Holger SvenssonCABLE-STAYED BRIDGES

40 Years of ExperienceWorldwide

40 Years of ExperienceWorldwide

Holger Svensson

CABLE-STAYEDBRIDGES

Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Holger SvenssonConsulting EngineerNiederlausitzstrae 2215738 ZeuthenGermanyholger.svensson@gmx.de

Translated by: Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Holger Svensson, Zeuthen, GermanyProf. Dr. Guido Morgenthal, Weimar, Germany (sections on dynamics)Review and Improvement: Paul Beverley, U. K.

Cover: Helgeland Bridge over Leirfjord, Sandnessjen, Norway Helga Rutzen, Dsseldorf, Germany

2012 Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn, Verlag fr Architektur und technische Wissenschaften GmbH & Co. KG, Rotherstr. 21, 10245 Berlin, Germany

Production: HillerMedien, Berlin, GermanyCoverdesign and Layout: Sophie Bleifu, Berlin, GermanyTypesetting: Uta-Beate Mutz, Leipzig, GermanyPrinting: Medialis, Berlin, GermanyBinding: Stein + Lehmann, Berlin, Germany

Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany.Printed on acid-free paper.

Print ISBN: 978-3-433-02992-3ePDF ISBN: 978-3-433-60229-4oBook ISBN: 978-3-433-60104-4

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British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche NationalbibliothekThe Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at .

All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law.

Dedicated to my revered Mentor Prof. Fritz Leonhardt and my dear wife Meg in appreciation of their support

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Cable-stayed bridges are currently in a fast development, worldwide. While in 1986 about 150 major cable-stayed bridges were known, their number has increased to more than 1000 today. Their spans have also increased by leaps. From 1975, when the span record was 404 m, it jumped to 856 m in 1995 and today has reached 1104 m. A span limit is not yet in sight, and there are already designs for cable-stayed bridges with main spans up to 1800 m. As the economic range for suspension bridges is limited for very long spans, cable-stayed bridges are a focus of interest for bridge engineers worldwide.

This book addresses experienced engineers as well as students. It has been developed from the scripts of the Lectures on cable-stayed bridges, which have been given by the author at the University of Dresden for the 7th and 8th semester for bridge engineering students since 2009.

It aims to cover all aspects of the design, construction planning and execution on site, dealing with principles that appear important to the author, based on his 40-year experience as a bridge engineer. Additional details are given in the nearly 350 references.

Key aspects of the book are:the historical development from precursors up to the present day, the structural details of beams, towers and especially the stay cables which are a crucial component of cable-stayed bridges,the preliminary design of cable-stayed bridges which provides the best understanding of the flow of forces and permits initial sizing and independent checking of a design, andthe erection of cable-stayed bridges, which is equally as important as their final stage.

With the exception of the cable sizing, codes are consciously not referred to. The investigated bridges are from all over the world and

have been designed in accordance with various codes, including DIN, Eurocode, AASHTO, British Standard and others. The governing factor for the designs are ultimately the laws of nature which are identical worldwide.

The selection of the cable-stayed bridges highlighted here is quite subjective and consists of:

bridges in which the author participated or in which at least Leonhardt, Andr and Partners (LAP) were involved,bridges with unusual structural details, and bridges with record spans.

In general only completed bridges are treated. The discussion of pro-posals, as interesting as they may be, would go beyond the scope of this book.

The book contains nearly 1300 figures, mainly in color, in accord-ance with the conviction of the author that a good picture is more meaningful than any description. This is especially true for the ap-pearance and for the construction.

The author has named the engineers involved in as many bridges as possible. This should help to improve the public standing of engin- eers which is otherwise often neglected. The responsible engineers are also recognized as authors of the given references. A bridge is, of course, never the work of an individual a whole design team is re-quired, which works in mutual trust with the engineers of the client and with the engineers on site in order to successfully complete a bridge project.

At the end of the book two DVDs are included, which record the 30 lectures that the author gives at Dresden University.

Holger Svensson, Zeuthen, 2012

introduction

Cable-Stayed bridges. 40 years of experience Worldwide. First edition. Holger Svensson. 2012 ernst & Sohn gmbH & Co. Kg. Published 2012 by ernst & Sohn gmbH & Co. Kg.

