SEPTEMBER 24, 1943SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS 9~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

HOWE'S

INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICSBy HARLEY HOWE

Professor of Physics, Cornell University

559 pages, 6 x 9, 493 illustrations. $3.75

This immediately successful text has already established its leadership through a long list ofadoptions which includes specialized Service training courses as well as regular academic classes.Institutions which have adopted the book include:University of Alabama (AST)University of AkronAlbany State Teachers CollegeAlbertus Magnus CollegeArmstrong Junior CollegeBaldwin Wallace College (V-12)Bowling Green State UniversityBucknell UniversityCalifornia Polytechnic SchoolCanyon, Texas, State Teachers CollegeCedarcrest CollegeCentenary College (AST)University of CincinnatiThe CitadelCitrus Junior CollegeClemson College (AST)Concordia College (AST)Cornell University (AST)Decatur, Miss., Junior CollegeDo Paul UniversityDetroit Institute of TechnologyFindlay CollegeFlorida State College for WomenGeorge Washington University

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Teachers like Introduction to Physics because:-it states physical laws in rigorous but non-

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SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS 9SEPTEMBFa 24, 1943

Aldwych House. London, W.C. 2

SCIENCE-SUPPLEMENT VOL. 98, No. 2543

SCIENCE NEWSScience Service, Washington, D. C.

A NEW COMETA NEW comet, named Diamaca afte -the Roumanian

astronomer who discovered it, is reported low in the north-ern part of the evening sky near the constellation of Ursa

Major, the great Bear. This comet should be seen witha small telescope as it is reported as of the eighth mag-

nitude. Since stars of the first to sixth magnitude are

visible to the naked eye, a little telescopic aid is neededto make it plainly visible.The comet is located on the boundary between the con-

stellations of Ursa Major and Lynx. Or, if you are notfamiliar with Lynx, look between Ursa Major and thebright star Capella in the constellation of Auriga, and itwill be relatively near Ursa Major.

The comet was first noticed in Roumania early in themorning of September 10. Due to the difference in time,this was actually 10 P.m., EWT, on the night of Septem-ber 9. It was found to be moving toward the northeast.At the time of its discovery, the comet 's right ascension

was 8 hours, 35.4 minutes, according to the cabled reportreceived by Dr. Harlow Shapley, director of Harvard Ob-servatory, who has relayed the discovery news to Americanobservatories. Its declination was plus 53 degrees, 1minute.

The daily motion of the comet was noted to be plus 12minutes, 43 seconds, in right ascension, and plus 2 degrees,25 minutes in declination. With a simple star map andtelescope, it will be possible to follow the path of thecomet as it moves across the sky. American observatorieshave not had a chance to watch the comet and they may

find the reported motion has changed.Care should be taken not to confuse the comet with the

numerous bright galaxies or spiral nebulae in this partof the sky, such as the well-known pair of galaxies as

Messier 81 and 82, near which the comet may pass.

In the evening, the dipper is close to the northern hori-zon, whereas during the hours before dawn, it is high inthe sky, and the comet much more favorably placed forobservation.The message of the discovery came from Zurich,

Switzerland, via the observatory at Copenhagen, clearinghouse for astronomical information in Europe. Usuallysuch messages are relayed to the United States via

Sweden. It is not known whether the Nazi control of

Denmark prevented its transmission to Sweden, or

whether German-Swedish communications are limited.

ITALIAN TOPOGRAPHYTHE Italian peninsula is just a low broad mountain

range with foothills and narrow coastal plains along theshores of the Tyrrhenian, Adriatic and Ionian seas in thenorth Mediterranean.The principal through railroads and highways from

south to north follow these coastal plains. Branch rail-

ways and motor roads run into the interior highlands.Zigzag routes permit travel northward through the high-

lands, but the roads that must be used by the bulk of theAllied armed forces are the two coastal routes.On the entire west coast of the toe of Italy the moun-

tains lie close to the sea. North of the province ofCalabria, which occupies the entire toe, the coastal plainsbroaden until the Mt. Vesuvius and Naples area isreached. It is on this coastal plain that American troops

are battling Germans who have the highlands in theirrear.

