful reproduction of Gutenberg's printshop as it would have been in the 1450s

http://www.uni-mainz.de/UniInfo/Stadt/Museen/gutenberg.html

http://www.uni-mainz.de/UniInfo/Stadt/Museen/gutenberg.html

Source: http://astrolabes.org/mariner.htm

The Mariner's Astrolabe was used to determine the latitude of a ship at sea by measuring the noon altitude of the Sun or the meridian altitude of a star of known declination (photo courtesy Adler Planetarium and Astronomy Museum

IV. The Portuguese Explore AfricaIV. The Portuguese Explore Africa


A. Technology A. Technology


1.1. Prince HenryPrince Henry, known as the Navigator, aided Portuguese efforts.

2. Gathered sailors, mapmakers and shipbuilders, and improved navigational instruments

Source; http://www.mrdowling.com/610-henry.html

1394-1460

A. Technology (con’t)A. Technology (con’t)


3. 3. Portuguese designed the caravelcaravel, a small ship that moved quickly and handled well and could sail against the wind.

The caravel was an improvement on older ships because it could sail very fast and also sail well into the wind (windward). Caravel planking on the hull replaced thinner, less effective planking. Caravels were broad-beamed ships that had 2 or 3 masts with square sails and a triangular sail (called a lanteen). They were up to about 65 feet long and could carry roughly 130 tons of cargo. Caravels were smaller and lighter than the later Spanish galleons (developed in the 1500's).Source: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/inventors/page/c/caravel.shtml

B.B. ExplorationsExplorations


1. Bartolomeu Dias sailed southward along the African coast in 1487-88 and was the first to sail around Africa.

2. Portuguese traded for slaves in West Africa, which brought warfare to local kingdoms and broke up families.

Source: http://www.blueisland.onlinehome.de/html/histoire/p_BDias.htm

2.22.2 Voyages to the AmericasVoyages to the Americas

Objectives:Objectives:

Discuss Christopher Columbus’ Discuss Christopher Columbus’ goal.goal.

Identify what Columbus did Identify what Columbus did during his explorations in the during his explorations in the Americas.Americas.

Describe Portugal’s reaction to Describe Portugal’s reaction to news of Columbus’ discoveries.news of Columbus’ discoveries.


I. Columbus’ Bold IdeaI. Columbus’ Bold Idea


A. The PlanA. The Plan


1.1. Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus, a sailor from Genoa, Italy, wanted to sail west across the Atlantic Ocean to reach Asia.

2. The voyage was considered risky, because many believed that Asia was too distant.

Source: http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/

B.B. Spanish InvolvementSpanish Involvement


1.1. King FerdinandKing Ferdinand and Queen IsabellaQueen Isabella ruled Spain while it fought Muslims from the kingdom of Grenada.

2. Completed the ReconquistaReconquista – the ongoing struggle to drive the Moors from Spain – in 1492

King Ferdinand V

Source: http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761575778/Ferdinand_V.htmlSource: http://encarta.msn.com/media_701508202_761577288_-1_1/Isabella_I.html

Queen Isabella I

B.B. Spanish InvolvementSpanish Involvement


3. 3. Agreed to pay for Columbus’ expedition and promised him position of viceroyviceroy, or royal governor, of the lands he explored

II. Crossing the OceanII. Crossing the Ocean


© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes

30

A. Columbus’ expedition departed Spain on August 3, 1492.



31

B. Sighted land on October 12, 1492


Map of Columbus’ 4 Expeditions

Source : http://wilstar.net/holidays/columbus_map.htm

III. Columbus’ First ExplorationsIII. Columbus’ First Explorations



34

A. Landed in Bahamas but believed he had reached Japan



35

B. Met Taino people; was not interested in their culture and was disappointed they had no gold



36

C. Established the settlement on Hispaniola called La Navidad before returning to Spain in 1493


IV. Europe Learns of Columbus’ IV. Europe Learns of Columbus’ VoyageVoyage


A. Spanish ReactionsA. Spanish Reactions


1. Columbus was made an admiral and governor.

2. Isabella wanted the Taino to convertconvert, or change their religious beliefs to Christianity.

B.B. European ResponsesEuropean Responses


1. Pope created the Line of Line of Demarcation, Demarcation, an imaginary boundary showing land that Spain could claim.

2. In 1494 Spain and Portugal signed the Treaty of TordesillasTreaty of Tordesillas, which moved the Line of Demarcation 800 miles further west.