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The author is grateful to the University of Dresden for the oppor-tunity to hold lectures on cable-stayed bridges subsequently to his active work, initially arranged by Professor Dr.-Ing. Jrgen Stritzke. The continuing support by Professor Dr.-Ing. Manfred Curbach, Head of the Institute for Concrete Structures, and by Professor Dr.-Ing. Richard Stroetmann, Head of the Institute for Steel and Timber Structures, as well as Dipl.-Ing. Peter Deepe and Dr.-Ing. Uwe Reuter for the preparation of the video records of the lectures is highly appreciated.

The author is indebted to the following colleagues who generous-ly provided him with information: Dr. Charles Birnstiel, USA, on the Nienburg Bridge, M. Jacques Combault on the Rion-Antirion Bridge, M. Jean-Marie Crmer on the Ben Ahin and Millau Bridges, Profes-sor Dr. Guido Morgenthal on the Stonecutters and Sutong Bridges, Dr.-Ing. Herbert Schambeck on the Metten and Fler Bridges, Dr.-Ing. Klaus Stiglat on early cable-stayed bridges in France and M. Michel Virlogeux on the Normandy Bridge. Information on stay cables was provided by Dipl.-Ing. Werner Brand (DYWIDAG-Sys-tems International, Germany), Mr W. S. Cheung (Cabletek, South-Korea), Dr. Hans Rudolf Ganz (VSL, Switzerland), M. Erik Mellier

(Freyssinet, France), Dr. Christian Braun (Maurer, Germany), Dr. Marcel Poser (BBR, Switzerland), Mr Friedhelm Rentmeister (Bridon, UK) and Dr. Yoshito Tanaka (Shinko, Japan). The other material used, especially drawings and photographies, originates from the archives of the author and LAP.

Special thanks go to the authors long-term colleagues and friends Dr.-Ing. Imre Kovacs for the preparation of the sections on dynam-ics and Dr.-Ing. E. h. Dipl.-Ing. Reiner Saul for the section on cable sizing.

The publishers Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn and Wiley-Blackwell pro-vided helpful support through the editor, Dipl.-Ing. Claudia Ozimek, supported by Ms. Sophie Bleifu for the layout and Ms. Uta-Beate Mutz for preparing the print.

The author translated the book into English himself with the ex-ception of the sections on dynamics, which were done by Professor Dr. Guido Morgenthal. The translation was reviewed and improved by Mr Paul Beverley, UK. The complete German and English text was typed by Ms. Eva Gassmann and all graphics and their conver-sion into English was done by Ms. Mirela Beutel-Anistoroaiei; to all these the author is grateful for their indispensable skill and patience.

acknowledgement

Cable-Stayed bridges. 40 years of experience Worldwide. First edition. Holger Svensson. 2012 ernst & Sohn gmbH & Co. Kg. Published 2012 by ernst & Sohn gmbH & Co. Kg.

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Holger Svensson has extensive experience in the design, construc-tion engineering and on-site supervision of cable-stayed and other long-span bridges all over the world.

In Germany he was involved in the checking of the Kocher Valley Bridge and the detailed design of the cable-stayed Flehe Bridge.

In the USA he designed several cable-stayed bridges: Pasco- Kennewick (concrete), East Huntington (concrete), Sunshine Skyway (composite alternate), Burlington (composite) and the Houston Ship Channel Crossing at Baytown (composite).

In Norway he was in charge of the design for the Helgeland Bridge and in Scotland he advised on the design of the Leven River Bridge, both concrete cable-stayed bridges.

In Sweden he was checking engineer for the Hga Kusten suspen-sion bridge (main span 1210 m) and the Sunningesund and Ume lv composite cable-stayed bridges.

In Australia he advised on the design of the cable-stayed Glebe Island concrete bridge in Sidney and on the My Tuan Bridge in Vietnam for AusAID.

For the Asian Development Bank he reviewed the design and construction of the record-breaking cable-stayed composite Yang Pu Bridge (main span 602 m) in Shanghai, China.

In Hong Kong he advised on the design and construction of the Kap Shui Mun Bridge to Lantau Airport.

He was also responsible for the design of several major girder and arch bridges in Germany and elsewhere.

RegistrationsCurrent: Member of the Chamber of Engineers in Berlin, Germany; PE in the USA; CEng, FIStructE in G