The heel of Italy is largely a coastal plain. This plainextends northward to the Po valley, but is much narrower

north of Foggia. North of Ancona, some 400 miles fromthe heel, it widens rapidly into the Po valley. SanMarino, an Adriatic port, may be termed the southeast-ern end of the valley.The great fertile V-shaped Po valley, extending from

Turin to the Adriatic, separates the Italian peninsulafrom Alpine Italy. Its southern boundary is the Apen-nines which extend across Italy from Genoa in a regularline southeasterly to near Ancona on the Adriatic. Theyseparate the Po valley from the Leghorn-Florence plainson the west coast.Along the northeast slope of the Apennines passes the

main line of the railroad which follows the east coastnorthward from the heel. It leaves the coast at SanMarino north of Ancona, running almost directly to thenorthwest through Bologna, Modena, and Parma to Milan

and Turin. A main line leaves this road at Bologna andruns directly northward across the Po to Verona and on

through the Brenner Pass into Austria and Germany.Two branch lines cut through the Apennines south of

Bologna to Florence. One extends to Piso and Leghorn,and connects with the railway that runs south along thecoast to Rome and beyond. The other runs inland fromFlorence to Rome. Other branch -lines cut through theApennines to connect Parma with the naval base city ofLa Spazia, and to connect Turin with Genoa.The Apennines form a natural barrier to the invasion

of the Po valley from the Genoa-Leghorn-Florence area

on the eastern side of the Italian peninsula. Up theAdriatic coast by land, or up the Adriatic by sea, fewnatural barriers will be encountered.

THE shore of the Gulf of Salerno is described as flat-and monotonous. The city of Salerno is at the northern

extremity of the gulf. From Salerno a rocky projectionstretches some twenty miles westward into the Tyr-rhenian Sea; the flat coast extends some thirty miles tothe south. Eastward and inland from Salerno lie fertile

farms.

The Italian mountains are further back from the coast

in this particular area than elsewhere on the coast from

the toe of Italy to Mt. Vesuvius. The coastal plain ex-

tends in a flat triangular shape to the east, rising gradu-ally in some places and abruptly in others. The apex of

the triangle is roughly about fifteen miles inland near the

10

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city of Eboli which is located at the opening of a passthrough the coastal range of the Apennines. By way ofthis pass roads lead to the interior, and to the south reach-ing the gulf of Taranto some miles west of the city andgreat naval port of that name.The southern end of the thirty-mile flat shore is near

the town of Agropoli. Southward from there all the wayto the toe, a distance of about two hundred miles, thecoastal plains are narrow. Mt. Vesuvius lies about fif-teen miles north of the city of Salerno, and Naples an-other fifteen miles or so beyond.

SOME PAPERS READ BEFORE THE PITTS-BURGH MEETING OF THE AMERICAN

CHEMICAL SOCIETY(Continued)

BRAN is usually looked upon as low-value stuff; moldybran would ordinarily be considered quite worthless. Yetnowadays industrial chemists are deliberately makingbran moldy, and getting out of the mold a substance thatsplits starch down into sugar for fermentation into alco-hol, used for a thousand war purposes all the way fromsmokeless powder to synthetic rubber. New methods forproducing and processing these suddenly valuable moldswere described by J. Ziffer, M. Rosenblatt and A. J.Liebmann, of the Schenley Research Institute, Inc., atLawrenceburg, Ind. They stated that they can get fullgrowths of them in from thirty-six to forty-eight hours,and have them dried and ready for processing in aboutan equal additional time-period.

BUTTEROIL, which is practically pure butter-fat in semi-liquid form, and is much used in the food industries, hasbeen prepared in a way that makes it keep longer byM. S. El-Rafey, G. A. Richardson and J. L. Henderson,of the University of California Agricultural College atDavis, Calif. This improvement in processing may haveimportant bearing on post-war food handling. Butteroilis prepared in several different ways, but the objectiveis always the same: to remove all the water, milk proteins,and other non-fat substances found in butter. In the newCalifornia process the water and substances that can beboiled off are removed by cooking in an open kettle beforethe proteins are taken out. This results in a product witha flavor that appeals to many persons.

PREDICTING yields of peaches in various parts of anorchard by analysing leaves from the trees while the fruitis still small and green is the newest refinement in fer-tilizer practice. The chemists heard about it from P. D.Caldis, A. R. Brown and R. T. Marks, of the CaliforniaPacking Corporation. The matter principally under in-vestigation was the exact potash requirement from areato area in the orchard's variable soil. Analysis of theleaves for potassium showed how well or badly off thetrees were in this vital chemical element. Using theseanalyses as guides, the potash applied to the orchard soilwas adjusted until now the yield of number one fruit wasincreased by nearly five tons to the acre.

