hodgkin’s lymphoma.docx

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HODGKINS LYMPHOMA

Hodgkin's lymphoma formerly known as Hodgkin's disease is acancer of the lymphatic system, which is part of your immune system.

In Hodgkin's lymphoma, cells in the lymphatic system grow abnormallyand may spread beyond the lymphatic system. As Hodgkin's lymphoma

progresses, it compromises your body's ability to fight infection. Hodgkin'slymphoma is one of two common types of cancers of the lymphatic system. Theother type, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, is far more common. Advances in diagnosisand treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma have helped give people with thisdiagnosis the chance for a full recovery. The prognosis continues to improve for

people with Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Hodgkin's lymphoma signs and symptoms may include:

Painless swelling of lymph nodes in your neck, armpits or groin

Persistent fatigue

Fever and chills

Night sweats

Unexplained weight loss as much as 10 percent or more of your bodyweight

Loss of appetite

Itching

Increased sensitivity to the effects of alcohol or pain in your lymph nodesafter drinking alcohol

It's not clear what causes Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Doctors know that most Hodgkin's lymphoma occurs when an infection-fighting cell called a B cell develops a mutation in its DNA. The mutation tells thecells to divide rapidly and to continue living when a healthy cell would die. Themutation causes a large number of oversized, abnormal B cells to accumulate inthe lymphatic system, where they crowd out healthy cells and cause the signs andsymptoms of Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Various types of Hodgkin's lymphoma exist. The type is based on thetypes of cells involved in your disease and their behavior. Your type determinesyour treatment options.

Nama : Kevin S. Jeremia

Nama Medis : Neisseria Menigntidis

Nama Korona : Bacteriology

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Classical Hodgkin's lymphoma is the more common type of this disease. Itcan be broken down further into subtypes. People diagnosed with classicalHodgkin's lymphoma have large, abnormal cells called Reed-Sternberg cells in

their lymph nodes.Subtypes of classical Hodgkin's lymphoma include:

Nodular sclerosis Hodgkin's lymphoma

Mixed cellularity Hodgkin's lymphoma

Lymphocyte-depleted Hodgkin's lymphoma

Lymphocyte-rich classical Hodgkin's lymphoma

This much rarer type of Hodgkin's lymphoma involves large, abnormal cellsthat are sometimes called popcorn cells because of their appearance. Treatmentmay be different from the classical type. People with this type of Hodgkin'slymphoma may have a better chance of a cure when the disease is diagnosed at anearly stage.

Factors that increase the risk of Hodgkin's lymphoma include:

Your age. Hodgkin's lymphoma is most often diagnosed in people between the ages of 15 and 30, as well as those older than 55.

A family history of lymphoma. Having a close family member who hasHodgkin's lymphoma or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma increases your risk ofdeveloping Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Your sex. Males are slightly more likely to develop Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Past Epstein-Barr infection. People who have had illnesses caused by theEpstein-Barr virus, such as infectious mononucleosis, are more likely todevelop Hodgkin's lymphoma than are people who haven't had Epstein-Barr infections.

A weakened immune system. Having a compromised immune system,such as from HIV/AIDS or from having an organ transplant requiringmedications to suppress the immune response, increases the risk ofHodgkin's lymphoma.

Which treatment options are appropriate for your Hodgkin's lymphomadepends on your type and stage of disease, your overall health, and your

preferences. The goal of treatment is to destroy as many cancer cells as possibleand bring the disease into remission.


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Chemotherapy is a drug treatment that uses chemicals to kill lymphomacells. Chemotherapy drugs travel through your bloodstream and can reach nearlyall areas of your body. Chemotherapy is often combined with radiation therapy in

people with early-stage classical type Hodgkin's lymphoma. Radiation therapy istypically done after chemotherapy. In advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma,chemotherapy may be used alone or combined with radiation therapy.

Chemotherapy drugs can be taken in pill form, through a vein in your arm orsometimes both methods of administration are used. Several combinations ofchemotherapy drugs are used to treat Hodgkin's lymphoma. Side effects ofchemotherapy depend on the specific drugs you're given. Common side effectsinclude nausea and hair loss. Serious long-term complications can occur, such asheart damage, lung damage, fertility problems and other cancers, such asleukemia.

Radiation therapy uses high-energy beams, such as X-rays, to kill cancercells. For classical Hodgkin's lymphoma, radiation therapy can be used alone, butit is often used after chemotherapy. People with early-stage lymphocyte-

predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma typically undergo radiation therapy alone.

During radiation therapy, you lie on a table and a large machine movesaround you, directing the energy beams to specific points on your body. Radiationcan be aimed at affected lymph nodes and the nearby area of nodes where thedisease might progress. The length of radiation treatment varies, depending on thestage of the disease.

Radiation therapy can cause skin redness and hair loss at the site where theradiation is aimed. Many people experience fatigue during radiation therapy.More-serious risks include heart disease, stroke, thyroid problems, infertility andother forms of cancer, such as breast or lung cancer.

A stem cell transplant is a treatment to replace your diseased bone marrowwith healthy stem cells that help you grow new bone marrow. A stem celltransplant may be an option if Hodgkin's lymphoma returns despite treatment.

During a stem cell transplant, your own blood stem cells are removed,frozen and stored for later use. Next you receive high-dose chemotherapy andradiation therapy to destroy cancerous cells in your body. Finally your stem cellsare thawed and injected into your body through your veins. The stem cells help

build healthy bone marrow.

No alternative medicines have been found to treat Hodgkin's lymphoma. Butalternative medicine may help you cope with the stress of a cancer diagnosis and


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the side effects of cancer treatment. Talk to your doctor about your options, suchas:

Acupuncture

Aromatherapy

Massage

Meditation

Relaxation techniques

REFERENCES

1. http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hodgkins-lymphoma/basics/con-20030667

2. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/201886-overview#showall 3. http://www.leukaemia.org.au/blood-cancers/lymphomas/hodgkin-

lymphoma
http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hodgkins-lymphoma/basics/con-20030667http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hodgkins-lymphoma/basics/con-20030667http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hodgkins-lymphoma/basics/con-20030667http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hodgkins-lymphoma/basics/con-20030667http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hodgkins-lymphoma/basics/con-20030667http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/201886-overview#showallhttp://emedicine.medscape.com/article/201886-overview#showallhttp://www.leukaemia.org.au/blood-cancers/lymphomas/hodgkin-lymphomahttp://www.leukaemia.org.au/blood-cancers/lymphomas/hodgkin-lymphomahttp://www.leukaemia.org.au/blood-cancers/lymphomas/hodgkin-lymphomahttp://www.leukaemia.org.au/blood-cancers/lymphomas/hodgkin-lymphomahttp://www.leukaemia.org.au/blood-cancers/lymphomas/hodgkin-lymphomahttp://www.leukaemia.org.au/blood-cancers/lymphomas/hodgkin-lymphomahttp://www.leukaemia.org.au/blood-cancers/lymphomas/hodgkin-lymphomahttp://emedicine.medscape.com/article/201886-overview#showallhttp://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hodgkins-lymphoma/basics/con-20030667http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hodgkins-lymphoma/basics/con-20030667

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