Source: http://demo.lutherproductions.com/historytutor/basic/medieval/story/line_demarcation.htm

Source: http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1148.html

Tordesillas Line 1494

V. Columbus’ Later VoyagesV. Columbus’ Later Voyages



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A. Returned in 1493 to discover La Navidad had been destroyed



44

B. Enslaved the Taino against Isabella’s wishes



45

C. Columbus made two more voyages and died in 1506.


2.3 2.3 The Race for Trade RoutesThe Race for Trade Routes


Discuss the areas that Vasco da Discuss the areas that Vasco da Gama and Pedro Álvars Cabral Gama and Pedro Álvars Cabral explored and the results of their explored and the results of their voyages for Portugal.voyages for Portugal.

Analyze the achievements of John Analyze the achievements of John Cabot and Amerigo Vespucci.Cabot and Amerigo Vespucci.

Evaluate the importance of Evaluate the importance of Ferdinand Magellan’s voyage.Ferdinand Magellan’s voyage.


I. Portugal’s Great DiscoveriesI. Portugal’s Great Discoveries


I. Portugal’s Great DiscoveriesI. Portugal’s Great Discoveries


A.A. Vasco da GamaVasco da Gama sailed around the Cape of Good Hope to reach India in 1498.

B.B. Pedro Pedro Álvars Cabrallvars Cabral accidentally discovered Brazil, which he claimed for Portugal.

Source: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/page/d/dagama.shtml

1460-1524

Source: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/indexc.shtml

II. Cabot and Vespucci ExploreII. Cabot and Vespucci Explore


A. English ExplorationA. English Exploration


1. The Italian Giovanni Caboto, known as John CabotJohn Cabot, , worked for the English.

2. Sought a northern route to Asia, but instead discovered North America

3. Disappeared with his fleet on his second voyage

Source: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/indexc.shtml

B.B. Mapping North AmericaMapping North America


1. Italian Amerigo VespucciAmerigo Vespucci worked for Spain.

2. Sailed to South America in 1501

Amerigo VespucciSource: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/indexv.shtml

B.B. Mapping North America (con’t)Mapping North America (con’t)


3. German mapmaker Martin Waldseemüller labeled the continents across the Atlantic “America” in honor of Vespucci.

III. Balboa Reaches the PacificIII. Balboa Reaches the Pacific


A. The ExplorerA. The Explorer


1.1. Vasco NVasco Núñúñez de Balboaez de Balboa failed as a farmer in a Caribbean colony.

2. Took control of the settlement in Panama

3. Made alliances with local American Indians through force and trade.

Source: http://coloquio.com/famosos/balboa.html

B.B. The South SeaThe South Sea


1. Heard American Indian story of another sea

2. Led expedition across Panama and in 1513 reached the Pacific

Source: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/page/b/balboa.shtml

B.B. The South Sea (con’t)The South Sea (con’t)


3. Tried to build a fleet to explore the area

4. Charged by his enemies with treason and executed in 1519

Source: http://www.czbrats.com/MiNombre/vnbalboa.htm

Photo by Frank Stabler

IV. Sailing Around the GlobeIV. Sailing Around the Globe


A. Ferdinand MagellanA. Ferdinand Magellan


1.1. Ferdinand MagellanFerdinand Magellan was a Portuguese sailor who went to work for Spain.

2. Believed in a sea passage through South America to Asia.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan

Ferdinand Magellan

B.B. The VoyageThe Voyage


1. Set sail in September 1519

2. Discovered a straitstrait – a narrow, winding sea passage – along coastal cliffs at southern tip of South America

3. This passage became known as Strait of Magellan

Source: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/page/m/magellan.shtml

B.B. The VoyageThe Voyage


4. Magellan was killed in a battle in the present-day Philippines.

5. Remaining crew arrived in Spain in 1522, the first people to circumnavigatecircumnavigate, or sail completely, around the world.

