hofstede ppt
TRANSCRIPT
HOFSTEDE’S CULTURAL DIMENSIONTROMPENAAR’S DIMENSION
Cross cultural management
How Cultures View Each Other
Stereotyping: assumes that all people within one culture or group behave, believe, feel, and act the same.
Ethnocentrism: occurs when people from one culture believe that theirs are the only correct norms, values, and beliefs.
Self-reference criterion: the assumption that people in another culture will behave like people in your culture
Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions
Work-related value dimensionsMost influential effort to group by cultural
valuesSurveyed over 116,000 employees in more
than 70 countriesCreated maps of pairs of dimensions
Individualism-Collectivism
Self-perception as individual or part of a group
Most widely studied Most complexDimensions different across cultures
i.e., Asian vs Latin American collectivism
Individualism-Collectivism (cont’d)
IndividualismHigh value on
autonomyIndividual
achievementPrivacy
CollectivismHigh value on group
Family, clan, organization
LoyaltyDevotionConformity
Masculinity-FemininityDescribes Importance of
Achievement versus Relationships
SuccessAssertive acquisition
of money/powerachievement
Equality of gendersCaring for
disadvantagedharmony
Power DistanceAcceptance of differences in
powerHigh-Power DistanceAccept positionFollow authorityConcentrated &
centralized authorityHierarchical
Low-Power DistanceAvoid concentration of
authorityDecentralizedFewer layers of
management
Uncertainty AvoidanceReaction to ambiguous events
Low UncertaintyAvoidanceEmbrace
unpredictableLess adherence to
rules, procedures, or hierarchies
Risk taking desirable
High UncertaintyAvoidanceThreatened by
ambiguityNeed stable &
predictable workplace
Reliance on rules
Cultural Maps
Individualism-Collectivism & Power DistanceUncertainty Avoidance & Masculinity-
FemininityUncertainty Avoidance & Power Distance
Individualism-Collectivism & Power Distance
Large power distance and collectivism Asia and Latin America
Small power distance and individualism Northern Europe and Anglo countries
Synthesis of Country Clusters
Adapted from Figure 4–8: A Synthesis of Country Clusters
Culture Map for Power
Distance and Individualis
m
Uncertainty Avoidance & Masculinity-Femininity
Achievement oriented-weak uncertainty avoidance & masculine values
Security Motivation-high uncertainty avoidance & masculinity
Social Motivation-feminine values & high uncertainty avoidance
Culture Map for
Uncertainty
Avoidance and
Masculinity-
Femininity
Uncertainty Avoidance & Power Distance
Family-large power distance & weak uncertainty avoidance
Pyramid of People-large power distance & strong uncertainty avoidance
Well-Oiled Machine-small power distance & strong uncertainty avoidance
Village Market-small power distance & low uncertainty avoidance
Culture Map for Power Distance
and Uncertainty Orientation
Limitation of Hofstede’s Dimensions
Missing countries Estimates values
Ignores differences within clusters
Trompenaars’s Alternative Dimensions
Focus on values and relationshipsSurvey of
15,000 managers Over 10-year period From 28 countries
Bipolar cultural dimensions
Trompenaars’s Alternative Dimensions
Outer-directed—Inner-directedUniversalism—ParticularismNeutral—EmotionalSpecific—DiffuseAchievement—AscriptionIndividualism—Communitarianism
Trompenaars’ Cultural Dimensions
Universalism vs. particularism Universalism – the belief that ideas and practices
can be applied everywhere in the world without modification. People tend to focus on formal rules and expect business partners to do the same.
Particularism – the belief that circumstances dictate how ideas and practices should be applied and some things cannot be done the same way everywhere. People tend to focus on relationships, working things out to suit those involved.
Trompenaars’ Cultural Dimensions (2)
Neutral vs. Emotional Cultures Neutral culture – a culture in which emotions are
held in check. People try not to show their feelings
Emotional culture – a culture in which emotions are expressed openly and naturally. People smile, may talk loudly, greet each other with enthusiasm, show happiness or unhappiness.
Trompenaars’ Cultural Dimensions (3)
Achievement vs. Ascription n Achievement culture - culture in which people
are accorded status based on how well they perform their work and what they have accomplished Job, work performance, education, etc.
Ascription culture - culture in which status is attributed based on who or what a person is For example, status may be accorded on the basis
of age, gender, family, tribe, ethnic group, etc.
Trompenaars’ Cultural Dimensions (4)
Use of time Sequential use of time - people do one thing at a
time, keep appointments strictly, follow plans to the letter
Synchronous use of time - people do more than one thing at a time, appointments are approximate
Trompenaars' Research onPeople and the External
Environment
Inner-directed: People believe in controlling environmental outcomes and think that they can control what happens to them
Outer-directed: People believe in allowing things to take their natural course and living in harmony with nature. People are less likely to believe that they can control what happens to them.