ITEMSDENGUE fever has broken out in Honolulu. Reports

just received by the U. S. Public Health Service indicate

UIPPLEMENT VoL 98, No. 2543

that 76 civilians were stricken up to August 20, the num-ber of cases nearly doubling in about 10 days. Airmenreturning from the southwest Pacific are believed to bethe source of the infectious disease. Mosquito eradica-tion measures are being pushed, as the disease is spreadby the same mosquito species that carries yellow fever.Dengue, also known as breakbone fever or dandy fever,is believed caused by a virus which mosquitoes pick upby biting a patient who has it in his blood. Symptomscome on suddenly after an incubation period of three tosix days. Fever goes up rapidly and may reach 105 de-grees. Severe pains are felt in the joints, muscles, headand eyes, often accompanied by sore throat and catarrhalsymptoms. After three or four days the temperaturedrops to normal and the patient feels better. But thereis usually a relapse after a day or two and a rash likemeasles appears. Dengue occurs mainly in Persia, Egypt,India and the West Indies, where there are sporadicepidemics.

UNLESS new oil finds or imports are increased civiliansface a further cut in use of gasoline and oil, Harry C.Wiess, president of the Humble Oil and Refining Com-pany, states in a report to the American Institute ofMining and Metallurgical Engineers. More than 4,150,-000 barrels of American oil are being used at home andabroad every day and requirements for next year mayaverage over 4,400,000 barrels. Although military de-mands can not be revealed, the production of aviationgasoline alone in this country already exceeds the crudeoil production available to Germany from its own fieldsand those of Hungary and Rumania. "'Motorists maywell ask, " says Mr. Wiess, "'why further rationingshould be discussed if passenger cars are currently usingsome 500,000 barrels daily less gasoline than before thewar, while the nation has increased its production ofcrude oil. The answer is to be found in the drasticchanges that have occurred in refinery operations in orderto supply aviation gasoline, materials for the syntheticrubber program, and other war products. " We haveabout reached the peak of our efficiency in production,Mr. Weiss believes, and that peak is about 250,000 bar-rels per day short of the estimated daily need for 1944.He believes that the least desirable solution to the prob-lem is further increased production at the risk of deplet-ing our reserves, since less oil can be recovered when over-production is attempted.

THE infantile paralysis outbreak is continuing withoutlet-up, cases continuing to increase, latest reports to theU. S. Public Health Service show. The total for thenation, exclusive of Arizona, was 865 the week endingAugust 28. The previous week 's total was 747. Howthe report from Arizona will affect the picture is hardto say, as that state reported no cases last week. Hard-est hit state was Illinois with an increase from 117 casesthe week ending August 21 to 194 the week August 28.California had a decrease, from 163 to 138. Texas re-ported an increase from 52 to 75. Cases in Nebraska in-creased from 5 to 17; in Washington from 20 to 25;in Oregon from 11 to 24; in Missouri from 14 to 24.Decreases were reported in Connecticut, Oklahoma, Kan-sas, Kentucky and Utah.

SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS

___Biakiston Books __Stitt's Diagnosis, Prevention and Treatment ofTropical Diseases 6th Edition

By Richard P. Strong, M.D., Sc.D., D.S.M., Professor of Tropical MedicineEmeritus, Harvard University.

This new revision gives an up-to-date and practical account of tropical diseases, their clinical manifestations,diagnosis and latest methods of treatment. Especially valuable is the discussion of cosmopolitan diseasesthat may be encountered in warm countries and of tropical diseases that may become endemic in temperateclimates. Dr. Strong, long an outstanding authority in this field, has given special attention to public healthproblems relating to the prevention of infectious diseases, to a study of the occurrence and prevalence ofdiseases in Central and South America and to important recent investigations on tropical medicine.398 Illus. Tables. 1827 Pages. 2 Vols. $21.00 (1942)

Stitt's Practical Bacteriology, Haematology,and Animal Parasitology 9th Edition

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Exhaustive and comprehensive, this widely used volume gives an orderly presentation of all available typesof laboratory procedure. It includes making culture media; study and identification of bacteria, parasites,insects, poisonous fish and snakes; diagnosis of various diseases; examination of sputum, urine, feces, blood,pus, spinal fluid; preparation of microscopical specimens, etc.208 Illus. 961 Pages. $7.00 (1938)

Hawk and Bergeim's Practical PhysiologicalChemistry 11th Edition

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This authoritative and very practical book has become the standard classroom text and laboratory manual.It presents the best methods, theories and conclusions developed in biochemistry.7 Color Plates. 281 Text Illus. 968 Pages. $8.00 (1937)

Osgood's Textbook of Laboratory Diagnosis 3rd EditionBy Edwin E. Osgood, M.D., University of Oregon Medical School.

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Piney's Synopsis of Blood DiseasesBy A. Piney, M.D., M.R.C.P., London.

This volume deals only with the practical aspects of the subject and with a minimum of verbiage.120 Pages. $2.75 (1942)

Piney and Wyard's Clinical Atlas of Blood Diseases5th Edition

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18 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS VOL. 98, No.2543

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18 SCIENCE-ADVERTISEMENTS VOL. 98, NO. 2543