2.4 2.4 The Opening of the AtlanticThe Opening of the Atlantic


Analyze the effects of new trade Analyze the effects of new trade routes on Portugal and Spain.routes on Portugal and Spain.

Evaluate how the Columbian Evaluate how the Columbian Exchange affected Europeans Exchange affected Europeans and American Indians.and American Indians.

Identify reasons why some Identify reasons why some countries were searching for a countries were searching for a Northwest Passage.Northwest Passage.© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes

69

I. A Shift in TradeI. A Shift in Trade




A. New sea routes for trade made Spain and Portugal wealthy.

B. Venice lost trade and declined in power.



C. Countries including England, France, and the Netherlands sought sea routes for trade.

D. Some Europeans saw resources in the Americas as a source of wealth.

II. The Columbian ExchangeII. The Columbian Exchange


A. From the “Old World” to the “New A. From the “Old World” to the “New World”World”


1. The transfer of plants and animals between the Americas and Africa, Asia and Europe is called the Columbian Exchange.Columbian Exchange.

2. The Columbian Exchange dramatically changed the world.

B.B. Plants and AnimalsPlants and Animals


1. Plants from the Americas new to Europeans included corn, tomatoes, potatoes, tobacco and cocoa.

2. Europeans brought horses, cattle, pigs, and European grains to the Americas.

4.2 – Competing Claims in North America

C. The English Settle at Jamestown

Burley Tobacco – Franklin County, KentuckySource: http://members.iglou.com/perkins/newkpf/2002_08/home3001.htm

4.2 – Competing Claims in North America

C. The English Settle at Jamestown

Burley Tobacco Flower – Franklin County, Kentucky Source: http://members.iglou.com/perkins/newkpf/2002_07/home1198.htm


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1. Europeans unintentionally brought diseases such as measles, smallpox, and typhus to the Americas.

2. Large numbers of Indians became sick and died because they had no immunity to these new diseases.

C. DiseasesC. Diseases

Man with Man with SmallpoxSmallpox

Source http://www.health-information.com/smallpox/pictures.asp

Typhus Typhus FeverFever

Source: http://www.the-travel-doctor.com/typhus.htm

Chiggers

Louse

Rat Fleas

Transmitted by:

III. The Search for the Northwest III. The Search for the Northwest PassagePassage



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A. Europeans hoped to discover a Northwest PassageNorthwest Passage, or sea route through North America to Asia.

III. The Search for the Northwest III. The Search for the Northwest PassagePassage

B.B. French EffortsFrench Efforts


1. Giovanni da Verrazano explored the coast from present-day North Carolina to Maine.

2.2. Jacques CartierJacques Cartier made two trips to what is now Canada.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_da_Verrazano

Source: http://www.civilization.ca/vmnf/explor/carti_e1.html

B.B. French Efforts (con’t)French Efforts (con’t)


3. Cartier and crew sailed up the St. Lawrence River all the way to present-day Montreal.

Source: http://www.civilization.ca/vmnf/explor/cart2_em.html

B.B. French Efforts (con’t)French Efforts (con’t)


4.4. Samuel de ChamplainSamuel de Champlain visited the Great Lakes and in 1615 founded the colony of Quebec.

Source: http://www.blupete.com/Hist/BiosNS/1600-00/Champlain.htm

Source: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/page/c/champlain.shtml


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1. Hired English captain Henry HudsonHenry Hudson to search for Northwest Passage

2. Hudson found a huge bay, later called Hudson Bay.

3. His crew rebelled and set Hudson and his followers adrift in a small boat.

C. Dutch ExplorationC. Dutch Exploration

Source: http://www.ulster.net/~hrmm/halfmoon/halfmoon.htm

Source: www.newnetherland.org/images/ship7.jpg

holt call to freedom chapter 2: the age of exploration (1350-1550) source:

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